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Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management
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Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Soil and Water".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2024) | Viewed by 8847

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. José Miguel Reichert

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Soils Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
Interests: soil physics; soil mechanics; soil hydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Studies are welcomed for submission to this Special Issue on the general topic of soil dynamics and water resource management. Studies should have a focus on the understanding of processes and practical applications by stakeholders in the field.

Combining soil and water at different landscape scales will enrich the scientific contribution. Research on soil quality, structure, and compaction studied at different scales (microscopic to macroscopic), with the use of traditional and modern technologies, coupled or not to soil, landscape, and watershed hydrology affecting the amount and quality of water are most welcome, as well as those on the interaction between soil and plants (native species or agricultural, forest and grassland crops), especially coupled with soil type and quality and hydrological behavior.

These are some research topics for this Special Issue on soil dynamics and water resource management, but the scope is not limited to those, as myriad topic combinations are possible when studying soils and practices for sustainable land use and water management. The scientific contributions may be original research papers, new study methods, perspectives and opinions, reviews (traditional or narrative, systematic, meta-analysis, or meta-synthesis), or modeling approaches.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. José Miguel Reichert
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • soil structure
  • soils and plants
  • watershed hydrology
  • water balance
  • water availability to plants

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2439 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Slow-Release Potassium Persulfate Microcapsules and Application in Degradation of PAH-Contaminated Soil
by Hao Wu, Yuting Yang, Lina Sun, Yinggang Wang, Hui Wang and Xiaoxu Wang
Water 2024, 16(21), 3045; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213045 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 899
Abstract
Due to potassium persulfate’s excessive reaction speed and severe impact on the soil environment, slowing down the reaction rate and reducing its environmental impact is an important but challenging matter. Hence, microencapsulation technology was taken to modify potassium persulfate, and potassium persulfate microcapsules [...] Read more.
Due to potassium persulfate’s excessive reaction speed and severe impact on the soil environment, slowing down the reaction rate and reducing its environmental impact is an important but challenging matter. Hence, microencapsulation technology was taken to modify potassium persulfate, and potassium persulfate microcapsules were used to remediate the PAHs-contaminated soil. The results of XRD and an infrared spectrum identified that the core material (potassium persulfate) exists after being encapsulated by the wall material (stearic acid), and there was no chemical reaction between the core material and wall material. The results of the sustained release effect and kinetic equation showed that the release rate of the potassium persulfate microcapsules was close to 60% after 48 h, and it had a good sustained-release effect compared with previous studies. The results of the radical probe revealed that the free radicals produced from potassium persulfate microcapsules activated by Fe2+ were the main reasons for the degradation of PAHs, and SO4−· played the most important major role in the degradation of PAHs, followed by ·OH, and the reducing substances also played an auxiliary role. The results also suggested that potassium persulfate microcapsules not only degraded PAHs in soil (53.6% after 72 h) but also had fewer negative effects on the environment, and they even promoted the growth and development of microorganisms and increased the germination rate of seeds due to the slow-release effect of the microcapsules. This work reveals the degradation mechanism of potassium persulfate microcapsules and provides a new amendment of potassium persulfate in the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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22 pages, 2487 KiB  
Article
Applying a Comprehensive Model for Single-Ring Infiltration: Assessment of Temporal Changes in Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Physical Soil Properties
by Mirko Castellini, Simone Di Prima, Luisa Giglio, Rita Leogrande, Vincenzo Alagna, Dario Autovino, Michele Rinaldi and Massimo Iovino
Water 2024, 16(20), 2950; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16202950 - 16 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 795
Abstract
Modeling agricultural systems, from the point of view of saving and optimizing water, is a challenging task, because it may require multiple soil physical and hydraulic measurements to investigate the entire crop cycle. The Beerkan method was proposed as a quick and easy [...] Read more.
Modeling agricultural systems, from the point of view of saving and optimizing water, is a challenging task, because it may require multiple soil physical and hydraulic measurements to investigate the entire crop cycle. The Beerkan method was proposed as a quick and easy approach to estimate the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Ks. In this study, a new complete three-dimensional model for Beerkan experiments recently proposed was used. It consists of thirteen different calculation approaches that differ in estimating the macroscopic capillary length, initial (θi) and saturated (θs) soil water contents, use transient or steady-state infiltration data, and different fitting methods to transient data. A steady-state version of the simplified method based on a Beerkan infiltration run (SSBI) was used as the benchmark. Measurements were carried out on five sampling dates during a single growing season (from November to June) in a long-term experiment in which two soil management systems were compared, i.e., minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT). The objectives of this work were (i) to test the proposed new model and calculation approaches under real field conditions, (ii) investigate the impact of MT