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Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow
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Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 9989

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jennifer G. Duan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering and Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Interests: hydraulics and sediment transport in turbulence flow field; computational simulation of flow and sediment transport in rivers; two dimensional computational simulatreservoir sedimentation; mitigation of watershed erosion;scour around bridges and structures;urban flooding simulation;contaminant transport in canal sediment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Quantification of sediment load in rivers and streams has challenged scientists and engineers for decades because of the complexity of near-boundary turbulence structures, non-uniformity of sediment particles, dynamics of bed form, and presence of vegetation, etc. Recently, intensive experimental research has been carried out using advanced instruments, including LSPIV, LSPTV, ADCP, and ADVs. These experimental results revealed the interaction between flow turbulence and sediment particles on the bed surface, around engineering structures, and in vegetated channels. On the other hand, field data were collected using remotely controlled instrumentation at previously inaccessible sites during high flows. These data provide researchers with insights into flow turbulence, selective bed load transport, suspended load, and sediment transport in vegetated waterways. This Special Issue aims to publish new observations and theoretical analysis of sediment transport in open channel flow. Experimental research, field data analysis, a case study of sediment load and novel theories of sediment transport are highly encouraged. Computational modeling of sediment transport processes and examination of various sediment transport equations are also suitable topics. This Special Issue is expected to be a collection of state-of-the-art research and improve the accuracy of sediment load prediction in open channel flow.

Prof. Dr. Jennifer G. Duan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sediment transport
  • velocity distribution
  • bed load
  • suspended load
  • sand dunes
  • flow resistance
  • vegetated channel
  • selective bed load transport

