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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccines and Vaccination: HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, and HPV
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Vaccines and Vaccination: HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, and HPV

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Tropical and other Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 2387

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ivan Schietroma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: HIV infection and pathogenesis; HIV-1–host interaction; HCV/HIV co-infection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sonia Moretti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: infectious diseases; clinical virology; HIV infection; HIV persistence; immune responses to viral infections
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vaccines are one of the most important interventions in public health. Although antiviral drugs have improved, they are expensive and reinfection is still possible, so it is crucial to develop vaccines against HIV. However, it is difficult to develop these vaccines because of the genetic diversity and multiple immune evasion strategies of HIV. Both preventative and therapeutic approaches have failed to demonstrate full efficacy, so new approaches are needed. People living with HIV (PLWH) are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases due to B cell, T cell, and NK cell dysfunction; chronic inflammation; and persistent mucosal epithelial abnormalities. Immune responses to vaccines are often suboptimal in PLWH, and HIV-infected children have a higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. Increasing the number or amounts of vaccine doses or using adjuvanted vaccines may improve immunogenicity in PLWH but further research is needed to understand the efficacy of different vaccine regimes.

In this Special Issue, we welcome research articles, review articles, and short communications that examine optimal immunization strategies and the ongoing development of vaccines against HIV, viral hepatitis, and HPV in PLWH, as well as novel challenges in the field of HIV vaccine research.

Dr. Ivan Schietroma
Dr. Sonia Moretti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • preventative vaccine
  • therapeutic vaccine
  • HIV
  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
  • human papillomavirus
  • sexually transmitted infections
  • immunoprotection
  • vaccination
  • preventable diseases

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1563 KiB  
Article
Hepatitis A Seroprevalence Among HIV-Exposed and Unexposed Pediatric Populations in South Africa
by Edina Amponsah-Dacosta, Lufuno Ratshisusu, Lorato M. Modise, Ntombifuthi Blose, Omphile E. Simani, Selokela G. Selabe, Benjamin M. Kagina and Rudzani Muloiwa
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111276 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 618
Abstract
Background: There is limited evidence comparing hepatitis A seroprevalence among HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU), HIV-infected (HIV), and unexposed uninfected (HUU) children. This compromises rational vaccine decision-making. Methods: This study comprised a retrospective health facility-based population of children aged 1 month–12 years. Archival sera were [...] Read more.
Background: There is limited evidence comparing hepatitis A seroprevalence among HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU), HIV-infected (HIV), and unexposed uninfected (HUU) children. This compromises rational vaccine decision-making. Methods: This study comprised a retrospective health facility-based population of children aged 1 month–12 years. Archival sera were tested for markers of acute (anti-HAV IgM) or past (total anti-HAV) HAV infection. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on perinatal HIV exposure or infection status. Results: Among 513 children, the median age was 10 (IQR: 4–25) months. The median maternal age was 29 (IQR: 25–34) years. An anti-HAV seropositivity of 95.1% (117/122 [95% CI 90.2–98.4]) was found among those ≤6 months of age, indicative of the rate of transplacental antibody transfer. Among 1–12-year-olds, hepatitis A seroprevalence was 19.3% (37/192 [95% CI 14.1–25.7]), while 1.1% (2/188 [95% CI 0.12–2.76]) had evidence of acute infection. Compared to HIV-exposed subgroups (HIV = 60%, 6/10 [95% CI 27.4–86.3] and HEU = 45%, 9/20 [95% CI 23.8–68]), hepatitis A seroprevalence among HUU children was low (29.2%, 47/161 [95% CI 22.4–37.0]). Conclusions: Natural immunity among HIV-exposed and unexposed children in South Africa is insufficient to protect against severe liver complications associated with HAV infection later in adulthood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccination: HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, and HPV)
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14 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis E Vaccination Strategies among Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases in China: A Model-Based Evaluation
by Fengge Wang, Lu Zhou, Abram L. Wagner, Zixiang Chen and Yihan Lu
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101101 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, primarily transmitted through contaminated water and food. In patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), HEV infection might worsen the prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E [...] Read more.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, primarily transmitted through contaminated water and food. In patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), HEV infection might worsen the prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination strategies in CLD patients. A decision tree–Markov cohort model was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of universal-vaccination, vaccination-following-screening, and no-vaccination strategies in 100,000 CLD patients over their lifetimes, simulating cohorts aged ≥16 years, ≥40 years, and ≥60 years, based on the licensed vaccination ages and typical ages of CLD onset, from a societal perspective. Model parameters were retrieved and estimated from previous publications and government data. The outcomes included HEV-related cases, costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Compared to no-vaccination, universal-vaccination reduced HEV-related cases by 32.8% to 39.6%, while vaccination-following-screening reduced them by 38.1% to 49.3%. Furthermore, universal-vaccination showed ICERs of USD 6898.33, USD 6638.91, and USD 6582.69 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) for cohorts aged ≥16, ≥40, and ≥60 years, respectively. Moreover, the vaccination-following-screening strategy significantly enhanced cost-effectiveness, with ICERs decreasing to USD 6201.55, USD 5199.46, and USD 4919.87 per QALY for the cohorts. Additionally, one-way sensitivity analysis identified the discount rate and utility for CLD patients as the key factors influencing ICER. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated the vaccination-following-screening strategy was cost-effective with probabilities of 92.50%, 95.70%, and 95.90% for each cohort. Hepatitis E vaccination in CLD patients costs less than GDP per capita for each QALY gained in China. The vaccination-following-screening strategy may be the optimal option, especially in those over 60 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccination: HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, and HPV)
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Review

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14 pages, 681 KiB  
Review
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies
by Francesco Branda, Grazia Pavia, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Simona Gigliotti, Giovanni Matera, Chiara Romano, Chiara Locci, Ilenia Azzena, Noemi Pascale, Daria Sanna, Marco Casu, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Massimo Ciccozzi and Fabio Scarpa
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111293 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 476
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral pathogen, responsible for a significant burden of cervical and other cancers worldwide. Over the past decades, the development and widespread adoption of prophylactic HPV vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, despite the [...] Read more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral pathogen, responsible for a significant burden of cervical and other cancers worldwide. Over the past decades, the development and widespread adoption of prophylactic HPV vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, despite the efficacy of these vaccines, global immunization efforts still face several obstacles, including low vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries, vaccine hesitancy, and disparities in access to healthcare. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of HPV vaccines, including their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and real-world efficacy. We will explore the impact of HPV vaccines on cancer prevention, examine the challenges related to vaccine distribution and uptake, and assess the role of public health policies in improving global vaccination rates. Additionally, the review will highlight the latest advancements in therapeutic HPV vaccines, ongoing research into next-generation vaccines, and the potential of HPV vaccination strategies in the context of personalized medicine. By examining these factors, we aim to provide insights into the future directions of HPV vaccination and its role in global public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccination: HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, and HPV)
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