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Sustainable Water and Sanitation Governance: Aligning Policies, Institutions and Regulation

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 August 2026 | Viewed by 2333

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor

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Guest Editor
RCM2+, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: water; regulation; benchmarking; public policies; policies–institutions–regulation framework; public–private partnerships; infrastructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor Assistant
1. Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Unicamp, Limeira, 1300 R. Pedro Zaccaria, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil
2. RCM2+, Universidade Lusófona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: inequalities in access to water; water security; evaluation of environmental public policies; sustainability indicators; data envelopment analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The public water supply and sanitation sector has undergone significant reforms in recent decades. However, many of these efforts have failed due to persistent challenges, including unimplemented policies, institutional weaknesses (such as poorly defined objectives, unclear responsibilities, weak enforcement, and lack of accountability), and regulatory models misaligned with national political and institutional contexts.

A key factor driving further changes is the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations. Among them, SDG 6 aims to achieve universal and equitable access to safe drinking water and sanitation while improving water quality by 2030. This global commitment underscores the need for suitable governance, namely by aligning political, institutional, and regulatory measures to create incentives that encourage stakeholders to work toward sustainable service provision. The previous PIR (Policies, Institutions, and Regulation) alignment offers a structured approach:

  1. Policies—which set the overarching goals and strategic directions.
  2. Institutions—the bodies and roles responsible for governance, implementation, enforcement of policies and regulations, and monitoring and evaluation.
  3. Regulation—the formalized roles and standards guiding institutional actions.

This Special Issue aims to compile papers that examine political, institutional, and regulatory dynamics influencing the effectiveness, equity, and sustainability of public water supply and sanitation services under different socio-economic, political, and institutional contexts towards achieving SDG 6.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • The role of regulation in achieving SDG 6;
  • Barriers to PIR alignment that hinder SDG 6;
  • Harmonizing regulatory incentives with other incentives for SDG 6;
  • Institutional and political challenges in implementing SDG 6 policies;
  • Innovative regulatory approaches for achieving SDG 6.

Dr. Francisco Silva Pinto
Prof. Dr. Rui Cunha Marques
Guest Editors

Dr. Tiago Balieiro Cetrulo
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • SDG 6
  • water governance
  • PIR framework
  • enabling environment
  • policy implementation
  • institutional settings
  • water services regulation
  • sustainable water management

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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43 pages, 2271 KB  
Article
Climate-Driven Water Scarcity and Its Public Health Implications: A Multi-Regional Assessment Across Vulnerable Socio-Ecological Systems
by Chukwuemeka Kingsley John and Jaan H. Pu
Water 2026, 18(6), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18060699 - 16 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
Climate change is reshaping global hydrological cycles, intensifying scarcity and heightening health risks in vulnerable regions. This study examines the health impacts of climate-driven water scarcity across the Middle East, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa using data on water availability, climate variability, and [...] Read more.
Climate change is reshaping global hydrological cycles, intensifying scarcity and heightening health risks in vulnerable regions. This study examines the health impacts of climate-driven water scarcity across the Middle East, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa using data on water availability, climate variability, and health outcomes. The study uses a multi-regional mixed methods approach that brings together climate, hydrology, governance, and health data to explore how climate-driven water scarcity affects public health in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the MENA region. It combines quantitative climate and health indicators with qualitative evaluations of water system vulnerability to compare exposure pathways and health outcomes across regions. Findings show that rising temperatures, altered rainfall, declining groundwater, and recurrent droughts undermine water security, leading to increased disease burdens through four pathways: (1) waterborne illnesses from unsafe or insufficient supplies; (2) reduced hygiene due to limited access; (3) food insecurity from crop failures; and (4) mental health stress, conflict, and displacement from water competition. Women, children, and low-income households face disproportionate impacts. Current adaptation measures are fragmented, highlighting the need for integrated water governance to build climate resilience. Recommended strategies include community-based water safety planning, digital water monitoring, and embedding health metrics in climate–water policies. This cross-regional analysis supports equitable, climate-resilient health systems and informs interventions to mitigate water scarcity under accelerating climate change. This study directly supports global policy agendas by providing evidence that advances the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals and international frameworks on climate resilience, water security, and food and health protection. Full article
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Review

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34 pages, 2974 KB  
Review
A Systematic Overview of Institutional Pathways and Constraints in the Integration of Local and Indigenous Knowledge into Water Resource Policy: An African Perspective
by Zesizwe Ngubane, Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Scelokuhle Mpilenhle Ziqubu and Jacob Adedayo Adedeji
Water 2026, 18(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18070827 - 31 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Local and Indigenous knowledge (LIK) systems are recognised as a pertinent component of effective and equitable water governance, especially for building resilient, sustainable, and climate-resilient water management systems; however, their incorporation into water governance systems and processes remains limited, symbolic, and hindered by [...] Read more.
Local and Indigenous knowledge (LIK) systems are recognised as a pertinent component of effective and equitable water governance, especially for building resilient, sustainable, and climate-resilient water management systems; however, their incorporation into water governance systems and processes remains limited, symbolic, and hindered by technocratic, legal, and power barriers. This study, through a systematic overview of existing work from Africa, aims to explore critically the role and contribution of LIK systems in water governance and climate adaptation, with the goal of establishing that LIK systems should be understood and operationalised as a water governance system, not as a supplementary knowledge system. Through systematic thematic analysis, four recurring themes are identified: (i) rhetorical recognition of LIK without substantive institutionalisation; (ii) evidence of contributions to local-scale climate adaptation, ecosystem management, and water resource allocation; (iii) inherent challenges of legal marginalisation, epistemic dominance, and power asymmetry; and (iv) transformative limitations of participatory or co-management frameworks that maintain state-led authority. SWOT analysis reveals LIK’s strengths in adaptive innovation, knowledge coproduction, and governance legitimacy, with potential threats of marginalisation, institutional fragmentation, and dominance by technocratic discourses. The results show that the failure of integration is governance-driven rather than knowledge-driven, emphasising the importance of institutional recognition, legal pluralism, vertical integration, and the sharing of power. Partnership with LIK as an equal in governance helps create policy environments that are inclusive, flexible, and socially legitimate. This approach to integration directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). This review establishes a conceptual, empirical, and practical basis for incorporating LIK into water governance, promoting adaptive, equitable, and resilient water resource management in a climate of uncertainty and complexity. Additionally, the review argues that climate-resilient water governance requires institutional recognition of legal pluralism, vertically integrated decision-making structures, and explicit power-sharing arrangements that treat LIK as coequal governance rather than consultative input. By reframing LIK integration as a question of authority and institutional design, this review contributes to debates on epistemic justice and adaptive water governance under climate change. While grounded in African case studies, the findings contribute to broader global debates on epistemic pluralism and inclusive water governance. Full article
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