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Water
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Soil Sciences and Water Table
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Soil Sciences and Water Table

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 11290

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Martin Knotters

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Soil Science Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Interests: soil sciences; groundwater; water table

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The phreatic groundwater table, often referred to as the water table, is the surface between the vadose or unsaturated zone of the soil and the completely saturated subsoil below. In regions with shallow water tables, say, between 0 and 2 m below the ground surface, water table depth is an important condition for groundwater-dependent ecosystems, agricultural land use, building construction, and infrastructure. It is estimated that in 7% to 17% of the global land area vegetation development and crop growth depends on shallow groundwater (Fan et al., 2013). For these areas, reliable information on both water table depths and related soil conditions in the vadose zone is important for land use planning, environmental protection policy, nature conservation, agricultural end ecological water management, etcetera. This Special Issue is dedicated to research on water table depths in a broad spectrum and welcomes contributions on measuring and monitoring aspects, spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal modeling, modeling of water-soil-plant relationships in areas with groundwater at shallow depths, research related to desiccation in groundwater-dependent ecosystems, etcetera.

Dr. Martin Knotters
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • phreatic groundwater
  • groundwater observation well
  • agrohydrology
  • ecohydrology
  • groundwater withdrawal
  • desiccation
  • wetlands
  • phreatofytes
  • nutrient leaching

