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Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth...
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Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth and Soil Conditions

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 11348

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zhenhua Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Water & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
Interests: drip irrigation; water-saving management; soil–salt relations; drainage; saline water utilization; crop-water plating mode; aerated irrigation; agroecosystem preservation; fertilizer measurements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The shortage of water resources has been prevailing across the world, especially in arid regions where the agroecosystems are fragile; this shortage potentially restricts agricultural production and socio-economic development. In this regard, it is imperative to seek water-saving measures that can ensure the sustainability of agriculture. Therefore, the general application of drip irrigation, functioning to prevent deep leakage, reduce evaporation, save fertilizer and thus increase production, has made achievements in improving water resource utilization. Moreover, underground saline water has been considered the alternative irrigated water despite its adverse impacts on soil salt distribution, crop growth, and water/fertilizer use efficiency. Evidence suggests that the rational rate of saline water application is among the most critical factors for the modern agricultural industry.

In this Special Issue, we encourage researchers to submit papers focusing on soil conditions, crop physiological growth and saline water productive potential under drip irrigation. We hope to explore and update how drip irrigation regimes affect crops and soil with saline water irrigation on the basis of laboratory observations, field monitoring, and feasible models for the purpose of optimizing drip irrigation schedules, saving water and enhancing the water/fertilizer productivity.

Prof. Dr. Zhenhua Wang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • drip irrigation
  • crop and water relationships
  • saline water productivity
  • crop yield
  • soil condition

