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Veterinary Sciences
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The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses
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The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2023) | Viewed by 13367

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Albert Van Geelen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Interests: foreign animal diseases; disease surveillance; veterinary vaccines; biologics
Dr. Alexandra C. Buckley

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Interests: swine viral diseases; emerging pathogens; viral pathogenesis
Dr. Luis Gimenez-Lirola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Interests: swine viral diseases; emerging pathogens; diagnostics; immunopathogenesis; infectious diseases modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious disease challenges for swine are one of the main challenges to herd health maintenance and to unimpeded trade of pork and pork products. More newly discovered viruses have been described thanks to novel research approaches and the intensive movement of swine and pork across international borders ensures wide distribution of novel and familiar viruses. Our understanding of these challenges and how to analyze and design mitigation strategies is key to timely intervention and herd health maintenance.  We hereby announce a Special Issue of Pathogens on “the advanced Research on Porcine Viruses”.

The Special Issue will select submissions on the following subjects:

  1. New approaches to whole genome sequencing for identifying previously undescribed porcine viruses;
  2. New tools for molecular epidemiology;
  3. In vivo infection and pathogenesis studies of novel porcine viruses;
  4. New tools and approaches to studying porcine immune response to viral challenge;
  5. Field/production studies on new viral pathogens;
  6. Foreign animal disease challenges;
  7. New in vitro and ex vivo infection models for porcine viruses;
  8. New technologies for detection, diagnosis and surveillance of porcine viruses.

Dr. Albert Van Geelen
Dr. Alexandra C. Buckley
Dr. Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Veterinary Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • porcine viruses
  • epidemiology
  • detection
  • infection models
  • pathogenesis
  • diagnosis
  • surveillance

