Water

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14 pages, 1810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pumping Station Design in Water Distribution Networks Considering the Optimal Flow Distribution between Sources and Capital and Operating Costs

by Jimmy H. Gutiérrez-Bahamondes, Daniel Mora-Meliá, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martínez-Solano and Yamisleydi Salgueiro

Water 2021, 13(21), 3098; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213098 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4783

Abstract

The investment and operating costs of pumping stations in drinking water distribution networks are some of the highest public costs in urban sectors. Generally, these systems are designed based on extreme scenarios. However, in periods of normal operation, extra energy is produced, thereby [...] Read more.

The investment and operating costs of pumping stations in drinking water distribution networks are some of the highest public costs in urban sectors. Generally, these systems are designed based on extreme scenarios. However, in periods of normal operation, extra energy is produced, thereby generating excess costs. To avoid this problem, this work presents a new methodology for the design of pumping stations. The proposed technique is based on the use of a setpoint curve to optimize the operating and investment costs of a station simultaneously. According to this purpose, a novel mathematical optimization model is developed. The solution output by the model includes the selection of the pumps, the dimensions of pipelines, and the optimal flow distribution among all water sources for a given network. To demonstrate the advantages of using this technique, a case study network is presented. A pseudo-genetic algorithm (PGA) is implemented to resolve the optimization model. Finally, the obtained results show that it is possible to determine the full design and operating conditions required to achieve the lowest cost in a multiple pump station network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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33 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Pumping Station Design Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

by Christian X. Briceño-León, Diana S. Sanchez-Ferrer, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martinez-Solano and Daniel Mora-Melia

Water 2021, 13(20), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202886 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7369

Abstract

Pumping station (PS) designs in water networks basically contemplate technical and economic aspects. Technical aspects could be related to the number of pumps in PS and the operational modes of PS. Meanwhile, economic aspects could be related to all the costs that intervene [...] Read more.

Pumping station (PS) designs in water networks basically contemplate technical and economic aspects. Technical aspects could be related to the number of pumps in PS and the operational modes of PS. Meanwhile, economic aspects could be related to all the costs that intervene in a PS design, such as investment, operational and maintenance costs. In general, water network designs are usually focused on optimizing operational costs or investment costs, However, some subjective technical aspects have not been approached, such as determining the most suitable pump model, the most suitable number of pumps and the complexity of control system operation in a PS design. Therefore, the present work aims to select the most suitable pump model and determine the priorities that technical and economic factors could have in a PS design by a multi-criteria analysis, such as an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The proposed work will contemplate two main criteria, and every criterion will be integrated by sub-criteria to design a PS. In this way, technical factors (number of pumps and complexity of the operating system) and economic factors (investment, operational and maintenance costs) will be considered for a PS design. The proposed methodology consists of realizing surveys to a different group of experts that determines the importance of one criterion over each other criterion in a PS design through pairwise comparisons. Finally, this methodology will provide importance weight for the criteria and sub-criteria on the PS. Besides, this work will perform a rating of the considered alternatives of pump models in every case study, evaluating quantitatively every alternative with every criterion in the PS design. The main objective of this work will select the most adequate pump model according to the obtained rating, considering technical and economic aspects in every case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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20 pages, 3228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Layout Selection for an Optimal Sewer Network Design Based on Land Topography, Streets Network Topology, and Inflows

by Juan Saldarriaga, Jesús Zambrano, Juana Herrán and Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey

Water 2021, 13(18), 2491; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182491 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3419

Abstract

This paper proposes a methodology for the layout selection of an urban drainage system as an extension to the methodology for an optimal sewer network design proposed by Duque, Duque, Aguilar, & Saldarriaga. The layout selection approach proposed in this paper uses an [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a methodology for the layout selection of an urban drainage system as an extension to the methodology for an optimal sewer network design proposed by Duque, Duque, Aguilar, & Saldarriaga. The layout selection approach proposed in this paper uses an objective function that takes into account all input data in the problem, such as: land topography, street network topology, and inflow to each manhole. Once the layout is selected, the network is optimally designed using dynamic programming. The problem of layout selection is solved as a mixed-integer programming problem and is divided into two steps. The first step tries to define an initial layout using the network topology and land topography as a criterion. This allows for an initial hydraulic design and an approximation of the sewer network’s construction costs. The second step uses the data obtained in the previous process to establish an approximation of the construction costs of each arc that can be part of the layout. This is in order to minimize the objective function of the layout selection problem so that the hydraulic design cost is also minimized. The methodology was successfully tested on three case studies: the Chicó sewer network proposed by Duque et al. and two sewer network benchmarks from the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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24 pages, 4751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Search Space Reduction for Genetic Algorithms Applied to Drainage Network Optimization Problems

by Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey and Daniel Mora-Meliá

Water 2021, 13(15), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152008 - 22 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2975

Abstract

In recent years, a significant increase in the number of extreme rains around the world has been observed, which has caused an overpressure of urban drainage networks. The lack of capacity to evacuate this excess water generates the need to rehabilitate drainage systems. [...] Read more.

In recent years, a significant increase in the number of extreme rains around the world has been observed, which has caused an overpressure of urban drainage networks. The lack of capacity to evacuate this excess water generates the need to rehabilitate drainage systems. There are different rehabilitation methodologies that have proven their validity; one of the most used is the heuristic approach. Within this approach, the use of genetic algorithms has stood out for its robustness and effectiveness. However, the problem to be overcome by this approach is the large space of solutions that algorithms must explore, affecting their efficiency. This work presents a method of search space reduction applied to the rehabilitation of drainage networks. The method is based on reducing the initially large search space to a smaller one that contains the optimal solution. Through iterative processes, the search space is gradually reduced to define the final region. The rehabilitation methodology contemplates the optimization of networks using the joint work of the installation of storm tanks, replacement of pipes, and implementation of hydraulic control elements. The optimization model presented uses a pseudo genetic algorithm connected to the SWMM model through a toolkit. Optimization problems consider a large number of decision variables, and could require a huge computational effort. For this reason, this work focuses on identifying the most promising region of the search space to contain the optimal solution and to improve the efficiency of the process. Finally, this method is applied in real networks to show its validity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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19 pages, 9644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydraulic and Technological Investigations of a Phenomenon Responsible for Increase of Major Head Losses in Exploited Cast-Iron Water Supply Pipes

by Piotr Wichowski, Marek Kalenik, Agnieszka Lal, Dariusz Morawski and Marek Chalecki

Water 2021, 13(11), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111604 - 6 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4113

Abstract

The paper presents results of investigations of influence of major head losses on exploitation properties of water supply pipes after 30-year exploitation. The tested materials were cast-iron pipes with the internal diameter of 150 mm. A flowability drop coefficient η_t with average [...] Read more.

The paper presents results of investigations of influence of major head losses on exploitation properties of water supply pipes after 30-year exploitation. The tested materials were cast-iron pipes with the internal diameter of 150 mm. A flowability drop coefficient η_t with average value of 0.45 was determined. Using the measured values of pressure difference Δp determined the absolute roughness of internal walls of the pipes after 30-year exploitation, which was referred to the new pipelines. The absolute roughness for the exploited pipes was equal to k = 27.6 mm, whereas for the new ones it was significantly lower and equal to k = 0.9 mm. Additionally, an analysis of the chemical and mineral composition of sediments gathered in the investigated pipelines was also performed. The top layer of the sediments was dominated by the compounds of a character of the iron hydroxide: goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), whereas the internal layer was supplemented by the gypsum and sulfur, which was proven by the investigations performed with the use of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sediment gathered within the pipes is the main reason of ca. 30-fold increase of the absolute roughness, which resulted in the flowability drop of the exploited water supply pipes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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18 pages, 3662 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

by Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, Daniel Mora-Melia and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Water 2021, 13(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040514 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3240

Abstract

A problem for drainage systems managers is the increase in extreme rain events that are increasing in various parts of the world. Their occurrence produces hydraulic overload in the drainage system and consequently floods. Adapting the existing infrastructure to be able to receive [...] Read more.