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 9276 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Soil Water Movement and Root Uptake under Mulched Drip Irrigation of Greenhouse Tomatoes
by Lei Sun, Bo Li, Mingze Yao, Lizhen Mao, Mingyu Zhao, Hongfei Niu, Zhanyang Xu, Tieliang Wang and Jingkuan Wang
Water 2023, 15(7), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071282 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2151
Abstract
Three irrigation treatments were set up in northeast China to investigate soil water movement and root water uptake of greenhouse tomatoes, and the collected experimental data were simulated by HYDRUS-2D. The computation and partitioning of evapotranspiration data into soil evaporation and crop transpiration [...] Read more.
Three irrigation treatments were set up in northeast China to investigate soil water movement and root water uptake of greenhouse tomatoes, and the collected experimental data were simulated by HYDRUS-2D. The computation and partitioning of evapotranspiration data into soil evaporation and crop transpiration was carried out with the double-crop coefficient method. The HYDRUS-2D model successfully simulated the soil water movement, producing RMSE ranging from 0.014 to 0.027, an MRE ranging from 0.062 to 0.126, and R2 ranging from 79% to 92%, when comparing model simulations with two-year field measurements. Under different water treatments, 83–90% of the total root quantity was concentrated in 0–20 cm soil layer, and the more the water deficit, the more water the deeper roots will absorb to compensate for the lack of water at the surface. The average area of soil water shortage in W1 was 2.08 times that in W2. W3 treatment hardly suffered from water stress. In the model, parameter n had the highest sensitivity compared with parameters α and Ks, and sensitivity ranking was n > Ks > α. This research revealed the relationships between soil, crop and water under drip irrigation of greenhouse tomatoes, and parameter sensitivity analysis could guide the key parameter adjustment and improve the simulation efficiency of the model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth and Soil Conditions)
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16 pages, 4482 KiB  
Article
Effect of Magnetized Brackish Water Drip Irrigation on Water and Salt Transport Characteristics of Sandy Soil in Southern Xinjiang, China
by Dongwang Wang, Liang Zhang, Jinzhu Zhang, Wenhao Li, Haiqiang Li, Yonghui Liang, Yue Han, Pengcheng Luo and Zhenhua Wang
Water 2023, 15(3), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030577 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2160
Abstract
Xinjiang is short on freshwater resources and rich in ones. The unregulated use of brackish water for agriculture leads to the aggravation of secondary salinization in soil; however, magnetization can improve the quality of brackish water. To evaluate the effects of magnetized brackish [...] Read more.
Xinjiang is short on freshwater resources and rich in ones. The unregulated use of brackish water for agriculture leads to the aggravation of secondary salinization in soil; however, magnetization can improve the quality of brackish water. To evaluate the effects of magnetized brackish water drip irrigation on the water and salt transport characteristics of sandy soil in southern Xinjiang, China, a field plot experiment was carried out in which irrigation water was treated using one or two water magnetization events at different magnetization intensities. Water was treated at five magnetization intensities: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 Gs, while unmagnetized water was used as the control. The results showed that the magnetization of brackish water used in drip irrigation decreased the water transport rate and increased the water holding capacity of the root layer soil. Magnetized irrigation water enhanced the leaching of soil salt and reduced the rate of salt accumulation. Compared with the control, the salt content of the magnetized water-irrigated soil decreased by 15.0%~33.7%, and the salt storage in the magnetized water-irrigated soil decreased by 44.99%~86.78%. The lowest rate of salt accumulation (4.96%) was observed at a magnetization intensity of 3000 Gs. Magnetized water irrigation changed the composition and proportions of soil ions, and Na+, Cl−, and SO42− leaching from the soil increased. The effect of magnetizing the irrigation water twice was greater than that of one magnetization event. Magnetizing the water twice at an intensity of 3000 Gs led to the largest decrease in the relative percentage contents of Na+ and Cl−, which were 80.90% and 82.36%, respectively. The magnetization intensity had a significant effect on the soil carbon and nitrogen contents, which showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing as the magnetization intensity rose. The total carbon content after irrigation with magnetized water increased by 13.48%~63.35%, and the total nitrogen content increased by 11.73%~147.96%. The magnetization treatment of irrigation water can therefore reduce the risk of soil salinization and reduce salinity stress on crops in arid regions, providing a new method for alleviating the shortage of freshwater resources in Xinjiang and a means to use brackish water safely while improving salinized soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth and Soil Conditions)
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13 pages, 2728 KiB  
Article
Increasing Maize Production and Advancing Rational Water Allocation and Usage Based on the Optimal Planting Density and Irrigation Levels in Northwest China
by Lei Shi, Qun Wang, Guoqiang Zhang, Shaokun Li and Jun Xue
Water 2023, 15(3), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030529 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2922
Abstract
Increasing water-use efficiency by optimizing planting density and irrigation regimes in maize is crucial for food security under limited water resources. In this study, six plant densities (6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5, 12.0, and 13.5 × 104 plants ha−1) and three [...] Read more.