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 10319 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Effects of 5-Azacytidine on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Replication in Porcine Kidney Cells
by Yiyi Shan, Qi Xiao, Kongwang He, Shenglong Wu, Wenbin Bao and Zhengchang Wu
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030135 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 2004
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main pathogen causing post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which mainly targets the body’s immune system and poses a serious threat to the global pig industry. 5-Azacytidine is a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, which can participate [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main pathogen causing post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which mainly targets the body’s immune system and poses a serious threat to the global pig industry. 5-Azacytidine is a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, which can participate in many important physiological and pathological processes, including virus-related processes, by inhibiting gene expression. However, the impact of 5-Aza on PCV2 replication in cells is not yet clear. We explored the impact of 5-Aza on PCV2 infection utilizing PK15 cells as a cellular model. Our objective was to gain insights that could potentially offer novel therapeutic strategies for PCV2. Our results showed that 5-Aza significantly enhanced the infectivity of PCV2 in PK15 cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PCV2 infection activated various immune-related signaling pathways. 5-Aza may activate the MAPK signaling pathway to exacerbate PCV2 infection and upregulate the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)
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14 pages, 4486 KiB  
Article
Development of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR for Detecting Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus, and Porcine Deltacoronavirus Simultaneously in China
by Jianpeng Chen, Rongchao Liu, Huaicheng Liu, Jing Chen, Xiaohan Li, Jianfeng Zhang and Bin Zhou
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060402 - 18 Jun 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) belong to the category of swine enteric coronavirus that cause acute diarrhea in piglets, which has resulted in massive losses to the pig husbandry. Therefore, a sensitive and rapid detection [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) belong to the category of swine enteric coronavirus that cause acute diarrhea in piglets, which has resulted in massive losses to the pig husbandry. Therefore, a sensitive and rapid detection method which can differentially detect these viruses that lead to mixed infections in clinical cases, is urgently needed. According to the conserved regions of the PEDV M gene, TGEV S gene, and PDCoV N gene, and the reference gene of porcine (β-Actin), we designed new specific primers and probes for the multiplex qPCR assay capable of simultaneously detecting three RNA viruses. This method, with a great specificity, did not cross-react with the common porcine virus. Moreover, the limit of detection of the method we developed could reach 10 copies/μL ,and the intra- and inter-group coefficients of variation of it below 3%. Applying this assay to detect 462 clinical samples which were collected in 2022–2023, indicated that the discrete positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV were 19.70%, 0.87%, and 10.17%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of PEDV/TGEV, PEDV/PDCoV, TGEV/PDCoV, and PEDV/TGEV/PDCoV were 3.25%, 23.16%, 0.22%, and 11.90%, respectively. All in all, the multiplex qPCR assay we developed as a tool for differential and rapid diagnosing can be put on the active prevention and control of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV, , which can create great value in the diagnosis of swine diarrhea diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)
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10 pages, 1100 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a Porcine Endogenous Reference Gene (Internal Sample Control) in a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus RT-qPCR
by Berenice Munguía-Ramírez, Betsy Armenta-Leyva, Alexandra Henao-Díaz, Fangshu Ye, David H. Baum, Luis G. Giménez-Lirola and Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060381 - 31 May 2023
Viewed by 2033
Abstract
Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to “normalize” the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive [...] Read more.
Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to “normalize” the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reverse transcription-qPCR. Study 1 evaluated the species specificity of the ISC by testing serum from seven non-porcine domestic species (n = 34). In Study 2, the constancy of ISC detection over time (≥42 days) was assessed in oral fluid (n = 130), serum (n = 215), and feces (n = 132) collected from individual pigs of known PRRSV status. In Study 3, serum (n = 150), oral fluid (n = 150), and fecal samples (n = 75 feces, 75 fecal swabs) from commercial herds were used to establish ISC reference limits. Study 1 showed that the ISC was porcine-specific, i.e., all samples from non-porcine species were ISC negative (n = 34). In Study 2, the ISC was detected in all oral fluid, serum, and fecal samples, but differed in concentration between specimens (p < 0.05; mixed-effects regression model). The results of Study 3 were used to establish ISC reference limits for the 5th, 2.5th and 1.25th percentiles. Overall, the ISC response was consistent to the point that failure in detection is sufficient justification for re-testing and/or re-sampling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)
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16 pages, 2397 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Two Porcine Parainfluenza Virus 1 Isolates and Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 Infection in Weaned Nursery Pigs
by Michael Welch, Karen Krueger, Jianqiang Zhang, Megan Neveau, Pablo Piñeyro, Drew Magstadt, Rodger Main and Phillip Gauger
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010018 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV1) is a newly characterized porcine respiratory virus. Recent experimental challenge studies in three-week-old nursery pigs failed to cause disease. However, it remains unclear how genetic differences contribute to viral pathogenesis. To characterize the pathogenesis of different PPIV1 isolates, [...] Read more.
Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV1) is a newly characterized porcine respiratory virus. Recent experimental challenge studies in three-week-old nursery pigs failed to cause disease. However, it remains unclear how genetic differences contribute to viral pathogenesis. To characterize the pathogenesis of different PPIV1 isolates, three-week-old nursery pigs were challenged with either PPIV1 isolate USA/MN25890NS/2016 (MN16) or USA/IA84915LG/2017 (IA17). A human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV1) strain C35 ATCC® VR-94™ was included to evaluate swine as a model for human parainfluenza. All viruses were successfully re-isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and detected by RT-qPCR at necropsy. Microscopic lung lesions were more severe in the IA17 group compared to the non-challenged negative control (Ctrl) group whereas differences were not found between the MN16 and Ctrl groups. Immunohistochemistry staining in respiratory samples showed a consistent trend of higher levels of PPIV1 signal in the IA17 group followed by the MN16 group, and no PPIV1 signal observed in the HPIV1 or Ctrl groups. This study suggests potential pathogenesis differences between PPIV1 isolates. Additionally, these results indicate that HPIV1 is capable of replicating in nursery pigs after experimental inoculation. However, clinical disease or gross lung lesions were not observed in any of the challenge groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)
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Review

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22 pages, 2976 KiB  
Review
Emergent Molecular Techniques Applied to the Detection of Porcine Viruses
by Elda A. Flores-Contreras, Jorge Alberto Carrasco-González, Daniel C. L. Linhares, Cesar A. Corzo, J. Israel Campos-Villalobos, Alexandra Henao-Díaz, Elda M. Melchor-Martínez, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Reyna Berenice González-González, Roberto Parra-Saldívar and Everardo González-González
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100609 - 7 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3212
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic [...] Read more.
Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic advantages by preventing the spread of viruses. In this regard, the swine industry is of great interest. The main viruses that affect the swine industry are described in this review, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV), which have been effectively detected by different molecular tools in recent times. Here, we describe the rationale of molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, isothermal methods (LAMP, NASBA, RPA, and PSR) and novel methods such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms. Successful molecular diagnostic developments are presented by highlighting their most important findings. Finally, we describe the barriers that hinder the large-scale development of affordable, accessible, rapid, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostic tests. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is critical to prevent the spread of viruses and the development of viral reservoirs in the swine industry that impact the possible development of future pandemics and the world economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)
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