A problem for drainage systems managers is the increase in extreme rain events that are increasing in various parts of the world. Their occurrence produces hydraulic overload in the drainage system and consequently floods. Adapting the existing infrastructure to be able to receive extreme rains without generating consequences for cities’ inhabitants has become a necessity. This research shows a new way to improve drainage systems with minimal investment costs, using for this purpose a novel methodology that considers the inclusion of hydraulic control elements in the network, the installation of storm tanks and the replacement of pipes. The presented methodology uses the Storm Water Management Model for the hydraulic analysis of the network and a modified Genetic Algorithm to optimize the network. In this algorithm, called the Pseudo-Genetic Algorithm, the coding of the chromosomes is integral and has been used in previous studies of hydraulic optimization. This work evaluates the cost of the required infrastructure and the damage caused by floods to find the optimal solution. The main conclusion of this study is that the inclusion of hydraulic controls can reduce the cost of network rehabilitation and decrease flood levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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23 pages, 3439 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Fixed and Variable Speed Pumps in Water Distribution Networks with Different Control Strategies

by Christian X. Briceño-León, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martinez-Solano, Daniel Mora-Melia and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Water 2021, 13(4), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040479 - 12 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5219

Abstract

The control system’s point is to bring the pumping curve close to the set-point curve. That concept is essential for proper design of a pumping station. An adequate design is focused not only on selecting the total number of pumps and the type [...] Read more.

The control system’s point is to bring the pumping curve close to the set-point curve. That concept is essential for proper design of a pumping station. An adequate design is focused not only on selecting the total number of pumps and the type of control to use (flow or pressure), but it also is important to determine the optimal number of fixed speed pumps (FSPs) and variable speed pumps (VSPs) for each flow rate. This work discusses the most common methods and procedures for control systems on a design of pumping stations with a proposed methodology. This methodology consists of expressing the characteristics of the pumping curve and the set-point curve in a dimensionless form so that the methodology is standardized for any pump model and set-point curve. These formulations allow us to discuss how the characteristic of a pump and the set-point curve of the network influence the optimal number of FSPs and VSPs in energy terms. In general, the objective of this work is to determine the most suitable total number of pumps in a pumping station design and to determine the optimal pumping configuration in every flow rate, thus the consumed energy would be the minimum. Additionally, this methodology develops an expression to estimate the performance of a frequency inverter when a VSP operates at different rotational speeds. This work will be applied to different study cases, and the obtained results allow us to question several usual procedures for pumping control system. In general, it can be concluded that the number of pumps of a pumping system cannot be inferred in a simple form without a deep analysis of a control system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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28 pages, 9690 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Methodology for Determining the Maximum Potentially Recoverable Energy in Water Distribution Networks

by Elkin Duván Cubides-Castro, Carlos S. López-Aburto, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Daniel Mora-Meliá and Marta Iglesias-Castelló

Water 2021, 13(4), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040464 - 10 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

The excess pressure available in water distribution networks (WDNs) is a relevant aspect in the management and appropriate handling of water resources. If a WDN meets the minimum performance criteria (minimum pressure and maximum flow), excess pressure can occur throughout the day, which [...] Read more.

The excess pressure available in water distribution networks (WDNs) is a relevant aspect in the management and appropriate handling of water resources. If a WDN meets the minimum performance criteria (minimum pressure and maximum flow), excess pressure can occur throughout the day, which is usually lost. These excesses could be considered as potentially recoverable energy (PRE). One way of taking advantage of this energy is to find the nodes on the network where this excess pressure is evident and try to analyze the possible amount of PRE. This work presents a methodology to determine the maximum PRE in a WDN. This methodology includes the locations of the points where the installation of recovery devices leads to this maximum PRE. The method is based on reducing pressures but maintaining circulating points through the lines. Additionally, a new energy balance that allows visualizing and breaking down in more detail all the energy found in a WDN is proposed. The analysis is carried out in an extended period considering different feeding points either by gravity or pumping. Finally, a network resilience index called the Potentially Recoverable Energy Index (PREI) in WDNs is proposed, with which it is possible to diagnose and determine how much energy could be recovered from the network. Study cases presented demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology and will allow the development of optimizations in the operation of WDNs in favor of the good management of water and energy resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Calculation)

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