and NT on soil properties, and (iii) obtain information on the seasonal variability of Ks and other main soil physical properties (θi, soil bulk density, ρb, and water retention curve) under MT and NT. The results showed that the model always overestimated Ks compared to SSBI. Indeed, the estimated Ks differed by a factor of 11 when the most data demanding (A1) approach was considered by a factor of 4–8, depending on the transient or steady-state phase use, when A3 was considered and by a practically negligible factor of 1.0–1.9 with A4. A relatively higher seasonal variability was detected for θi at the MT than NT system. Under both MT and NT, ρb did not change between November and April but increased significantly until the end of the season. The selected calculation approaches provided substantially coherent information on Ks seasonal evolution. Regardless of the approach, the results showed a temporal stability of Ks at least from early April to June under NT; conversely, the MT system was, overall, more affected by temporal changes with a relative stability at the beginning and middle of the season. These findings suggest that a common sampling time for determining Ks could be set at early spring. Soil management affected the soil properties, because the NT system was significantly wetter and more compact than MT on four out of five dates. However, only NT showed a significantly increasing correlation between Ks and the modal pore diameter, suggesting the presence of a relatively smaller and better interconnected pore network in the no-tilled soil. This study confirms the need to test infiltration models under real field conditions to evaluate their pros and cons. The Beerkan method was effective for intensive soil sampling and accurate field investigations on the temporal variability of Ks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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15 pages, 8921 KiB  
Article
Surface and Subsurface Water Impacts of Forestry and Grassland Land Use in Paired Watersheds: Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Water Balance Analysis
by Éricklis Edson Boito de Souza, Franciele de Bastos, Pedro Daniel da Cunha Kemerich, Marieli Machado Zago, Éderson Diniz Ebling, Elias Frank de Araujo, Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino and José Miguel Reichert
Water 2024, 16(15), 2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152191 - 2 Aug 2024
Viewed by 901
Abstract
Global forest plantations are expanding, causing land-use changes and impacting the water cycle. This study assesses whether eucalyptus plantations reduce groundwater levels compared to grasslands in paired subtropical watersheds. The hydrological dynamics of surface and subsurface water were compared in three small watersheds [...] Read more.
Global forest plantations are expanding, causing land-use changes and impacting the water cycle. This study assesses whether eucalyptus plantations reduce groundwater levels compared to grasslands in paired subtropical watersheds. The hydrological dynamics of surface and subsurface water were compared in three small watersheds in southern Brazil, mainly occupied by Eucalyptus saligna (Es-W, 79.9 ha), Eucalyptus benthamii (Eb-W, 82.1 ha), and degraded anthropized natural grassland (G-W, 109.4 ha). Rainfall, flow, and piezometric levels were monitored. Runoff, evapotranspiration, and water balance in the soil profile were estimated, and the subsurface environment was characterized using electrical resistivity tomography. During higher accumulated rainfall, water surplus increased for all watersheds. In the wet period (accumulated rainfall of 1098.0 mm), evapotranspiration was higher for eucalyptus (624.3 mm for Eb-W and 512.5 mm for Es-W) than for the grassland watershed (299.5 mm), resulting in the highest runoff in G-W (649.6 mm). During the dry period (accumulated rainfall of 478.5 mm), water deficit and withdrawal were mainly observed in forested watersheds, decreasing groundwater. Combining water balance and electrical resistivity tomography estimations results in a better understanding of the hydrological dynamics in paired watersheds with different land uses. This information is useful for developing best-practice management strategies for sustainable water resource use and forest production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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12 pages, 558 KiB  
Article
Estimation of the Soil–Water Characteristic Curve from Index Properties for Sandy Soil in China
by Shijun Wang, Xing Guo, Feng You, Zhong Zhang, Tianlun Shen, Yuhui Chen and Qian Zhai
Water 2024, 16(14), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142044 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 744
Abstract
The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important parameter of unsaturated soil, and almost all the engineering characteristics of unsaturated soil are more or less related to the SWCC. The SWCC contains important information for geotechnical engineering, water engineering, hydrogeology modelling and climate [...] Read more.
The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important parameter of unsaturated soil, and almost all the engineering characteristics of unsaturated soil are more or less related to the SWCC. The SWCC contains important information for geotechnical engineering, water engineering, hydrogeology modelling and climate modelling. It is noted that the experimental measurement of SWCC is costly and time consuming, which limits the implementation of principles of unsaturated soil mechanics in practical engineering. The indirect method, which estimates the SWCC from the index properties of soil, can provide the SWCC with the errors which are within tolerance in practical engineering. In addition, the indirect method can determine SWCC very fast and almost with no cost. In this paper, the domestic sandy soils are selected and the index properties of those sands are used to correlate the SWCC fitting parameters. Consequently, mathematical equations are proposed to estimate SWCC from index properties of domestic sands. The proposed models are trained from 44 sets of experimental data and verified with another independent 8 sets of experimental data from published literature. It is observed that the results from the proposed model agree well with the experimental data from literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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15 pages, 5248 KiB  
Article
Determination of Heavy Metal Sources in an Agricultural Catchment (Poland) Using the Fingerprinting Method
by Damian Bojanowski
