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Water
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Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems
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Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 14027

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environment, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Interests: water distribution systems; hydraulic transients; hydraulic elements; fluid facilities inside buildings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydraulic transients in water distribution systems (WDS) is a field of research that has advanced greatly in the last few decades. However, there are still many aspects of hydraulic transients that require further research. Hydraulic transients result from sudden changes in flow conditions in pipeline systems because of planned or accidental manoeuvers. Failures related to the effects of hydraulic transients can lead to major accidents and significant damage to pipeline systems. Nowadays, hydraulic transient analysis is a fundamental part of the design of water distribution systems. Of particular importance are the maximum and minimum pressures that are reached during the hydraulic transients.

Hydraulic transient analysis is a complicated research topic. In recent years, much progress has been made thanks to the development of computer science, numerical models and novel analysis techniques. This Special Issue focuses on all advancements related to hydraulic transients in water distribution systems, mathematical simulations, new analysis techniques, laboratory tests, protection elements and systems against water hammer, innovative strategies for controlling water hammer, hydraulic transients with trapped air, hydraulic transients with water column separation, the consequences and risks of hydraulic transients, etc. This Special Issue aims to collect novel research related to hydraulic transients in any subject.

Prof. Dr. Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydraulic transients
  • water distribution systems
  • water hammer
  • unsteady flow
  • pressure surges
  • numerical simulation
  • laboratoy tests
  • dynamic behavior
  • protection elements and systems
  • hydraulic transients control

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 194 KiB  
Editorial
Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems
by Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Water 2022, 14(22), 3612; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223612 - 9 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1725
Abstract
Hydraulic transients in water distribution systems (WDS) is a field of research that has advanced greatly in the last few decades [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

