Parasites Research in Wildlife

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 10954

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Parasites of wildlife are an important field of investigation as these pathogens may have a significant impact on the health and fitness of these animals, representing potential causes of reductions in wild populations, and they may adversely affect wildlife conservation. Moreover, new ecological factors combined with changing landscapes resulting from human activities are modifying the transmission of parasites from domestic to wild animals and vice versa. In fact, the colonization of anthropized areas by wildlife, as well as modern agro-zootechnical activities oriented towards multifunctionality and focused on naturalistic aspects and activities integrated with the territory, such as organic farming, extensive breeding, and the re-evaluation of pastoral systems, have increased the possibilities of contact between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Consequently, the risk of parasite spillover from wild to domestic and synanthropic cycles is also increased. The knowledge of parasites shared between domestic and wild animals are crucial to suggest information on the strategies to be adopted to reduce the impact of these parasites in evolving ecosystems. Furthermore, wildlife is recognized as an important source of human pathogens, including parasites.

The main purpose of this Special Issue is to increase the knowledge and to update data on wildlife infections caused by protozoa and helminths and infestations caused by arthropods in different geographical areas and in different wild mammal and bird species, as well as to have more information for planning effective strategies to reduce the impact of these parasites on wild and domestic animals and humans.

Dear Colleagues,

Wildlife parasites can adversely affect wildlife conservation and may represent a cause of reductions in wild populations; they include zoonotic species potentially transmissible to humans and can have a negative health and economic impact on domestic animals. The main purpose of this Special Issue is to increase the knowledge and to update data on parasites (protozoa, helminths and arthropods) of wild mammals and birds living in different geographical areas.

References

-Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Pfeffer M, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Deplazes P, Genchi C, Guberti V, Capelli G. The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part I: Protozoa and tick-borne agents. Vet Parasitol. 2015, 213(1-2):12-23. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.022.

-Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Pfeffer M, Genchi C, Guberti V, Capelli G, Deplazes P. The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part II: Helminths and arthropods. Vet Parasitol. 2015, 213(1-2):24-37. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.020.

-Polley L. Navigating parasite webs and parasite flow: emerging and re-emerging parasitic zoonoses of wildlife origin. Int J Parasitol. 2005, 35(11-12):1279-94. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.003.

-Stringer A. P., Linklater W. Everything in Moderation: Principles of Parasite Control for Wildlife Conservation, BioScience 2014, 64(10): 932–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu135.

-Thompson RC. Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: One health, spillover and human activity. Int J Parasitol. 2013, 43(12-13):1079-88. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.007.

Prof. Dr. Stefania Perrucci
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • wildlife
  • parasites
  • helminths
  • protozoa
  • arthropods
  • mammals
  • birds

