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Research of River Flooding
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Research of River Flooding

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 25725

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pavol Miklánek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Hydrol, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84104, Slovakia
Interests: hydrology; surface water; water balance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the recent past, we have observed many extreme floods, which are most probably connected with meteorological anomalies, mainly precipitation, in the context of global warming/climate change and modified by anthropogenic activities and hydrological processes in the river basin. The hydrological processes themselves are subject to change due to the warming of the environment, and they become non-stationary, which could significantly alter the frequency distribution of floods. Future changes in the magnitude, frequency, and seasonality of floods (rainfall/snowmelt patterns) could further exacerbate the flood risks in many regions of the world. A better understanding of recent flood occurrences and processes requires detailed assessment and mining of the historical knowledge and patterns.

This Special Issue will focus on following relevant topics:

  • Extreme historic floods, including the floods of the non-instrumental period;
  • Indirect evidence of major historic floods (flood marks, archives, etc.);
  • Methods for the statistical assessment of floods;
  • Flood event analysis, including the conditions of their origin;
  • Long-term assessment of flood magnitude, frequency, and seasonality;
  • Natural variability of high flows and long-term cycles in data series;
  • Teleconnections and their possible contribution to flood variability explanation;
  • Comparison of flood characteristics in different multidecadal periods;
  • Uncertainties of flood assessment in non-stationary conditions.

Submissions of both general methodological contributions as well as case studies of flood regime in different regions and spatio-temporal scales are strongly encouraged.

Dr. Pavol Miklánek
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hydrology
  • Water resources vulnerability
  • Flood
  • Historic floods
  • Flood frequency
  • Long-term variability
  • Meteorological conditions
  • Precipitation
  • Spatio-temporal statistics
  • Uncertainty analysis
  • Non-stationary processes

