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Vaccines
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Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease
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Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 15770

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kerstin Wernike

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
Interests: bovine viral diarrhea; pestiviruses; schmallenberg virus; orthobunyaviruses; viral diseases of ruminants; diagnostics; pathogenesis; prevention

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a flavivirus that exists in the two distinct species Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B, is endemic in cattle populations worldwide and causes major economic losses and has a significant impact on animal welfare. The main source for BVDV spread and perpetuation comes from in utero infected, immunotolerant, persistently viremic calves, which shed enormous amounts of virus throughout their lives. Hence, fetal protection against all circulating BVDV strains is a major benchmark of vaccination strategies, which might be complicated by the high genetic variability of the virus. Another point to bear in mind when developing anti-BVDV vaccines is their DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) capability, which could assist in ongoing eradication programs that have been implemented in several countries. This Special Issue will focus on the advances in the development of novel vaccines and vaccination strategies against BVD/MD. Besides, the use of vaccines highly depends on legal provisions and the epidemiological situation in a given area. Therefore, studies on the epidemiology of the disease are also welcome.

Dr. Kerstin Wernike
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Bovine viral diarrhea
  • mucosal disease
  • cattle, prevention
  • immune response
  • marker vaccination
  • fetal protection
  • epidemiology

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 171 KiB  
Editorial
Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease—A Commentary of the Guest Editor
by Kerstin Wernike
Vaccines 2022, 10(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040590 - 12 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most significant cattle diseases worldwide, and control programs have been implemented in several countries [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 1327 KiB  
Article
Bungowannah Pestivirus Chimeras as Novel Double Marker Vaccine Strategy against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
by Susanne Koethe, Patricia König, Kerstin Wernike, Jana Schulz, Ilona Reimann and Martin Beer
Vaccines 2022, 10(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010088 - 7 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2802
Abstract
Marker or DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines are beneficial tools for the eradication of animal diseases in regions with a high prevalence of the designated disease. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 (syn. Pestivirus A) is a flavivirus that infects [...] Read more.
Marker or DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines are beneficial tools for the eradication of animal diseases in regions with a high prevalence of the designated disease. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 (syn. Pestivirus A) is a flavivirus that infects predominantly cattle resulting in major economic losses. An increasing number of countries have implemented BVDV eradication programs that focus on the detection and removal of persistently infected cattle. No efficient marker or DIVA vaccine is yet commercially available to drive the eradication success, to prevent fetal infection and to allow serological monitoring of the BVDV status in vaccinated farms. Bungowannah virus (BuPV, species Pestivirus F), a related member of the genus Pestivirus with a restricted prevalence to a single pig farm complex in Australia, was chosen as the genetic backbone for a marker vaccine candidate. The glycoproteins E1 and E2 of BuPV were substituted by the heterologous E1 and E2, which are major immunogens, of the BVDV-1 strain CP7. In addition, the candidate vaccine was further attenuated by the introduction of a deletion within the Npro protein coding sequence, a major type I interferon inhibitor. Immunization of cattle with the chimeric vaccine virus BuPV_ΔNpro_E1E2 CP7 (modified live or inactivated) followed by a subsequent experimental challenge infection confirmed the safety of the prototype strain and provided a high level of clinical protection against BVDV-1. The serological discrimination of vaccinated cattle could be enabled by the combined detection of BVDV-1 E2- in the absence of both BVDV NS3- and BVDV Erns-specific antibodies. The study demonstrates for the first time the generation and application of an efficient BVDV-1 modified double marker vaccine candidate that is based on the genetic background of BuPV accompanied by commercially available serological marker ELISA systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease)
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15 pages, 2626 KiB  
Article
To Vaccinate or Not: Impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in French Cow-Calf Herds
by Sandie Arnoux, Fabrice Bidan, Alix Damman, Etienne Petit, Sébastien Assié and Pauline Ezanno
Vaccines 2021, 9(10), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101137 - 6 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2866
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) remains an issue despite control programs implemented worldwide. Virus introduction can occur through contacts with neighbouring herds. Vaccination can locally protect exposed herds. However, virus spread depends on herd characteristics, which may impair vaccination efficiency. Using a within-herd epidemiological [...] Read more.