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1934 KiB  
Article
First Molecular Identification of Calicophoron daubneyi (Dinnik, 1962) and Paramphistomum leydeni (Nasmark, 1937) in Wild Ruminants from Romania
by Sorin Morariu, Cătălin Bogdan Sîrbu, Adrienn Gréta Tóth, Gheorghe Dărăbuș, Ion Oprescu, Narcisa Mederle, Marius Stelian Ilie, Mirela Imre, Beatrice Ana-Maria Sîrbu, Norbert Solymosi, Tiana Florea and Kalman Imre
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100603 - 3 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1448
Abstract
Rumen flukes are geographically widespread trematodes affecting wild and domestic ruminants. The juvenile forms, which are found in the small intestine, are more pathogenic compared to the adults. Severe diarrhoea and weight loss are the major clinical signs, and the disease might be [...] Read more.
Rumen flukes are geographically widespread trematodes affecting wild and domestic ruminants. The juvenile forms, which are found in the small intestine, are more pathogenic compared to the adults. Severe diarrhoea and weight loss are the major clinical signs, and the disease might be fatal in severely infested individuals. In the last decade, paramphistomosis has been described as an emerging parasitic disease in Europe. This study aimed to identify the rumen fluke species in wild ruminants from western Romania. Fifty-two pre-stomachs obtained from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) that were hunted on 14 hunting grounds from Timiș and Arad counties were examined for the presence of paramphistomes. Three (9.09%) out of 33 samples were positive in Timiș County, and one (5.26%) out of 19 samples was positive in Arad County. Subsequent PCR testing revealed that three samples were positive for Calicophoron daubneyi and one for Paramphistomum leydeni. The presence of C. daubneyi and P. leydeni in roe deer has not been previously reported in Romania. Two Paramphistomum species—C. daubneyi and P. leydeni—were revealed as the main species of rumen flukes in roe deer from forests in Romania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Research in Wildlife)
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13 pages, 952 KiB  
Article
Wolf Is Back: A Novel Sensitive Sentinel Rejoins the Trichinella Cycle in the Western Alps
by Carlos Martínez-Carrasco, Barbara Moroni, Anna García-Garrigós, Serena Robetto, Emanuele Carella, Simona Zoppi, Paolo Tizzani, Moisés Gonzálvez, Riccardo Orusa and Luca Rossi
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(3), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030206 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1905
Abstract
Trichinella is a foodborne parasite whose wildlife reservoirs are represented by carnivores and omnivores with predatory and scavenger behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Trichinella infection in grey wolves (Canis lupus) that recolonized the [...] Read more.
Trichinella is a foodborne parasite whose wildlife reservoirs are represented by carnivores and omnivores with predatory and scavenger behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Trichinella infection in grey wolves (Canis lupus) that recolonized the Western Alps from the end of the past century, and discuss the epidemiological role played by this apex predator in the early phases of its return. During the period 2017–2022, diaphragm samples were obtained from 130 individuals collected in the frame of a wolf mortality survey. Trichinella larvae were found in 15 wolves (11.53%) with a parasite intensity of 11.74 larvae per gram. Trichinella britovi was the only species identified. This is the first prevalence survey of Trichinella in wolves recolonizing the Alps. Results suggest that, in this particular biotope, the wolf has rejoined the Trichinella cycle and has the potential to play an increasingly important role as maintenance host. Arguments in favor and against this perspective are discussed and knowledge gaps highlighted. The calculated Trichinella larval biomass in the estimated wolf population roaming in Northwest Italy will serve as baseline value to explore possible shifts in the relative importance of wolves as Trichinella reservoir within the regional carnivore community. Finally, wolves re-colonizing the Alps already appear as sensitive sentinels to monitor the risk of Trichinella zoonotic transmission by infected wild boar meat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Research in Wildlife)
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13 pages, 5463 KiB  
Article
Detection of Endoparasites in Non-Native Raccoons from Central Italy
by Andrea Lombardo, Marco Diano, Giuseppina Brocherel, Lucia Palmerini, Serena Giovannini, Ziad Mezher, Manuela Iurescia, Tamara Cerci, Andrea Caprioli, Claudia Eleni, Caterina Raso, Alessia Mariacher, Irene Del Lesto, Nadia Cappai, Luca Mattioli, Claudio De Liberato and Gianluca Fichi
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020171 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2280
Abstract
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a carnivore native to North and Central America, gradually introduced into Asia and Europe, including Italy. It is an important carrier of multiple endoparasites, both Protozoa and Helminths, some of them being zoonotic. The aim of [...] Read more.