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 10814 KiB  
Article
Development of a Hydrodynamic-Based Flood-Risk Management Tool for Assessing Redistribution of Expected Annual Damages in a Floodplain
by Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Nitin Muttil, Zohreh Rajabi, Maha Hussein, Muhammad Izhar Shah, Muhammad Laiq Ur Rahman Shahid, Shahana Janjua, Rashid Farooq and Anne W. M. Ng
Water 2021, 13(24), 3562; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243562 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3289
Abstract
Despite spending ample resources and procedural development in flood management, flood losses are still increasing worldwide. The losses caused by floods and costs incurred on management are two components of expected annual damages (EAD) due to floods. This study introduces a generalized approach [...] Read more.
Despite spending ample resources and procedural development in flood management, flood losses are still increasing worldwide. The losses caused by floods and costs incurred on management are two components of expected annual damages (EAD) due to floods. This study introduces a generalized approach for risk-based design where a range of probable floods are considered before and after a flood mitigation measure is implemented. The proposed approach is customized from the ISO Guide 31000 along with additional advantages of flood risk visualization. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based design of a flood-protection dike is performed to exhibit the risk redistribution. The Chenab River is selected for the existing dike system. Detailed hazard behaviour and societal vulnerability are modelled and visualized for a range of all probable floods before and after the implementation of flood-protection dikes. EAD maps demonstrate the redistribution of induced and residual risks. It can be concluded that GIS-based EAD maps not only facilitate cost-effective solutions but also provide an accurate estimate of residual risks after the mitigation measures are applied. EAD maps also indicate the high-risk areas to facilitate designing secondary measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
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17 pages, 5719 KiB  
Article
Flood Forecasting in Large River Basins Using FOSS Tool and HPC
by Upasana Dutta, Yogesh Kumar Singh, T. S. Murugesh Prabhu, Girishchandra Yendargaye, Rohini Gopinath Kale, Binay Kumar, Manoj Khare, Rahul Yadav, Ritesh Khattar and Sushant Kumar Samal
Water 2021, 13(24), 3484; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243484 - 7 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4181
Abstract
The Indian subcontinent is annually affected by floods that cause profound irreversible damage to crops and livelihoods. With increased incidences of floods and their related catastrophes, the design, development, and deployment of an Early Warning System for Flood Prediction (EWS-FP) for the river [...] Read more.
The Indian subcontinent is annually affected by floods that cause profound irreversible damage to crops and livelihoods. With increased incidences of floods and their related catastrophes, the design, development, and deployment of an Early Warning System for Flood Prediction (EWS-FP) for the river basins of India is needed, along with timely dissemination of flood-related information for mitigation of disaster impacts. Accurately drafted and disseminated early warnings/advisories may significantly reduce economic losses incurred due to floods. This study describes the design and development of an EWS-FP using advanced computational tools/methods, viz. HPC, remote sensing, GIS technologies, and open-source tools for the Mahanadi River Basin of India. The flood prediction is based on a robust 2D hydrodynamic model, which solves shallow water equations using the finite volume method. The model is open-source, supports geographic file formats, and is capable of simulating rainfall run-off, river routing, and tidal forcing, simultaneously. The model was tested for a part of the Mahanadi River Basin (Mahanadi Delta, 9225 sq km) with actual and predicted discharge, rainfall, and tide data. The simulated flood inundation spread and stage were compared with SAR data and CWC Observed Gauge data, respectively. The system shows good accuracy and better lead time suitable for flood forecasting in near-real-time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
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24 pages, 9678 KiB  
Article
Flood Hazards in Flat Coastal Areas of the Eastern Iberian Peninsula: A Case Study in Oliva (Valencia, Spain)
by Miguel Ángel Eguibar, Raimon Porta-García, Francisco Javier Torrijo and Julio Garzón-Roca
Water 2021, 13(21), 2975; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13212975 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2843
Abstract
Enhancing resilience against flooding events is of great importance. Eastern Iberian Peninsula coastal areas are well known for high intensity rainfalls known as DANA or “cold drop”. Extreme records in 24 h can exceed the annual average of the historical series. This phenomenon [...] Read more.
Enhancing resilience against flooding events is of great importance. Eastern Iberian Peninsula coastal areas are well known for high intensity rainfalls known as DANA or “cold drop”. Extreme records in 24 h can exceed the annual average of the historical series. This phenomenon occurs normally in autumn due to convective storms generated by the existence of cold air in the upper layers of the atmosphere combined with warm winds coming from the Mediterranean Sea. In many coastal areas of the Eastern Iberian Peninsula, their flat topography, sometimes of a marsh nature, and the natural (e.g., dune ridges) and man-made (e.g., infrastructures) factors, result in devastating flooding events of great potential damage and risk for urban and rural areas. In this context, this paper presents the case study of the town of Oliva (Valencia, Spain) and how in a flooding event the flow tends to spread and accumulate along the flat coastal strip of this populated area, causing great potential damage. From that point, the paper discusses the particular issues that flood studies should consider in such flat and heavy rainy areas in terms of the hydrological and hydraulic models to be conducted to serve as the key tool of a correct risk assessment. This includes the correct statistical simulation of rainfalls, the hydrological model dependency on the return period and the correct geometry definition of all possible water barriers. An analysis of the disturbance that climatic change effects may introduce in future flooding events is also performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
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18 pages, 318 KiB  
Article
Designing a Flood Storage Option on Agricultural Land: What Can Flood Risk Managers Learn from Drought Management?
by Rosalind H. Bark
Water 2021, 13(18), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182604 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
The increasing probability of loss and damage to floods is a global concern. Countries are united by an urgent need to reduce flood risk to households, businesses, agricultural land, and infrastructure. As natural and engineered protection erodes with climate change and development pressures, [...] Read more.