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 5241 KiB  
Article
Modelling of the Complex Groundwater Level Dynamics during Episodic Rainfall Events of a Surficial Aquifer in Southern Italy
by Nicola Pastore, Claudia Cherubini, Angelo Doglioni, Concetta Immacolata Giasi and Vincenzo Simeone
Water 2020, 12(10), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102916 - 19 Oct 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2434
Abstract
We analyzed the complex dynamics that are involved the groundwater level variations due to the episodic rainfall supply in the Ionian coastal plain surficial aquifer located in Southern Italy. In this aquifer, as a consequence of the particular hydrogeological framework, both direct and [...] Read more.
We analyzed the complex dynamics that are involved the groundwater level variations due to the episodic rainfall supply in the Ionian coastal plain surficial aquifer located in Southern Italy. In this aquifer, as a consequence of the particular hydrogeological framework, both direct and lateral recharge mechanisms coexist. Hence, the dynamics of groundwater level variations are quite complex and strongly non-linear. Our focus was essentially on the short-term behavior of groundwater levels, with a specific analysis on episodic rainfall events. To model these dynamics, due to the presence of the preferential pathways in the infiltration processes, a kinematic dispersion wave model was used. Specifically, a one-dimensional and non-linear particle-based numerical model was developed. It uses ideal particles with constant water volume travel, according to celerity and hydraulic dispersion, to simulate the infiltration rate wave through the vadose zone. The infiltration rate that reaches the water table represents the input function to evaluate the aquifer groundwater level fluctuations. As a consequence of the special lithological and storage capacity characteristics of the surficial layers, groundwater flow conditions change from unconfined to confined. The developed model analyzes the direct groundwater supply under natural conditions, including episodic rainfall, and it has been validated using a high-resolution time series of rainfall data and groundwater level obtained from the monitoring station Terra Montonata. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Sciences and Water Table)
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14 pages, 2759 KiB  
Article
Multivariate Analysis of Soil Salinity in a Semi-Humid Irrigated District of China: Concern about a Recent Water Project
by Jing Zhang, Dong Du, Dongli Ji, Yaonan Bai and Wanjun Jiang
Water 2020, 12(8), 2104; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082104 - 24 Jul 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2204
Abstract
The Chaobai River (CBR) basin in northern China is experiencing an unprecedented continuous inflow of external water via the South–North Water Diversion Project, which has channeled water from the southern part of the country to the north. Consequently, the steady rise of groundwater [...] Read more.
The Chaobai River (CBR) basin in northern China is experiencing an unprecedented continuous inflow of external water via the South–North Water Diversion Project, which has channeled water from the southern part of the country to the north. Consequently, the steady rise of groundwater table in recent years is threatening soil salinity regulation. The purpose of this study was to describe the status of salinity of the surface soil in the CBR basin and to evaluate the impact of environmental factors including groundwater table on the spatial distribution of soil salinity using multivariate analysis (MVA) technique. In this study, 10 chemical variables of soil samples collected in 204 sites along CBR were analyzed, considering their interaction with three environmental factors: the density of irrigation canals, groundwater depth and topography. Statistical analysis mainly consisted of principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and clustering analysis (CA). The results allow defining the surface soil in the CBR basin as a slightly saline and moderately alkaline media. The first two axes of multivariate model approximately explains 51% of the observed variability and allows distinguishing two main domains: the saline and the alkaline. The variability of the saline domain, defined by major cations and anions, is obviously controlled by macro environmental factors, of which the density of irrigation canals and groundwater depth contributes 71% and 28%, respectively, while that of the alkaline domain, related to pH and bicarbonate, mainly manifests as singular behaviors of soil groups like rice cultivation or sewage irrigation. The results suggests that more attention should be paid to the ongoing water table rise to help inform future land management decisions and to prevent a double threat of both groundwater and surface water on soil salinization. Meanwhile, this study shows the enormous potential of MVA technique, specifically the complementary duo of RDA and CA, for integrating both global and local information of soil salinity and environmental factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Sciences and Water Table)
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20 pages, 8608 KiB  
Article
Field-Based Analysis of Runoff Generation Processes in Humid Lowlands of the Taihu Basin, China
by Yue Zhai, Chuanhai Wang, Gang Chen, Chun Wang, Xiaoning Li and Yating Liu
Water 2020, 12(4), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041216 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
In the flat lowland agricultural areas of subtropical climate zones, the runoff process has a great influence on the regional water quantity and quality. In this study, field data about rainfall, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, groundwater table, and surface water dynamics were collected in [...] Read more.
In the flat lowland agricultural areas of subtropical climate zones, the runoff process has a great influence on the regional water quantity and quality. In this study, field data about rainfall, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, groundwater table, and surface water dynamics were collected in two different experimental sites in the Taihu Basin, China. Results showed that densely distributed ditches contributed to shallow groundwater depths and persistent near-saturation soil. A correlation analysis was conducted to improve the understandings of runoff generation in humid lowland areas of the Taihu Basin. It was found that a Dunne overland flow was the dominant mechanism responsible for the rapid runoff generation. The total rainfall and runoff expressed a good linear relationship with an R2 of 0.95 in the Hongqiwei test site. The initial groundwater depth was considered as the indicator of the antecedent soil moisture estimation for the close relationship. The depression storage was suggested in a range from 4.72 to 8.03 mm for an estimation based on the water balance analysis for each rainfall event, which proves that the depression storage should not be neglected when calculating the runoff generation process in humid lowlands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Sciences and Water Table)
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16 pages, 4500 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Experiment Study on the Characteristics of Non-Darcian Flow and Rheological Consolidation of Saturated Clay
by Zhongyu Liu, Yangyang Xia, Mingsheng Shi, Jiachao Zhang and Xinmu Zhu
Water 2019, 11(7), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071385 - 5 Jul 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3463
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of the non-Darcian water flow through saturated clay and one-dimensional rheological consolidation behaviors of the soil in the Henan Province, we conducted constant-head permeability and one-dimensional rheological consolidation tests with one-way drainage using improved permeameter and oedometer tests, respectively. [...] Read more.
To investigate the characteristics of the non-Darcian water flow through saturated clay and one-dimensional rheological consolidation behaviors of the soil in the Henan Province, we conducted constant-head permeability and one-dimensional rheological consolidation tests with one-way drainage using improved permeameter and oedometer tests, respectively. We then used Hansbo’s flow equation to classify the permeability test results and one-dimensional rheological consolidation equation combined with unified hardening (UH) constitutive model considering time effect was introduced to simulate the oedometer test results. The obtained results showed that the improved constant-head permeability test device was suitable for saturated clays, and that the UH constitutive model and Hansbo’s flow equation had good applications for the saturated clays investigated in this experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Sciences and Water Table)
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