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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology,...
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Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 9943

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Satya Parida

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory and Vaccine Specialist, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Interests: peste des petits ruminants virus; PPRV; FMDV; vaccines; pathogenesis of PPRV
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Felix Njeumi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Coordinator of PPR Global Eradication Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
Interests: peste des petits ruminants; animal health; disease control/eradication; small ruminant production; epidemiology; socio-economic impact and wildlife
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are editing a second edition of the Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication special isuse for new submissions, following the success of the 2020 volume.

Throughout the developing world, the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus (PPRV) places a huge disease burden on agriculture, particularly affecting small-ruminant production and contributing to poverty in many developing countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The primary susceptible hosts of PPRV are sheep and goats; however, the virus also causes clinical disease in pigs, camels, and other wild capra species. Sub-clinical infection, with accompanying seroconversion, is seen in cattle, buffaloes and African wild capra species.

A lack of understanding of the key factors determining the transmission of the disease between species, host range, epidemiology, and vaccine efficacy of PPRV poses a significant risk to the success of OIE’s and FAO’s nascent PPR eradication campaign by 2030. Improving the understanding of the transmission dynamics, early events of pathogenesis, epidemiology, new diagnostics, and vaccine efficacy and underlying the differential susceptibility of goats, cattle, pigs, and wild species will broadly enhance our knowledge of disease spread, maintenance of viruses in wildlife, and cattle and host-specific disease-resistance mechanisms. Therefore, this Special Issue is aimed to have a great impact on PPR eradication.

Prof. Dr. Satya Parida
Dr. Felix Njeumi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)
  • PPR
  • PPR in sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes and wildlife
  • eradication
  • epidemiology
  • transmission
  • diagnostics
  • vaccines and vaccine efficacy
  • pathogenesis
  • host range
 