Water 2024, 16(9), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091209 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1095
Abstract
This study investigates the heavy metal contamination of soils and suspended sediments in the Nurzec River catchment (Eastern Poland), focusing in particular on the effects of catchment land use. The fingerprinting technique has been combined with the classic, Igeo, and EF [...] Read more.
This study investigates the heavy metal contamination of soils and suspended sediments in the Nurzec River catchment (Eastern Poland), focusing in particular on the effects of catchment land use. The fingerprinting technique has been combined with the classic, Igeo, and EF index-supported contamination analysis to identify heavy metals sources. A wide range of elements (31 chemical elements including heavy metals) allowed the author to analyse the pathways and to identify the pressures of heavy metal contamination. The developed statistical models of heavy metal source distribution displayed results at a statistically significant level. The results have revealed the significant impact of land use connected with urban areas (URBAN) and pastures (PAST), which together constitute less than 20% of the river catchment area. These results are relevant to the local authorities and stakeholders, as they highlight the significant impact of low-density urban areas that are not locally considered as the major sources of heavy metal pollution. These results will contribute to sustainable decisions in the field of contaminated catchment area remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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22 pages, 2533 KiB  
Article
Soil Moisture Forecast Using Transfer Learning: An Application in the High Tropical Andes
by Diego Escobar-González, Marcos Villacís, Sebastián Páez-Bimos, Gabriel Jácome, Juan González-Vergara, Claudia Encalada and Veerle Vanacker
Water 2024, 16(6), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060832 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1517
Abstract
Soil moisture is a critical variable in the hydrological cycle and the climate system, significantly impacting water resources, ecosystem functioning, and the occurrence of extreme events. However, soil moisture data are often scarce, and soil water dynamics are not fully understood in mountainous [...] Read more.
Soil moisture is a critical variable in the hydrological cycle and the climate system, significantly impacting water resources, ecosystem functioning, and the occurrence of extreme events. However, soil moisture data are often scarce, and soil water dynamics are not fully understood in mountainous regions such as the tropical Andes of Ecuador. This study aims to model and predict soil moisture dynamics using in situ-collected hydrometeorological data for training and data-driven machine-learning techniques. Our results highlight the fundamental role of vegetation in controlling soil moisture dynamics and significant differences in soil water balance related to vegetation types and topography. A baseline model was developed to predict soil moisture dynamics using neural network techniques. Subsequently, by employing transfer-learning techniques, this model was effectively applied to different soil horizons and profiles, demonstrating its generalization capacity and adaptability. The use of neural network schemes and knowledge transfer techniques allowed us to develop predictive models for soil moisture trained on in situ-collected hydrometeorological data. The transfer-learning technique, which leveraged the knowledge from a pre-trained model to a model with a similar domain, yielded results with errors on the order of 1×10−6<ϵ<1×10−3. For the training data, the forecast of the base network demonstrated excellent results, with the lowest magnitude error metric RMSE equal to 4.77×10−6, and NSE and KGE both equal to 0.97. These models show promising potential to accurately predict short-term soil moisture dynamics with potential applications for natural hazard monitoring in mountainous regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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16 pages, 3151 KiB  
Article
Soil Macropore and Hydraulic Conductivity Dynamics of Different Land Uses in the Dry–Hot Valley Region of China
by Yi Wang, Jingru Ruan, Yongkang Li, Yaping Kong, Longxi Cao and Wei He
Water 2023, 15(17), 3036; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173036 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Soil macropores and hydraulic conductivity are important indexes used to describe soil hydrology. In the dry-hot valley region of Southwest China, with its dramatic seasonal dry–wet rhythm, soil properties and hydraulic conductivity can reflect unique dynamics as determined by the interaction between land [...] Read more.
Soil macropores and hydraulic conductivity are important indexes used to describe soil hydrology. In the dry-hot valley region of Southwest China, with its dramatic seasonal dry–wet rhythm, soil properties and hydraulic conductivity can reflect unique dynamics as determined by the interaction between land use and the seasonal dry–wet cycle. In this study, the soil macropore characteristics and hydraulic conductivity of five land uses (traditional corn, plum orchard, pine forest, grassland, and abandoned cropland) in a dry–hot valley region were quantified using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and a mini disk infiltrometer in the rainy season (July) and dry season (November), respectively. The results showed that the soil macropore indexes (soil macroporosity, mean diameter of macropores, connectivity, hydraulic radius and compactness) in the rainy season were, on average, 1.26 times higher than those in the dry season. Correspondingly, the hydraulic conductivity of different land uses in the rainy season was significantly higher than those in the dry season (2.10 times higher, on average). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the hydraulic conductivity was mainly determined by soil macropore parameters rather than by general soil properties, such as organic matter (OM) and bulk density (BD). The hydraulic conductivity for the five land uses followed the order of PF > GL > TC > PO > AC in both the rainy and the dry seasons. This ranking order reflects the protective effect of vegetation in reducing raindrop splash and soil crust formation processes. The above results can help guide soil water conservation and vegetation restoration in the dry-hot valley region of Southwest China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Dynamics and Water Resource Management)
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