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Viruses
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Pathogenesis of Swine Fever Virus
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Pathogenesis of Swine Fever Virus

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 13731

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alejandro Núñez

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Healt Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addletone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
Interests: veterinary pathology; influenza; classical swine fever; African swine fever; bovine tuberculosis
Dr. David T. Williams

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Guest Editor
CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
Interests: African swine fever, viral diagnostics, host response, pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Pork production worldwide remains threatened by two unrelated swine viruses, African and classical swine fever viruses, that share similar disease presentations, pathology in pigs, and devestating impacts . Classical swine fever (CSF) remains endemic in large areas of South America, the Caribbean and Asia, and although effective live attenuated vaccines are available, developing suitable DIVA vaccines remain a significant challenge. African swine fever (ASF) continues to circulate in Africa where it constitutes one of the main limiting factors for pig industry development. In addition, since the disease re-emerged in Eastern Europe in 2007, it has spread over large distances, aided by infected wild boar populations, throughout Europe, China and Southeast Asian countries. The most recent spread of ASF into India, Indonesia, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea (PNG) threatens traditional pig rearing practices in rural areas where pigs may represent household currency animals and have cultural importance. ASF now threatens Australia and Pacific islands neighbouring PNG. Effective vaccines are not yet available and the nature of the mechanisms leading to protection are yet to be fully unravelled. In both diseases further understanding of the mechanism of infection and the cellular and systemic responses of the host will contribute to the development of robust control strategies.

We are very pleased to introduce this special issue in which we aim to gain new insights on the early events, mechanisms of disease and host-pathogen interactions of these two viruses in their hosts, vectors and using in vitro models of infection.

Dr. Alejandro Núñez
Dr. David T. Williams
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • African swine fever
  • classical swine fever
  • pathogenesis
  • pathology
  • immune response
  • diagnosis
  • detection methods
  • host-pathogen interactions