Increasing water-use efficiency by optimizing planting density and irrigation regimes in maize is crucial for food security under limited water resources. In this study, six plant densities (6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5, 12.0, and 13.5 × 104 plants ha−1) and three irrigation amounts (300, 450, and 600 mm) were assessed to analyze the effects of planting density and irrigation amount on the yield and yield components. We also explored the combination of maize production capacity and maximizing economic returns in a planting region. The results demonstrated that as planting density increased, grain yield first increased and then decreased. The optimum planting density was 9 × 104 plants ha−1 when the irrigation amount was 300 mm, and 10.5 × 104 plants ha−1 under both 450 mm and 600 mm irrigation amounts. The relationship between planting density, irrigation amount, planting area, production capacity, and economic return showed that a current production capacity with 6.75 × 104 plants ha−1, 600 mm, and 1.066 million ha, could be achieved with 10.5 × 104 plants ha−1, 344 mm, and 1.1 million ha. The water-use efficiency of irrigation was increased by 74%. Current returns could be achieved with 10.5 × 104 plants ha−1, 405 mm, and 1.1 million ha, or by 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1, 449 mm, and 1.1 million ha. These observations demonstrated that appropriately increasing the planting area and reducing the irrigation amount per hectare under an optimal planting density could achieve a greater economic return and water-use efficiency than either increasing the planting density or reducing the irrigation volume alone in North Xinjiang. We concluded that concurrent optimization of the maize planting density, irrigation amount and plant area will not only meet the demand of food security but also achieve a rational use of water resources and farmland. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth and Soil Conditions)
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12 pages, 12309 KiB  
Article
Anti-Clogging Performance Optimization for Shunt-Hedging Drip Irrigation Emitters Based on Water–Sand Motion Characteristics
by Cheng Qin, Jinzhu Zhang, Zhenhua Wang, Desheng Lyu, Ningning Liu, Shaobo Xing and Fei Wang
Water 2022, 14(23), 3901; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233901 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1675
Abstract
To improve the irrigation quality and anti-clogging performance of the emitter, it is necessary to design and optimize its flow channel structure. The shunt-hedging drip irrigation emitter (SHDIE) flow channel is a new type of flow channel. Using computational fluid dynamics, by setting [...] Read more.
To improve the irrigation quality and anti-clogging performance of the emitter, it is necessary to design and optimize its flow channel structure. The shunt-hedging drip irrigation emitter (SHDIE) flow channel is a new type of flow channel. Using computational fluid dynamics, by setting different conditions (such as particle size and injection position), the motion trajectory of sand particles and flow field distribution characteristics of the shunt-hedging flow channel were simulated. According to the simulation results, a new anti-clogging structural optimization scheme was proposed, and physical experiments verified its feasibility. The results showed that the flow index of the original flow channel (SHDIE1) and optimized flow channel (SHDIE2) were 0.479 and 0.486, respectively, which mainly relied on the shunting and hedging of water flow to energy dissipation. For sand particles with diameters of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mm, the average values of the velocity amplitude ratio, η, were 0.9998, 0.9994, and 0.9991, respectively; the average values of the velocity phase difference, β, were −0.143°, −0.320°, and −0.409°, respectively. A larger sand particle diameter led to worse followability and a higher risk of blocking the channel. When the sand particles collided with the sensitive region of the flow channel, their movement direction would suddenly change, entering the vortex area. After colliding with the sensitive region of edge A, the maximum probability of sand particles entering the vortex area was increased to 87.5%, and then they stayed in the vortex area under the effect of the sensitive regions of edges B and C. After the sensitive regions were removed, the motion trajectories of sand particles became regular and smooth. The optimized flow channel’s (SHDIE2) anti-clogging performance was greatly improved by 60%, with a 1.46% loss of hydraulic performance. This study can provide theoretical support for designing the high anti-clogging emitter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth and Soil Conditions)
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18 pages, 1963 KiB  
Article
Effects of Biochar Application before and after Freeze-Thaw on Soil Hydrothermal and Cotton Growth under Drip Irrigation
by Hao Qi, Zhenhua Wang, Haixia Lin, Libing Song, Pengpeng Chen, Rui Chen and Yupeng Tang
Water 2022, 14(23), 3818; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233818 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1461
Abstract
Biochar as an organic soil conditioner has colossal application potential. Many recent studies revealed the influence of biochar on the soil during the crop growth period. However, few studies considered the effect of seasonal freeze-thaw on biochar’s improvement effect. Therefore, we conducted a [...] Read more.
Biochar as an organic soil conditioner has colossal application potential. Many recent studies revealed the influence of biochar on the soil during the crop growth period. However, few studies considered the effect of seasonal freeze-thaw on biochar’s improvement effect. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment to observe the impact of biochar on soil and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). We used four biochar application rates (0.33%, 0.66%, 1.00%, and 1.33% of soil mass fraction) and applied biochar in the cotton field before and after seasonal freeze-thaw, respectively. The results showed that applying biochar after freeze-thaw was more effective on soil water storage and soil temperature preservation during the cotton growth period. Moreover, applying biochar with 0.66% soil mass fraction after freeze-thaw improved the cotton biomass by 5.31~36.13%, leaf area index by −10.82~32.52%, and seed cotton yield by 3.88~21.98%. Based on the principal component analysis of cotton fiber quality, we found that 0.66% biochar application after freeze-thaw improved cotton fiber most significantly. In total, applying biochar at 0.66% soil mass fraction after freeze-thaw was the most optimal application mode for improving soil hydrothermal conditions, cotton growth, and fiber quality. Our study can provide a scientific reference for applying biochar in northern Xinjiang, China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Drip-Irrigation Regimes on Saline Water Productivity, Crop Growth and Soil Conditions)
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