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Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce the opening of the second volume of the Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control issue to submissions.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious transboundary viral disease that has severe implications not only for the health and production of cloven-hoofed animals, including large and small ruminants and pigs, but also for the economy of the FMD-endemic countries.

In this second volume of the Special Issue, we aim to widen our research to accept papers on all aspects of FMD research. Potential topics include, but are not limited to: viral pathogenesis, virus-host interactions, viral diagnosis and epidemiology, as well as vaccines/antivirals.

Prof. Dr. Satya Parida
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chimeric Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Virus-like Particles with Epitopes of South African Serotype 2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Elicits Specific Humoral and Cellular Responses in Mice

by Qian Li, Xusheng Ma, Yaner Shen, Junfei Dai, Xiaofeng Nian, Xiaofen Shang, Jiao Chen, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Jie Zhang and Haixue Zheng

Viruses 2024, 16(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040621 - 17 Apr 2024

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Southern Africa Territories 2 (SAT2) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has crossed long-standing regional boundaries in recent years and entered the Middle East. However, the existing vaccines offer poor cross-protection against the circulating strains in the field. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an alternative design approach for vaccines in anticipation of a pandemic of SAT2 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein can embed exogenous epitopes into the four loops on its surface, assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), and induce antibodies and cytokines to PPV and the exogenous epitope. In this study, chimeric porcine parvovirus VP2 VLPs (chimeric PPV-SAT2-VLPs) expressing the T-and/or B-cell epitopes of the structural protein VP1 of FMDV SAT2 were produced using the recombinant pFastBac™ Dual vector of baculoviruses in Sf9 and HF cells We used the Bac-to-Bac system to construct the recombinant baculoviruses. The VP2-VLP--SAT2 chimeras displayed chimeric T-cell epitope (amino acids 21–40 of VP1) and/or the B-cell epitope (amino acids 135–174) of SAT FMDV VP1 by substitution of the corresponding regions at the N terminus (amino acids 2–23) and/or loop 2 and/or loop 4 of the PPV VP2 protein, respectively. In mice, the chimeric PPV-SAT2-VLPs induced specific antibodies against PPV and the VP1 protein of SAT2 FMDV. The VP2-VLP-SAT2 chimeras induced specific antibodies to PPV and the VP1 protein specific epitopes of FMDV SAT2. In this study, as a proof-of-concept, successfully generated chimeric PPV-VP2 VLPs expressing epitopes of the structural protein VP1 of FMDV SAT2 that has a potential to prevent FMDV SAT2 and PPV infection in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control, Volume II)

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16 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Exhibits Phenomenal Genetic Lineage Diversity in India during 2018–2022

by Shyam Singh Dahiya, Saravanan Subramaniam, Jajati Keshari Mohapatra, Manoranjan Rout, Jitendra Kumar Biswal, Priyabrata Giri, Vinayak Nayak and Rabindra Prasad Singh

Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071529 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

In India, widespread foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks occurred in 2021. The objective of this study was to identify genetic lineages and evaluate the antigenic relationships of FMD virus (FMDV) isolates gathered from outbreaks reported between 2019 and 2022. Our study shows that the lineages O/ME–SA/Ind2001e and the O/ME–SA/Cluster-2018 were both responsible for the FMD outbreaks on an epidemic scale during 2021. This observation is in contrast to earlier findings that suggested epidemic-scale FMD outbreaks in India are often connected to a single genetic lineage. Additionally, we report here the identification of the O/ME–SA/PanAsia-2/ANT10 sub-lineage in India for the first time, which was connected to two intermittent outbreaks in Jammu and Kashmir. The current study demonstrates that the O/ME–SA/ind2001e lineage has a strong presence outside of the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, the O/ME–SA/Cluster-2018 was observed to have a wider geographic distribution than previously, and like the O/ME–SA/Ind2001d and O/ME–SA/Ind2001e lineages in the past, it may eventually spread outside of its geographic niche. For O/ME–SA/Ind2001e and O/ME–SA/Cluster-2018, the predicted substitution rate for the VP1 region was 6.737 × 10⁻³ and 8.257 × 10⁻³ nt substitutions per site per year, respectively. The time of the most recent common ancestor of the O/ME–SA/Ind2001e and O/ME–SA/Cluster-2018 strains suggests that the viruses possibly emerged during 2003–2011 and 2009–2017, respectively. Recent sightings of the O/ME–SA/PanAsia2/ANT10 virus in India and the O/ME–SA/Ind2001e virus in Pakistan point to possible cross-border transit of the viruses. The results of a two-dimensional viral neutralization test revealed that all of the field isolates were antigenically matched to the currently used Indian vaccine strain O INDR2/1975. These results suggest that the serotype O vaccine strain can protect against outbreaks brought on by all three circulating lineages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control, Volume II)

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