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Immune Response to the Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Similar Animal Diseases

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A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 6278

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Efrem Alessandro Foglia

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Guest Editor

Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy
Interests: FMDV; virology; vaccines; animal health; molecular biology; FAST diseases; immunology; monoclonal antibodies; diagnostic methods

Dr. Tiziana Trogu

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Guest Editor

Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy
Interests: virology; FMD; FAST diseases; emerging diseases; animal health; wildlife; epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other similar animal diseases are still threatening worldwide animal health due to their frequent and inter-regional incursions that have not always been effectively contained. FMD remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock animals and, together with other similar diseases, is responsible for huge economic losses to the endemic countries.

FMDV is constantly changing. Despite its classification into six different serotypes circulating in many developing countries, there is extensive diversity within each serotype.

At present, vaccination remains the most powerful tool to contain this and other similar diseases, to prevent their circulation and to reduce the mutational possibilities of the involved viruses. For example, vaccination has been used successfully to eradicate FMD from Europe and North America.

Because of the high mutation rate of FMDV and other similar viruses, vaccines need to be continuously improved and tailored to the specific strains causing an outbreak. Numerous issues may compromise the efficacy of currently used vaccines, such as the dangerous large-scale amplification of the virus to be inactivated for vaccine production, the limited duration of immunity induced by the vaccine administration, the possibility of the development of carriers even between vaccinated animals and the need for an efficient cold chain.

In this Special Issue, all papers that gather knowledge on some of the yet-unanswered questions regarding the immune response of animals to vaccination, the mechanisms able to enhance immunity, the in-field evaluation of newly developed vaccines and the new technologies improved to produce new generations of vaccines are welcome. Studies that clarify the relationship between FMDV and other similar viruses and host immune responses are also welcome.

We are sincerely looking forward to hearing back from all interested scientists.

Kind regards,
Dr. Efrem Alessandro Foglia
Dr. Tiziana Trogu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

foot-and-mouth
vaccine
immune response
FMD
FAST disease
vaccinology
viral animal diseases

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Two Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Used in Transcaucasian Countries by Small-Scale Immunogenicity Studies Conducted in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia

by Efrem Alessandro Foglia, Tengiz Chaligava, Tamilla Aliyeva, Satenik Kharatyan, Vito Tranquillo, Carsten Pötzsch, Cornelis van Maanen, Fabrizio Rosso, Santina Grazioli and Emiliana Brocchi

Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030295 - 12 Mar 2024

Viewed by 860

Abstract

In countries endemic for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), routine or emergency vaccinations are strategic tools to control the infection. According to the WOAH/FAO guidelines, a prior estimation of vaccine effectiveness is recommendable to optimize control programs. This study reports the results of a small-scale immunogenicity study performed in Transcaucasian Countries. Polyvalent vaccines, including FMDV serotypes O, A (two topotypes) and Asia1 from two different manufacturers, were evaluated in Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Naïve large and small ruminants were vaccinated once and a subgroup received a second booster dose. The titers of neutralizing antibodies in sera collected sequentially up to 180 DPV were determined through the Virus Neutralization Test versus homologous strains. This study led to the estimate that both the vaccines evaluated will not induce a protective and long-lasting population immunity, even after a second vaccination, stressing that consecutive administrations of both vaccines every three months are mandatory if one aspires to achieve protective herd immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to the Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Similar Animal Diseases)

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12 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternally Derived Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Modulate the Antigenic Specificity of Humoral Responses in Vaccinated Cattle

by Jamaliah Senawi, Ginette Wilsden, Clare F. J. Browning, Anna B. Ludi, Mazatonazuar Meor Ismail, Halimah Senin, Simon Gubbins, Donald P. King and David J. Paton

Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1844; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121844 - 13 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Vaccination is widely used to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), but maternal antibodies may interfere with the response to vaccination in calves. This study, conducted on a regularly vaccinated Malaysian dairy farm, aimed to optimise the vaccination regime by measuring the in vitro neutralising virus antibody responses of 51 calves before and after vaccination with a one or two dose vaccination regime starting at 2–7 months old. The presence of maternal antibodies was associated with poor post-vaccination antibody responses after a single dose of vaccine in calves less than 6 months old. However, a second dose of vaccine given three weeks later, improved the antibody responses in all ages of calves. This confirms the view that in regularly vaccinated farms, some combination of delay and revaccination is needed to achieve effective immunization of calves. Sera from cows and pre-vaccinated calves neutralised homologous serotype A vaccine virus more strongly than a heterologous serotype A field virus, but this pattern was reversed in some calves after vaccination. The strength of heterologous responses in calves 49 days after first vaccination correlated to the amount of transferred maternal antibody, suggesting that pre-existing antibodies could have modulated the specificity of these active antibody responses. If confirmed, such an effect by pre-existing antibodies could have wider implications for broadening the coverage of FMD vaccine responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to the Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Similar Animal Diseases)

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17 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Humoral Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Monovalent Vaccines or a Trivalent Combination Thereof and Matching of These Vaccines to the Selected Circulating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Ethiopia

by Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam, Demessa Negessu, Tsion Bilata, Ayelech Muluneh, Dereje Shegu Gebreweld, Ibsa Teshome Ebisa and Jan Paeshuyse

Vaccines 2023, 11(8), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081352 - 10 Aug 2023