13 pages, 1031 KiB  
Article
The Crucial Importance of Air Valve Characterization to the Transient Response of Pipeline Systems
by Elias Tasca, Bryan Karney, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel, José Gilberto Dalfré Filho and Edevar Luvizotto, Jr.
Water 2022, 14(17), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172590 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2272
Abstract
Air valves are often crucial components in an air management strategy for pressurized water conveyance systems. However, the reliability of characteristic curves of air valves found in product catalogs is quite variable. This paper evaluates the consistency of a selection of product curves [...] Read more.
Air valves are often crucial components in an air management strategy for pressurized water conveyance systems. However, the reliability of characteristic curves of air valves found in product catalogs is quite variable. This paper evaluates the consistency of a selection of product curves to basic air flow principles. Several recurring issues are identified: catalogs that present identical curves for admission and expulsion (they are, in fact, quite distinct); admission curves that are inconsistent with the isentropic inflow model; inflow (admission) curves actually consistent with the shape of the isentropic outflow model; limited validity curves that encompass only part of the subsonic flow regimen; and unclear or unstated specifications regarding the conditions under which the characterization tests were performed or their results displayed. To examine the significance of these representational issues related to air valve capacity on system behaviour, this paper uses a case study involving the simulated transient response arising from a pump trip at the upstream end of a rising water line having a distinct high point fitted with an air valve. It is found that employing inaccurate air valve characteristics in a transient simulation may potentially result in appreciable or even dangerous simulation errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)
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23 pages, 2349 KiB  
Article
Concerning Dynamic Effects in Pipe Systems with Two-Phase Flows: Pressure Surges, Cavitation, and Ventilation
by Helena M. Ramos, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel, Elias Tasca, Oscar E. Coronado-Hernández, Mohsen Besharat, Ling Zhou and Bryan Karney
Water 2022, 14(15), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14152376 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3026
Abstract
The risks associated with unsteady two-phase flows in pressurized pipe systems must be considered both in system design and operation. To this end, this paper summarizes experimental tests and numerical analyses that highlight key aspects of unsteady two-phase flows in water pipelines. The [...] Read more.
The risks associated with unsteady two-phase flows in pressurized pipe systems must be considered both in system design and operation. To this end, this paper summarizes experimental tests and numerical analyses that highlight key aspects of unsteady two-phase flows in water pipelines. The essential dynamics of air–water interactions in unvented lines are first considered, followed by a summary of how system dynamics change when air venting is provided. System behaviour during unsteady two-phase flows is shown to be counter-intuitive, surprising, and complex. The role of air valves as protection devices is considered as is the reasonableness of the usual assumptions regarding air valve behaviour. The paper then numerically clarifies the relevance of cavitation and air valve performance to both the predicted air exchanges through any installed air valves and their role in modifying system behaviour during unsteady flows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)
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11 pages, 2002 KiB  
Article
Effects of Orifice Sizes for Uncontrolled Filling Processes in Water Pipelines
by Andres M. Aguirre-Mendoza, Duban A. Paternina-Verona, Sebastian Oyuela, Oscar E. Coronado-Hernández, Mohsen Besharat, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey and Helena M. Ramos
Water 2022, 14(6), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060888 - 12 Mar 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2400
Abstract
The sizing of air valves during the air expulsion phase in rapid filling processes is crucial for design purposes. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the behaviour of air valves during filling processes for air expulsion, utilising 1D and 2D schemes. These [...] Read more.
The sizing of air valves during the air expulsion phase in rapid filling processes is crucial for design purposes. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the behaviour of air valves during filling processes for air expulsion, utilising 1D and 2D schemes. These transient events involve the presence of two fluids with different properties and behaviours (water and air). The effect of air valves under scenarios of controlled filling processes has been studied by various authors; however, the analysis of uncontrolled filling processes using air valves has not yet been considered. In this scenario, water columns reach high velocities, causing part of them to close air valves, which generates an additional peak in air pocket pressure patterns. In this research, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model is developed in OpenFOAM software to simulate the studied situations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)
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14 pages, 2171 KiB  
Article
2D CFD Modeling of Rapid Water Filling with Air Valves Using OpenFOAM
by Andres M. Aguirre-Mendoza, Sebastián Oyuela, Héctor G. Espinoza-Román, Oscar E. Coronado-Hernández, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel and Duban A. Paternina-Verona
Water 2021, 13(21), 3104; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213104 - 4 Nov 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2997
Abstract
The rapid filling process in pressurized pipelines has been extensively studied using mathematical models. On the other hand, the application of computational fluid dynamics models has emerged during the last decade, which considers the development of CFD models that simulate the filling of [...] Read more.
The rapid filling process in pressurized pipelines has been extensively studied using mathematical models. On the other hand, the application of computational fluid dynamics models has emerged during the last decade, which considers the development of CFD models that simulate the filling of pipes with entrapped air, and without air expulsion. Currently, studies of CFD models representing rapid filling in pipes with entrapped air and with air expulsion are scarce in the literature. In this paper, a two-dimensional model is developed using OpenFOAM software to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the rapid filling process in a hydraulic installation with an air valve, considering different air pocket sizes and pressure impulsion by means of a hydro-pneumatic tank. The two-dimensional CFD model captures the pressure evolution in the air pocket very well with respect to experimental and mathematical model results, and produces improved results with respect to existing mathematical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)
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14 pages, 3664 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Sub-Atmospheric Pressures during Emptying of an Irregular Pipeline without an Air Valve Using a 2D CFD Model
by Aris D. Hurtado-Misal, Daniela Hernández-Sanjuan, Oscar E. Coronado-Hernández, Héctor Espinoza-Román and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Water 2021, 13(18), 2526; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182526 - 15 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2930
Abstract
Studying sub-atmospheric pressure patterns in emptying pipeline systems is crucial because these processes could cause collapses depending on the installation conditions (the underground pipe covering height, type, fill, and pipeline stiffness class). Pipeline studies have focused more on filling than on emptying processes. [...] Read more.
Studying sub-atmospheric pressure patterns in emptying pipeline systems is crucial because these processes could cause collapses depending on the installation conditions (the underground pipe covering height, type, fill, and pipeline stiffness class). Pipeline studies have focused more on filling than on emptying processes. This study presents an analysis of the following variables: air pocket pressure, water velocity, and water column length during the emptying of an irregular pipeline without an air valve by two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (2D CFD) model simulation using the software OpenFOAM. The mathematical model predicts the experimental values of the study variables. Water velocity vectors are also analysed within the experimental facility, assessing the sensitivity of the drain valve to different openings and changes in water column length during the hydraulic phenomenon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)
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13 pages, 3038 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Steady and Unsteady Friction Models in the Draining Processes of Hydraulic Installations
by Óscar E. Coronado-Hernández, Ivan Derpich, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel, Jairo R. Coronado-Hernández and Gustavo Gatica
Water 2021, 13(14), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141888 - 8 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2416
Abstract
The study of draining processes without admitting air has been conducted using only steady friction formulations in the implementation of governing equations. However, this hydraulic event involves transitions from laminar to turbulent flow, and vice versa, because of the changes in water velocity. [...] Read more.
The study of draining processes without admitting air has been conducted using only steady friction formulations in the implementation of governing equations. However, this hydraulic event involves transitions from laminar to turbulent flow, and vice versa, because of the changes in water velocity. In this sense, this research improves the current mathematical model considering unsteady friction models. An experimental facility composed by a 4.36 m long methacrylate pipe was configured, and measurements of air pocket pressure oscillations were recorded. The mathematical model was performed using steady and unsteady friction models. Comparisons between measured and computed air pocket pressure patterns indicated that unsteady friction models slightly improve the results compared to steady friction models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Transients in Water Distribution Systems)
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