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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14 pages, 5706 KiB  
Article
First Incidence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Cervidae Family from State Zoo of Assam, India
by Nagendra Nath Barman, Arpita Bharali, Durlav Prasad Bora, Biswajit Dutta, Mousumi Bora, Sophia M. Gogoi, Panchami Sharma, Sankar Sarma, Parikshit Kakati, Tejas Mariswamy, Ankita Choudhury and Lukumoni Buragohain
Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1829; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121829 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 236
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the episodes of per-acute mortality due to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) that resulted in the death of 30 animals of different species of cervids, namely, barking deer, four-horned antelope, hog deer, thamin, and mouse deer in [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to investigate the episodes of per-acute mortality due to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) that resulted in the death of 30 animals of different species of cervids, namely, barking deer, four-horned antelope, hog deer, thamin, and mouse deer in the State Zoo of Assam, a northeastern state of India. The affected animals showed no to limited clinical signs. However, the necropsy and histopathological findings were highly suggestive of PPR virus (PPRV) infection observed in domestic small ruminants. Representative tissue samples were screened for the presence of PPRV along with blue tongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) using RT-PCR or RT-qPCR and were found to be positive for PPRV. Considering the sudden outbreak of PPR in captive cervids, we sought to determine the role of domestic goats as the potential spillover host. To verify that, archived tissue samples of domestic goats collected during PPRV outbreaks in nearby localities and slaughtered goats used as meat for Carnivorous animals in the State Zoo were also screened and found to be positive for PPRV in RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on the Nucleocapsid (N) protein gene of PPRV from infected cervids, domestic goats, and goat meat revealed the virus to be of Lineage IV origin. Our findings provide evidence of probable spillover of PPRV from domestic goats to captive endangered cervids and circulation of Lineage IV PPRV strains among the small-ruminant population of this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II)
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14 pages, 2351 KiB  
Article
Post-Vaccination Sero-Monitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep and Goats in Karnataka: Progress towards PPR Eradication in India
by Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan, Rakshit Ojha, Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar, Anand Asha, Suhail Ashraf, Annett Helcita Dsouza, Archana Pal, Prajakta Prashant Bokade, Shakuntala Krishnaiah Harshitha, Ramchandra Deshpande, Mahadevappa Swathi, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, GurrappaNaidu Govindaraj, Subramanya Prasad Hasnadka, Shanmugam ChandraSekar, Divakar Hemadri, Anirban Guha, Njeumi Felix, Satya Parida and Baldev Raj Gulati
Viruses 2024, 16(3), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030333 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1826
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) presents economic challenges in enzootic countries impacting small ruminant productivity. The state of Karnataka, India, implemented a mass vaccination campaign in alignment with the PPR-Global Eradication Programme (GEP) and the National Strategic Plan for PPR eradication. This study [...] Read more.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) presents economic challenges in enzootic countries impacting small ruminant productivity. The state of Karnataka, India, implemented a mass vaccination campaign in alignment with the PPR-Global Eradication Programme (GEP) and the National Strategic Plan for PPR eradication. This study was conducted from January to March 2023 to assess seroconversion in post-vaccinated goats and sheep at the epidemiological unit (epi-unit) level, aligning with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines in the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES). Before vaccination, 3466 random serum samples were collected from small ruminants of three age groups (6–12 months, 1–2 years, and >2 years) across 116 epi-units, spanning 82 taluks in 28 districts. Post-vaccination sero-monitoring included 1102 serum samples collected from small ruminants of the 6–12-month age group only, across 111 epi-units covering 64 taluks in 23 districts. The PPRV antibody status was determined using an indigenous hemagglutinin (H) protein monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Pre-vaccination, the PPR seropositivity rates were 55%, 62%, and 66% in the age groups of 6–12 months, 1–2 years, and >2 years, respectively, with a 61% PPRV antibody prevalence across all the age groups. Notably, 41% of the epi-units exhibited antibody prevalence rates of ≥70%, indicating a substantial population immunity, possibly attributed to the previous vaccination program in the state since 2011. In contrast, only 17% of the epi-units had below 30% seroprevalence rates, emphasizing the need for intensified vaccination. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the presence of PPRV antibodies and host factors such as species, breed, and sex. Post-vaccination seroprevalence in the 6–12 months age group was found to be 73.4%, indicating the use of an efficacious vaccine. On the evaluation of vaccination immunity in the 6–12 months age group, it was revealed that over 69% of the epi-units achieved a response surpassing ≥70%, indicating a significant improvement from 42% of the epi-units in pre-vaccination. For active PPR eradication, a mass vaccination campaign (>95% coverage) targeting small ruminant populations aged >4 months is advocated, aiming to achieve the desired herd immunity of >80%. This study offers crucial insights into PPR baseline seroprevalence/immunity status and vaccine efficacy, guiding national strategies towards a PPR-free India and further supporting the global eradication initiative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II)
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7 pages, 838 KiB  
Communication
First Report of the Emergence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Lineage IV Virus in Senegal
by Aminata Ba, Gaye Laye Diop, Mbengué Ndiaye, Michel Dione and Modou Moustapha Lo
Viruses 2024, 16(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020305 - 17 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1332
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease and one of the deadliest affecting wild goats, sheep, and small ruminants; however, goats are generally more sensitive. The causative agent is the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV), which is a [...] Read more.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease and one of the deadliest affecting wild goats, sheep, and small ruminants; however, goats are generally more sensitive. The causative agent is the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus of negative polarity belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. In February 2020, an active outbreak of PPR was reported in a herd of a transhumant farmer in the village of Gainth Pathé (department of Kounguel, Kaffrine region, Senegal). Of the ten swabs collected from the goats, eight returned a positive result through a quantitative real-time PCR. The sample that yielded the strongest signal from the quantitative real-time PCR was further analyzed with a conventional PCR amplification and direct amplicon sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence of the PPR virus obtained belonged to lineage IV. These results confirm those found in the countries bordering Senegal and reinforce the hypothesis of the importance of animal mobility between these neighboring countries in the control of PPRV. In perspective, following the discovery of this lineage IV in Senegal, a study on its dispersion is underway throughout the national territory. The results that will emerge from this study, associated with detailed data on animal movements and epidemiological data, will provide appropriate and effective information to improve PPR surveillance and control strategies with a view to its eradication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II)