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5016 KiB  
Article
Location and Extents of Scour Hole around an Erodible Spill-through Abutment under Clear Water Condition and the Abutment Classification
by Irfan Abid, Terry W. Sturm and Seung Ho Hong
Water 2023, 15(23), 4155; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234155 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1031
Abstract
Bridge abutment scour is a complex phenomenon, which significantly affects bridge stability and is responsible for the damage and failures of many bridges over waterways across the world. Given the widespread and devastating human and societal costs, numerous experimental studies have been conducted [...] Read more.
Bridge abutment scour is a complex phenomenon, which significantly affects bridge stability and is responsible for the damage and failures of many bridges over waterways across the world. Given the widespread and devastating human and societal costs, numerous experimental studies have been conducted to find the mechanisms of bridge abutment scour, and several empirical and mathematical prediction models are available. However, the location of the scour hole and its extents have not been investigated in detail, which is one of the important parameters, not only for the bridge stability itself, but also for the safety of structures around the bridge and their design. Thus, in this study, laboratory experiments were carried out using several different lengths of erodible abutment under different flow conditions to suggest a new mathematical criterion for abutment classification with respect to the location of scour holes. Furthermore, additional analysis was conducted to locate the point of the deepest scour depth and extent of the scour hole around the abutment. Both in transverse and flow direction, the location of the scour hole and the point of the deepest scour are governed by the geometric contraction ratio. This research will be useful in analyzing the bridge safety itself as well as safety of the river training works close to the bridge with respect to the location and extents of the scour hole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow)
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22 pages, 3483 KiB  
Article
Impact of Large Reservoirs on Runoff and Sediment Load in the Jinsha River Basin
by Suiji Wang and Xumin Wang
Water 2023, 15(18), 3266; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183266 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1313
Abstract
To develop clean energy hydropower, many dams were built in the Jinsha River Basin in the past thirty years and have significantly altered runoff and sediment transport processes. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of these reservoirs on runoff and sediment transport [...] Read more.
To develop clean energy hydropower, many dams were built in the Jinsha River Basin in the past thirty years and have significantly altered runoff and sediment transport processes. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of these reservoirs on runoff and sediment transport using data collected in the mainstream of the Jinsha River from the 1960s to 2020, for which the Mann–Kendall trend test method and double cumulative curve method are used to comprehensively judge the variation trends of annual runoff and suspended sediment load (SSL) and reveal the years in which there were credible sudden changes. The linear regression method is used to reveal the variation characteristics of the relationship between annual runoff and SSL before and after the years of abrupt change. The results show that the variations in runoff at Shigu and Panzhihua Stations have significant and relatively obvious increasing trends, respectively, and that 1985 was a sudden change year at Panzhihua Station. The runoff at Xiangjiaba Station increased slightly but not significantly. The variation in SSL shows temporal and spatial differentiation. The variation in sediment discharge at Shigu Station shows an increasing trend with a sudden change in the year 1997. Panzhihua Station shows a trend of increasing before 1998 but significantly decreasing after 1998. The fluctuation of sediment transport at Xiangjiaba Station was significant before 1998, but the trend is unclear. In the period between 1998 and 2020, a significant decreasing trend is observed, especially since 2013, when the mean annual SSL only accounted for 0.61% of its multi-year average. The variations in mean annual sediment concentration and coefficient of incoming sediment (CIS) at the hydrological stations are consistent with the variation trend of sediment transport. The correlation between water and sediment was strong before 2013 but extremely weak thereafter. The two sudden change points for the annual runoff and SSL in the years 1998 and 2013 are consistent with the years when large reservoirs were built in the river basin. The construction of large reservoirs and their large amount of sediment retention are the key reasons for the sudden changes in the water–sediment relationship and the sharp decrease in sediment transport in the downstream reach of the reservoir dam. The climate and underlying surface changes in the study area are not significant, and their impact on the water and sediment processes in the watershed is limited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow)
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21 pages, 15293 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Sediment Transport in Unsteady Open Channel Flow
by Jennifer G. Duan, Chunshui Yu and Yan Ding
Water 2023, 15(14), 2576; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142576 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1633
Abstract
This paper presented a two-dimensional, well-balanced hydrodynamic and sediment transport model based on the solutions of variable-density shallow-water equations (VDSWEs) and the Exner equation for bed change for simulating sediment transport in unsteady flows. Those equations are solved in a coupled way by [...] Read more.
This paper presented a two-dimensional, well-balanced hydrodynamic and sediment transport model based on the solutions of variable-density shallow-water equations (VDSWEs) and the Exner equation for bed change for simulating sediment transport in unsteady flows. Those equations are solved in a coupled way by the first-order Godunov-type finite volume method. The Harten–Lax–van Leer–Contact (HLLC) Riemann solver is extended to find the local Riemann fluxes to maintain the exact balance between the momentum term and the bed slope term. A well-balanced scheme is superior to an unbalanced scheme to minimize numerical dispersion as demonstrated by the synthetic standing contact-discontinuity test case. Following this, the model is employed to simulate two laboratory experiments and a field case, the 1996 Lake Ha! Ha! flood event in Canada. The results of water surface elevations and bed surface profiles agree well with the measurements. The accuracy and robustness of the numerical schemes make the model a good candidate for practical engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow)
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23 pages, 3524 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Impact of Model Selection When Examining Bank Retreat and Sediment Transport in Stream Restoration
by Kayla Kassa, Celso Castro-Bolinaga, Lucie Guertault, Garey A. Fox, Periann Russell and Emily D. Brown
Water 2023, 15(8), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081448 - 7 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the performance of form-based and process-based models, and of local-scale and reach-scale models, used to examine bank retreat and sediment transport in stream restoration. The evaluated models were the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), Bank [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to assess the performance of form-based and process-based models, and of local-scale and reach-scale models, used to examine bank retreat and sediment transport in stream restoration. The evaluated models were the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), Bank Assessment for Nonpoint Source Consequences of Sediment (BANCS), Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM), and HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS 1D). Model-to-model assessments were conducted to quantify the impact of model selection when predicting applied stress and geomorphic change in a restored stream in North Carolina, USA. Results indicated that the mobility of the bed dictated model selection at the reach-scale. The process-based HEC-RAS 1D was needed to accurately analyze the sand-bed stream, predicting amounts of geomorphic change comparable to measured data and up to three orders of magnitude higher than those from local-scale models. At the local-scale, results indicated that the bank retreat mechanism and flow variability constrained model selection. The form-based BEHI and BANCS did not directly account for geotechnical failure nor capture severe floods, underpredicting amounts of geomorphic change by an order of magnitude when compared to the process-based BSTEM, and failing to characterize erosion potential and applied stresses after short-term morphodynamic adjustments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow)
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22 pages, 5183 KiB  
Article
On Bed Form Resistance and Bed Load Transport in Vegetated Channels
by Jennifer G. Duan and Khalid Al-Asadi
Water 2022, 14(23), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233794 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1598
Abstract
A set of laboratory experiments were conducted to study the impact of vegetation on bed form resistance and bed load transport in a mobile bed channel. Vegetation stems were simulated by using arrays of emergent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) rods in several staggered configurations. [...] Read more.
A set of laboratory experiments were conducted to study the impact of vegetation on bed form resistance and bed load transport in a mobile bed channel. Vegetation stems were simulated by using arrays of emergent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) rods in several staggered configurations. The total flow resistance was divided into bed, sidewall, and vegetation resistances. Bed resistance was further separated into grain and bed form (i.e., ripples and dunes) resistances. By analyzing experimental data using the downhill simplex method (DSM), we derived new empirical relations for predicting bed form resistance and the bed load transport rate in a vegetated channel. Bed form resistance increases with vegetation concentration, and the bed load transport rate reduces with vegetation concentration. However, these conclusions are obtained by using experimental data from this study as well as others available in the literature for a vegetated channel at low concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow)
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24 pages, 12293 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Characteristics Near the Leading Edge of a Longitudinal Structure in the Presence of an Inclined Channel Bank
by Nasser Heydari and Panayiotis Diplas
Water 2022, 14(21), 3524; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213524 - 3 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1748
Abstract
The present work investigates turbulent flow structures and behavior near the leading edge of a longitudinal flow obstruction in an open channel with an inclined bank. A volumetric particle image velocimetry (VPIV) was employed to collect velocity data. The results indicate that a [...] Read more.
The present work investigates turbulent flow structures and behavior near the leading edge of a longitudinal flow obstruction in an open channel with an inclined bank. A volumetric particle image velocimetry (VPIV) was employed to collect velocity data. The results indicate that a relatively moderate channel bank angle (θ=28∘) does not prevent the formation of a junction vortex (JV) system. Indeed, it is found that the JV system develops over the channel bank and extends to the leading edge of the flow obstruction. It is demonstrated that the main factor that strengthens the primary junction vortex (JV1) at the tip of the protrusion is the pronounced downward flow. The probability density functions (pdfs) of the velocity fluctuations specify that the JV1 oscillates aperiodically between the so-called zero-flow and back flow modes. This explains the amplification of TKE at its core. It is shown that the velocity difference between the peaks of the pdf increases from over the channel bank towards the tip of the flow obstruction. The aperiodic behavior of the JV1 is confirmed via the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the leading POD modes, associated with the JV system, contain lower energy content compared to periodic flows. The time-averaged vertical vorticity field verifies the presence of a tornado like vortex structure near the upstream face of the retaining wall. Finally, the results suggest that the largest bed shear stress values in the mean flow are located near the tip of the protrusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport in Open Channel Flow)
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