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5136 KiB  
Article
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Epitope of ASFV-Encoded dUTPase by Monoclonal Antibodies
by Shuai Zhang, Rui Wang, Xiaojing Zhu, Jiaxin Jin, Wenlong Lu, Xuyang Zhao, Bo Wan, Yifei Liao, Qin Zhao, Christopher L. Netherton, Guoqing Zhuang, Aijun Sun and Gaiping Zhang
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112175 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3184
Abstract
Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an essential enzyme required for efficient virus replication. Previous crystallography data have indicated that dUTPase (E165R) may serve as a therapeutic target for inhibiting ASFV replication; however, the specificity of the targeting [...] Read more.
Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an essential enzyme required for efficient virus replication. Previous crystallography data have indicated that dUTPase (E165R) may serve as a therapeutic target for inhibiting ASFV replication; however, the specificity of the targeting site(s) in ASFV dUTPase remains unclear. In this study, 19 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced, in which four mAbs showed inhibitory reactivity against E165R recombinant protein. Epitope mapping studies indicated that E165R has three major antigenic regions: 100–120 aa, 120–140 aa, and 140–165 aa. Three mAbs inhibited the dUTPase activity of E165R by binding to the highly conserved 149–RGEGRFGSTG–158 amino acid sequence. Interestingly, 8F6 mAb specifically recognized ASFV dUTPase but not Sus scrofa dUTPase, which may be due to structural differences in the amino acids of F151, R153, and F154 in the motif V region. In summary, we developed anti-E165R-specific mAbs, and identified an important antibody-binding antigenic epitope in the motif V of ASFV dUTPase. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of mAbs that target the antigenic epitope of ASFV dUTPase, which may contribute to the development of novel antibody-based ASFV therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis of Swine Fever Virus)
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13 pages, 768 KiB  
Article
First Genomic Evidence of Dual African Swine Fever Virus Infection: Case Report from Recent and Historical Outbreaks in Sardinia
by Mariangela Stefania Fiori, Luca Ferretti, Matteo Floris, Federica Loi, Antonello Di Nardo, Anna Maria Sechi, Anna Ladu, Graziella Puggioni, Daria Sanna, Fabio Scarpa, Maria Luisa Sanna, Maria Paola Madrau, Claudia Torresi, Roberto Sirica, Eloisa Evangelista, Annalisa Oggiano and Silvia Dei Giudici
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112145 - 25 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the pathogens of highest concern worldwide. Despite different virus lineages co-circulating in several areas, dual infections in the same animal have been rarely observed, suggesting that ASF superinfections are infrequent events. Here we present the [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the pathogens of highest concern worldwide. Despite different virus lineages co-circulating in several areas, dual infections in the same animal have been rarely observed, suggesting that ASF superinfections are infrequent events. Here we present the first genome-wide detection and analysis of two intragenotype dual ASFV infections. The dual infections have been detected in a hunted wild boar and in a pig carcass, both infected by ASFV genotype I in Sardinia in 1984 and 2018, respectively. We characterize the genetic differences between the two sequences, their intra-host frequency, and their phylogenetic relationship among fully sequenced ASFV strains from Sardinia. Both dual infections involve pairs of closely related but different viruses that were circulating in Sardinia in the same period. The results imply that dual ASFV infections or similar ASFV strains are more common than expected, especially in ASF endemic areas, albeit difficult to detect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis of Swine Fever Virus)
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22 pages, 18470 KiB  
Article
A Deeper Insight into Evolutionary Patterns and Phylogenetic History of ASFV Epidemics in Sardinia (Italy) through Extensive Genomic Sequencing
by Mariangela Stefania Fiori, Daria Sanna, Fabio Scarpa, Matteo Floris, Antonello Di Nardo, Luca Ferretti, Federica Loi, Stefano Cappai, Anna Maria Sechi, Pier Paolo Angioi, Susanna Zinellu, Roberto Sirica, Eloisa Evangelista, Marco Casu, Giulia Franzoni, Annalisa Oggiano and Silvia Dei Giudici
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101994 - 4 Oct 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3680
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of the devastating disease African swine fever (ASF), for which there is currently no licensed vaccine or treatment available. ASF is defined as one of the most serious animal diseases identified to date, due [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of the devastating disease African swine fever (ASF), for which there is currently no licensed vaccine or treatment available. ASF is defined as one of the most serious animal diseases identified to date, due to its global spread in regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, causing massive economic losses. On the Italian island of Sardinia, the disease has been endemic since 1978, although the last control measures put in place achieved a significant reduction in ASF, and the virus has been absent from circulation since April 2019. Like many large DNA viruses, ASFV mutates at a relatively slow rate. However, the limited availability of whole-genome sequences from spatial-localized outbreaks makes it difficult to explore the small-scale genetic structure of these ASFV outbreaks. It is also unclear if the genetic variability within outbreaks can be captured in a handful of sequences, or if larger sequencing efforts can improve phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary or epidemiological inference. The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic patterns of ASFV outbreaks between 1978 and 2018 in Sardinia, in order to characterize the epidemiological dynamics of the viral strains circulating in this Mediterranean island. To reach this goal, 58 new whole genomes of ASFV isolates were obtained, which represents the largest ASFV whole-genome sequencing effort to date. We provided a complete description of the genomic diversity of ASFV in terms of nucleotide mutations and small and large indels among the isolates collected during the outbreaks. The new sequences capture more than twice the genomic and phylogenetic diversity of all the previously published Sardinian sequences. The extra genomic diversity increases the resolution of the phylogenetic reconstruction, enabling us to dissect, for the first time, the genetic substructure of the outbreak. We found multiple ASFV subclusters within the phylogeny of the Sardinian epidemic, some of which coexisted in space and time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis of Swine Fever Virus)
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15 pages, 4933 KiB  
Article
Blood Counts, Biochemical Parameters, Inflammatory, and Immune Responses in Pigs Infected Experimentally with the African Swine Fever Virus Isolate Pol18_28298_O111
by Marek Walczak, Magdalena Wasiak, Katarzyna Dudek, Anna Kycko, Ewelina Szacawa, Małgorzata Olech, Grzegorz Woźniakowski and Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz
Viruses 2021, 13(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030521 - 22 Mar 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3212
Abstract
This study aimed to indicate the influence of infection caused by genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV)–isolate Pol18_28298_O111, currently circulating in Poland, on blood counts, biochemical parameters, as well as inflammatory and immune responses. Blood and sera collected from 21 domestic pigs [...] Read more.
This study aimed to indicate the influence of infection caused by genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV)–isolate Pol18_28298_O111, currently circulating in Poland, on blood counts, biochemical parameters, as well as inflammatory and immune responses. Blood and sera collected from 21 domestic pigs infected intranasally with different doses of virulent ASFV were analysed. The infection led to variable changes in blood counts depending on the stage of the disease with a tendency towards leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and microscopic lesions in organs confirmed the development of the inflammation process, which also resulted in an increased level of biochemical markers such as: Aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, and urea. Antibodies could be detected from 9 to 18 days post infection (dpi). Two survivors presented the highest titer of antibodies (>5 log10/mL) with a simultaneous increase in the lymphocyte T (CD3+) percentage–revealed by flow cytometry. Results confirmed a progressive inflammatory process occurring during the ASFV infection, which may lead to multiple organs failure and death of the majority of affected animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis of Swine Fever Virus)
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