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21 pages, 5495 KiB  
Article
Nucleocapsid Protein (N) of Peste des petits ruminants Virus (PPRV) Interacts with Cellular Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K) Complex-I and Induces Autophagy
by Yash Chaudhary, Juhi Jain, Sharad Kumar Gaur, Prabhakar Tembhurne, Shanmugam Chandrasekar, Muthuchelvan Dhanavelu, Sharvan Sehrawat and Rajeev Kaul
Viruses 2023, 15(9), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091805 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2286
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential and highly conserved catabolic process in cells, which is important in the battle against intracellular pathogens. Viruses have evolved several ways to alter the host defense mechanisms. PPRV infection is known to modulate the components of a host cell’s [...] Read more.
Autophagy is an essential and highly conserved catabolic process in cells, which is important in the battle against intracellular pathogens. Viruses have evolved several ways to alter the host defense mechanisms. PPRV infection is known to modulate the components of a host cell’s defense system, resulting in enhanced autophagy. In this study, we demonstrate that the N protein of PPRV interacts with the core components of the class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) complex-I and results in the induction of autophagy in the host cell over, thereby expressing this viral protein. Our data shows the interaction between PPRV-N protein and different core components of the autophagy pathway, i.e., VPS34, VPS15, BECN1 and ATG14L. The PPRV-N protein can specifically interact with VPS34 of the PI3K complex-I and colocalize with the proteins of PI3K complex-I in the same sub-cellular compartment, that is, in the cytoplasm. These interactions do not affect the intracellular localization of the different host proteins. The autophagy-related genes were transcriptionally modulated in PPRV-N-expressing cells. The expression of LC3B and SQSTM1/p62 was also modulated in PPRV-N-expressing cells, indicating the induction of autophagic activity. The formation of typical autophagosomes with double membranes was visualized by transmission electron microscopy in PPRV-N-expressing cells. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for the critical role of the N protein of the PPR virus in the induction of autophagy, which is likely to be mediated by PI3K complex-I of the host. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II)
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13 pages, 2339 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Potency and Safety of Live-Attenuated Peste des Petits Ruminant Virus Vaccine in Goats by Detection of Cellular and Humoral Immune Response
by Milovan Milovanović, Klaas Dietze, Ulrich Wernery and Bernd Hoffmann
Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061325 - 5 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1781
Abstract
The peste des petits ruminant (PPR) virus is a transboundary virus found in small domestic ruminants that causes high morbidity and mortality in naive herds. PPR can be effectively controlled and eradicated by vaccinating small domestic ruminants with a live-attenuated peste des petits [...] Read more.
The peste des petits ruminant (PPR) virus is a transboundary virus found in small domestic ruminants that causes high morbidity and mortality in naive herds. PPR can be effectively controlled and eradicated by vaccinating small domestic ruminants with a live-attenuated peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) vaccine, which provides long-lasting immunity. We studied the potency and safety of a live-attenuated vaccine in goats by detecting their cellular and humoral immune responses. Six goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with a live-attenuated PPRV vaccine according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and two goats were kept in contact. Following vaccination, the goats were monitored daily, and we recorded their body temperature and clinical score. Heparinized blood and serum were collected for a serological analysis, and swab samples and EDTA blood were collected to detect the PPRV genome. The safety of the used PPRV vaccine was confirmed by the absence of PPR-related clinical signs, a negative pen-side test, a low virus genome load as detected with RT-qPCR on the vaccinated goats, and the lack horizontal transmission between the in-contact goats. The strong humoral and cellular immune responses detected in the vaccinated goats showed that the live-attenuated PPRV vaccine has a strong potency in goats. Therefore, live-attenuated vaccines against PPR can be used to control and eradicate PRR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II)
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11 pages, 2218 KiB  
Brief Report
Molecular Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus in West Africa: Is Lineage IV Replacing Lineage II in Burkina Faso?
by Abel S. Biguezoton, Guy Sidwatta Ilboudo, Barbara Wieland, Rahinata W-Y. Sawadogo, Fairou F. Dah, Cheick A. K. Sidibe, Adrien Zoungrana, Edward Okoth and Michel Dione
Viruses 2024, 16(2), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020244 - 3 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1270
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the genetic lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) currently circulating in Burkina Faso. As part of PPR surveillance in 2021 and 2022, suspected outbreaks in different regions were investigated. A risk map was produced to determine [...] Read more.
This study aimed at investigating the genetic lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) currently circulating in Burkina Faso. As part of PPR surveillance in 2021 and 2022, suspected outbreaks in different regions were investigated. A risk map was produced to determine high-risk areas for PPR transmission. Based on alerts, samples were obtained from three regions and all sampled localities were confirmed to fall within PPR high risk areas. We collected swab samples from the eyes, mouth, and nose of sick goats. Some tissue samples were also collected from dead animals suspected to be infected by PPRV. In total, samples from 28 goats were analysed. Virus confirmation was performed with RT-PCR amplification targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Partial N gene sequencing (350 bp) was carried out using the RT-PCR products of positives samples to characterise the circulating lineages. Eleven sequences, including ten new sequences, have been obtained. Our study identified the presence of the PPRV lineage IV in the three studied regions in Burkina Faso with a genetic heterogeneity recorded for the sequences analysed. Previously published data and results of this study suggest that PPRV lineage IV seems to be replacing lineage II in Burkina Faso. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication: Improved Understanding of Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Vaccine Efficacy, Volume II)
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