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a carnivore native to North and Central America, gradually introduced into Asia and Europe, including Italy. It is an important carrier of multiple endoparasites, both Protozoa and Helminths, some of them being zoonotic. The aim of this study was to investigate the endoparasites of the non-native raccoon population of Central Italy. Sixty-two raccoons were collected by local competent authorities (sixty trapped and euthanized, two found dead) and subjected to necroscopic examination. Carcasses underwent a broad parasitological investigation, including coprological techniques (macroscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, trachea, and heart, Flotac®, Baermann test, and immunofluorescence for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.), research on respiratory/urinary capillariosis and artificial digestion for Trichinella spp. larvae, and a histopathological examination of the ileum. Ascarid parasites were further identified at the species level using a next-generation sequencing-based amplicon sequencing approach. The results showed the presence of different Protozoa and Nematodes: Baylisascaris procyonis (26/62; 41.9%), Pearsonema sp. (6/62; 9.6%), Capillariidae (6/62; 9.6%), Eimeria sp. (2/62; 3.2%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2/62; 3.2%), and Ancylostomatidae (2/62; 3.2%). B. procyonis is an emerging helminthic zoonotic agent considered a serious concern for public and animal health, given the possibility of its transmission to paratenic hosts, including humans and pets. The demonstrated role of the raccoon as a multi-parasite carrier should be an incentive to continuing the eradication/control of this alien species, and supports the need to implement related disease surveillance programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Research in Wildlife)
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11 pages, 612 KiB  
Article
Gray Wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Parasite Survey in Anthropized and Natural Areas of Central Italy
by Stefania Perrucci, Michela Maestrini, Francesca Coppola, Matteo Di Marco, Alessia Di Rosso, Maria Irene Pacini, Paola Zintu and Antonio Felicioli
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020108 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2426
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes and protozoa and other parasite occurrences were evaluated in free-ranging wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations from natural and anthropized areas of Central Italy. Analyzed fecal samples were collected from 60 foxes and [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal nematodes and protozoa and other parasite occurrences were evaluated in free-ranging wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations from natural and anthropized areas of Central Italy. Analyzed fecal samples were collected from 60 foxes and 40 wolves in the anthropized areas, and 41 foxes and 39 wolves in the natural areas. In foxes, hookworm infections (p < 0.0001) were more frequently recorded in the anthropized environment, while coccidia (p < 0.05) and Cryptosporidium spp. (p < 0.0001) were more frequent in the natural area. In wolves, a higher frequency of hookworms (p < 0.0001) was observed in natural areas, while coccidia were more common in the anthropized area (p < 0.05). Moreover, in the natural environment, trichuroid nematodes (p < 0.0001) were significantly more frequent in wolves than in foxes, while Cryptosporidium (p < 0.001) and Giardia duodenalis (p < 0.001) were more common in foxes. In the anthropic area, the occurrence of hookworms was found to be significantly higher in foxes (p < 0.0001), while trichuroid nematodes were more common in wolves (p < 0.0001). The obtained data are indicative of a different diffusion of specific parasite taxa in wolves and foxes living in the natural and/or anthropized environments examined herein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Research in Wildlife)
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12 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
Trichinella spiralis and T. britovi in North-Eastern Romania: A Six-Year Retrospective Multicentric Survey
by Olimpia Iacob, Ciprian Chiruță and Mihai Mareș
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090509 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1727
Abstract
The genus Trichinella includes species with a wide geographical spread that cause pathology in humans and animals. In this context, an epidemiological study of Trichinella infection was carried out in the northeastern part of Romania to investigate for the first time the prevalence [...] Read more.
The genus Trichinella includes species with a wide geographical spread that cause pathology in humans and animals. In this context, an epidemiological study of Trichinella infection was carried out in the northeastern part of Romania to investigate for the first time the prevalence of this infection in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears, the geographical distribution of Trichinella species and the natural reservoir of Trichinella infection. Between 2010 and 2015, a total of 166,270 animals were examined by the method of artificial digestion, in order to calculate the annual and general prevalence of Trichinella infection, according to the host and the Trichinella species involved, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), trendline and geographical distribution of species of the genus Trichinella. Taxonomic framing was performed by the multiplex PCR method. The overall prevalence of Trichinella infection in animals was 0.188%. Within the host species, the prevalence varied as follows: in pigs 0.096%, horses 0.021%, wild boar 1.46% and bears 36.76%. The geographical distribution showed that T. spiralis was dominant, occupying the entire northeastern part of Romania, being identified in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears. T britovi occupied five mountain counties, being identified only in wild boars and bears. These results validate the presence of T. spiralis and T. britovi in domestic and game animals in the northeastern part of Romania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Research in Wildlife)
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