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Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic, highly contagious, and devastating disease of livestock production in Ethiopia. Control of this disease relies mainly on prophylactic vaccination by willing farmers without a countrywide vaccination program. The objectives of this study were to quantify the humoral immune response and evaluation of the serological relationship of the vaccine strain used with representative field strain isolates. This was performed by primo vaccination of 6–9-month-old Holstein Friesian calves (35 treatment and 4 control calves) on day one and booster vaccination on day 28. Calves were vaccinated using the locally available National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia, inactivated aluminum hydroxide adjuvant monovalent (either O, A, SAT-2 alone) or trivalent (combination of A, O, SAT-2) vaccine (A/ETH/6/2000 (G-VII, O/ETH/38/2005(EA-3) and SAT-2/ETH/64/2009(XIII)). A 2 mL or 4 mL dose was used to vaccinate all calves except the animals that served as a control. In the case of the trivalent vaccine, a 4 mL dose was used to vaccinate calves. The serum was collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days post-vaccination (d.p.v.). The humoral immune response was quantified by the solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SPC ELISA) and the virus-neutralization test (VNT). The serological relationship of heterologous and homologous viruses was also evaluated by adjuvant vaccine matching tests. The r1-value was determined using serum collected 21 d.p.v. An increase in immune response was observed from 7 d.p.v. to 28 d.p.v. in calves who received a 4 mL dose containing a 10^7.24 antigen load of 100 tissue culture infective dose (100TCID50) virus titer in the formulation. Upon receiving a booster dose on day 28, the humoral immune response was checked on the 56th day post-initial vaccination. Amounts of 54%, 72%, 79%, and 72% of inhibition for A, O, SAT-2, and trivalent vaccine in the three serotypes SPCE, respectively, was measured. Here, it was found that the immune response of calves increased from day 7 to 56, as evidenced by SPCE analysis. Likewise, an increase in antibody titer measured by a one-dimensional virus neutralization assay was also in line with SPCE analysis. This indicates that the vaccine is capable of inducing a neutralizing antibody that confers a protective immune response in 70%, 62%, and 100% heterologous field strains of A, O, and SAT-2 isolates, respectively, and has an average antigenic relationship of >0.3 with a standard deviation of +0.05 (N = 3) to the vaccine strains A/ETH/6/2000, O/ETH/38/2005 and SAT-2/ETH/64/2009, respectively, when using the one-dimensional virus neutralization test. The contribution and importance of this study is a confirmation of the vaccine and the field strain serological relationship for serotype SAT-2 strain and further research/change of vaccination strategy/ improvement in the currently used vaccine to cover a wide range of prevailing genotypes/lineages and induction of sound immune response after vaccination for serotype A and O strain. This study suggests that the trivalent vaccine produced by the National Veterinary Institute containing viral isolates from serotype O, A, and SAT-2 has a good serological relationship with the majority of circulating field strains in Ethiopia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to the Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Similar Animal Diseases)

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13 pages, 2521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with Commercial FMD Vaccines Elicits a Broader Immune Response than Homologous Prime-Boost Vaccination in Pigs

by Jaejo Kim, Seung-Heon Lee, Ha-Hyun Kim, Jong-Hyeon Park and Choi-Kyu Park

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030551 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1426

Abstract

Three commercial vaccines are administered in domestic livestock farms for routine vaccination to aid for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control in Korea. Each vaccine contains distinct combinations of inactivated serotype O and A FMD virus (FMDV) antigens: O/Manisa + O/3039 + A/Iraq formulated in a double oil emulsion (DOE), O/Primorsky + A/Zabaikalsky formulated in a DOE, and O/Campos + A/Cruzeiro + A/2001 formulated in a single oil emulsion. Despite the recommendation for a prime-boost vaccination with the same vaccine in fattening pigs, occasional cross-inoculation is inevitable for many reasons, such as lack of compliance with vaccination guidelines, erroneous application, or change in vaccine types by suppliers. Therefore, there have been concerns that a poor immune response could be induced by cross-inoculation due to a failure to boost the immune response. In the present study, it was demonstrated by virus neutralization and ELISA tests that cross-inoculation of pigs with three commercial FMD vaccines does not hamper the immune response against the primary vaccine strains and enhances broader cross-reactivity against heterologous vaccine antigens whether they were applied or not. Therefore, it could be concluded that the cross-inoculation of FMD vaccines can be used as a regimen to strategically overcome the limitation of the antigenic spectrum induced by the original regimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to the Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Similar Animal Diseases)

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8 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Immunogenicity of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Vaccine in Commercial and Subsistence Cattle Herds in Zambia

by Frank Banda, Anna B. Ludi, Ginette Wilsden, Clare Browning, Henry L. Kangwa, Lynnfield Mooya, Masuzyo Ngoma, Geoffrey M. Muuka, Cornelius Mundia, Paul Fandamu, David J. Paton, Donald P. King and Melvyn Quan

Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121818 - 5 Dec 2023

Viewed by 974

Abstract

The recent introduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype O (O/EA-2 topotype) in Southern Africa has changed the epidemiology of the disease and vaccine requirements of the region. Commercial and subsistence cattle herds in Zambia were vaccinated with an FMD virus serotype O Manisa vaccine according to a double- or single-dose vaccination schedule. Heterologous antibody responses induced by this vaccine against a representative O/EA-2 virus from Zambia were determined. Virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) showed double-dosed cattle had a mean reciprocal log virus neutralisation titre of 2.02 (standard error [SE] = 0.16, n = 9) for commercial herds and 1.65 (SE = 0.17, n = 5) for subsistence herds 56 days after the first vaccination (dpv). Significantly lower mean titres were observed for single-dosed commercial herds (0.90, SE = 0.08, n = 9) and subsistence herds (1.15, SE = 0.18, n = 3) 56 dpv. A comparison of these results and those generated by solid-phase competitive ELISA (SPCE) tests showed a statistically significant positive correlation by Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Therefore, SPCE might be used in assessing the immunogenicity of vaccines in place of VNT. Furthermore, for this vaccine and field strain, a vaccination regime employing a two-dose primary course and revaccination after 4–6 months is likely to be appropriate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to the Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Similar Animal Diseases)

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