The increasing probability of loss and damage to floods is a global concern. Countries are united by an urgent need to reduce flood risk to households, businesses, agricultural land, and infrastructure. As natural and engineered protection erodes with climate change and development pressures, new approaches to flood risk management delivered at the catchment scale that work with nature hold promise. One nature-based solution that aligns with this Special Issue on river flooding is the temporary storage of floodwaters on the floodplain. In many countries, this would involve controlled flooding inland low-lying agricultural land. Designing schemes that farmers and irrigation districts will adopt is essential. To inform future floodplain storage options, we review farm-centred drought management, specifically, agreements that transfer agricultural water to municipalities through fallowing in California, USA and an Australian farm exit scheme. These initiatives reveal underpinning principles around the need to: balance the multiple objectives of the parties, share the benefits and responsibilities, address local impacts and practical guidance on incentive design including the consideration of conditional participation requirements and responding to farmer and public preferences. In terms of funding there is opportunity for blended financing with flood-prone communities, insurers, and conservation charities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
17 pages, 11807 KiB  
Article
Improving Accuracy and Robustness of Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV) with Deep Learning
by Ken Watanabe, Ichiro Fujita, Makiko Iguchi and Makoto Hasegawa
Water 2021, 13(15), 2079; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152079 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4352
Abstract
Image-based river flow measurement methods have been attracting attention because of their ease of use and safety. Among the image-based methods, the space-time image velocimetry (STIV) technique is regarded as a powerful tool for measuring the streamwise flow because of its high measurement [...] Read more.
Image-based river flow measurement methods have been attracting attention because of their ease of use and safety. Among the image-based methods, the space-time image velocimetry (STIV) technique is regarded as a powerful tool for measuring the streamwise flow because of its high measurement accuracy and robustness. However, depending on the image shooting environment such as stormy weather or nighttime, the conventional automatic analysis methods may generate incorrect values, which has been a problem in building a real-time measurement system. In this study, we tried to solve this problem by incorporating the deep learning method, which has been successful in the field of image analysis in recent years, into the STIV method. The case studies for the three datasets indicated that deep learning can improve the efficiency of the STIV method and can continuously improve performance by learning additional data. The proposed method is suitable for building a real-time measurement system because it has no tuning parameters that need to be adjusted according to the shooting conditions and the calculation speed is fast enough for real-time measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
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17 pages, 7434 KiB  
Article
The Use of a Uniform Technique for Harmonization and Generalization in Assessing the Flood Discharge Frequencies of Long Return Period Floods in the Danube River Basin
by Veronika Bačová Mitková, Pavla Pekárová, Dana Halmová and Pavol Miklánek
Water 2021, 13(10), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101337 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2318
Abstract
The flow regime conditions of the Danube River are continually changing. These changes are the result of natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The territory of the Danube River Basin is one of the most flood-endangered regions in Europe and assessing the design discharges [...] Read more.
The flow regime conditions of the Danube River are continually changing. These changes are the result of natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The territory of the Danube River Basin is one of the most flood-endangered regions in Europe and assessing the design discharges along the Danube channel is complicated by the different estimation methods that are applied in particular countries. For this reason, it is necessary to harmonize flood design value assessment methods. The long-term maximum annual discharge series of the Danube River and other rivers in the Danube basin were analyzed and used to estimate the flood design values. We used the Log-Pearson type III distribution, which is one of the most widely used theoretical probability distributions to estimate extremes. This distribution can be flexibly applied to extreme values depending on the skew coefficient. We also analyzed the effect of the inclusion and exclusion of the historical extremes in the processed dataset. The results show that the inclusion of historical floods and the regionalization of the Log-Pearson type III distribution skew parameter can change the design discharges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
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17 pages, 5570 KiB  
Article
Flood Risk in a Heritage City: Alzira as a Case Study
by Francesca Trizio, Francisco Javier Torrijo, Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas
Water 2021, 13(9), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091138 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3499
Abstract
Floods are natural hazards which have damaged cities and their architectural heritage over the centuries. The heritage town of Alzira (Valencia, Spain) is a major case study for the assessment of flood risk in architectural heritage. Alzira was founded by the Al-Andalus Moors [...] Read more.
Floods are natural hazards which have damaged cities and their architectural heritage over the centuries. The heritage town of Alzira (Valencia, Spain) is a major case study for the assessment of flood risk in architectural heritage. Alzira was founded by the Al-Andalus Moors on a river island within a bend of the river Júcar, which has overflowed more than 80 times during its history. The main aim of this work is to analyse the vulnerability to floods of the town’s architectural heritage, especially that of earthen architecture, a constructive tradition of which several examples can be found in the town. The proposed methodology attempts to calculate the vulnerability of the earthen architecture through the evaluation and weighting of extrinsic and intrinsic parameters. This makes it possible to identify the constructive characteristics and material weathering which worsen the behaviour of structures during floods. Maximum vulnerability values have been obtained for poorly conserved constructions without cladding. Results highlight the importance of ascertaining suitable strategies for the prevention and mitigation of risk as future lines of research. The vulnerability assessment methodology presented in this study could be applied to other case studies in other sites with architectural heritage under threat from floods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of River Flooding)
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