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) remains an issue despite control programs implemented worldwide. Virus introduction can occur through contacts with neighbouring herds. Vaccination can locally protect exposed herds. However, virus spread depends on herd characteristics, which may impair vaccination efficiency. Using a within-herd epidemiological model, we compared three French cow-calf farming systems named by their main breed: Charolaise, Limousine, and Blonde d’Aquitaine. We assessed vaccination strategies of breeding females assuming two possible protections: against infection or against vertical transmission. Four commercial vaccines were considered: Bovilis®, Bovela®, Rispoval®, and Mucosiffa®. We tested various virus introduction frequency in a naïve herd. We calculated BVD economic impact and vaccination reward. In Charolaise, BVD economic impact was 113€ per cow over 5 years after virus introduction. Irrespective of the vaccine and for a high enough risk of introduction, the yearly expected reward was 0.80€ per invested euro per cow. Vaccination should not be stopped before herd exposure has been decreased. In contrast, the reward was almost nil in Blonde d’Aquitaine and Limousine. This highlights the importance of accounting for herd specificities to assess BVD impact and vaccination efficiency. To guide farmers’ vaccination decisions against BVD, we transformed this model into a French decision support tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease)
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15 pages, 3991 KiB  
Article
Induction of Robust and Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Virus-Like Particles (BVDV-VLPs) Engineered with Baculovirus Expression Vector System
by Zhanhui Wang, Mengyao Liu, Haoran Zhao, Pengpeng Wang, Wenge Ma, Yunke Zhang, Wenxue Wu and Chen Peng
Vaccines 2021, 9(4), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040350 - 6 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4120
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important animal pathogen that affects cattle. Infections caused by the virus have resulted in substantial economic losses and outbreaks of BVDV are reported globally. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine technology largely due to their safety [...] Read more.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important animal pathogen that affects cattle. Infections caused by the virus have resulted in substantial economic losses and outbreaks of BVDV are reported globally. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine technology largely due to their safety and strong ability to elicit robust immune responses. In this study, we developed a strategy to generate BVDV-VLPs using a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). We were able to assemble BVDV-VLPs composed of dimerized viral proteins E2 and Erns, and the VLPs were spherical particles with the diameters of about 50 nm. Mice immunized with 15 μg of VLPs adjuvanted with ISA201 elicited higher levels of E2-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies as well as higher BVDV-neutralizing activity in comparison with controls. Re-stimulation of the splenocytes collected from mice immunized with VLPs led to significantly increased levels of CD3+CD4+T cells and CD3+CD8+T cells. In addition, the splenocytes showed dramatically enhanced proliferation and the secretion of Th1-associated IFN-γ and Th2-associated IL-4 compared to that of the unstimulated control group. Taken together, our data indicate that BVDV-VLPs efficiently induced BVDV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, showing a promising potential of developing BVDV-VLP-based vaccines for the prevention of BVDV infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease)
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8 pages, 830 KiB  
Communication
Antibody Response to a Live-Modified Virus Vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in Dairy Cattle in a Field Trial
by Małgorzata D. Klimowicz-Bodys, Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko, Michał Czopowicz, Mirosław Paweł Polak, Agnieszka Lachowicz-Wolak and Krzysztof Rypuła
Vaccines 2021, 9(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030259 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
(1) Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term antibody response of dairy cows to a single dose of a commercial modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea (Mucosiffa® CEVA Sante Animale, Liburne, France). (2) Methods: The study [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term antibody response of dairy cows to a single dose of a commercial modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea (Mucosiffa® CEVA Sante Animale, Liburne, France). (2) Methods: The study was carried out in a dairy cattle herd counting 290 animals negative for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The vaccination was implemented following the manufacturer’s instructions. Twelve dairy cows were randomly selected before the study, and blood samples were collected right before the vaccination and then 12 times at 1-month intervals. The serum samples were screened using a virus neutralization test (VNT) and ELISA. (3) Results: Both tests showed that antibody titers increased significantly in all animals within the first month post-vaccination, and continued to increase significantly until the second (VNT) and third (ELISA) month post-vaccination. Antibody titers remained high and stable until the end of the study. Moreover, cows did not show any adverse reactions or clinical symptoms of the disease. (4) Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the administration of one dose MLV vaccine was able to stimulate long-lasting (12-months) and strong antibody response in all vaccinated cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease)
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