Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Skills and Their Correlates in Mandarin-Speaking Infants with Unrepaired Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Settings, Subjects and Data Collection
2.2. Assessment
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Associations between Expressive and Receptive Vocabulary Skills and Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Total (n = 134) | Delays in Receptive Vocabulary Skills (n = 97) | Delays in Expressive Vocabulary Skills (n = 114) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | X2 (p) | n | % | X2 (p) | ||
Sex | Male | 69 | 51.5 | 50 | 51.5 | 0.0004 (0.984) | 62 | 54.3 | 2.58 (0.108) |
Female | 65 | 48.5 | 47 | 48.5 | 52 | 45.6 | |||
Age (months) | 8–10 | 18 | 13.4 | 14 | 14.4 | 3.66 (0.16) | 10 | 8.8 | 12.97 (0.002) |
11–13 | 77 | 57.5 | 51 | 52.6 | 67 | 58.8 | |||
14–16 | 39 | 29.1 | 32 | 33.0 | s | 32.5 | |||
Type of clefts | BCLP | 13 | 9.7 | 9 | 9.3 | 0.41 (0.814) | 10 | 8.8 | 0.88 (0.642) |
HSCP/SCP * | 87 | 64.9 | 62 | 63.9 | 74 | 64.9 | |||
UCLP | 34 | 25.4 | 26 | 26.8 | 30 | 26.3 | |||
Province of residence | Shaanxi | 93 | 69.4 | 65 | 67.0 | 0.97 (0.324) | 80 | 70.2 | 0.21 (0.647) |
Others | 41 | 30.6 | 32 | 33.0 | 34 | 29.8 | |||
Maternal education | High school and below | 75 | 56.0 | 54 | 55.7 | 0.01 (0.91) | 65 | 57.0 | 0.34 (0.561) |
College and above | 59 | 44.0 | 43 | 44.3 | 49 | 43.0 | |||
Paternal education | High school and below | 77 | 57.5 | 55 | 56.7 | 0.08 (0.772) | 67 | 58.8 | 0.53 (0.466) |
College and above | 57 | 42.5 | 42 | 43.3 | 47 | 41.2 | |||
Interaction time (hours) | ≤3 h | 85 | 63.4 | 67 | 69.1 | 4.71 (0.03) | 72 | 63.2 | 0.03 (0.874) |
>3 h | 49 | 36.6 | 30 | 30.9 | 42 | 36.8 |
Variables | Categories | Delays in Receptive Vocabulary Skills | Delays in Expressive Vocabulary Skills | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||
Sex | Male | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Female | 1.05 | 0.43 | 2.51 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 1.22 | |
Age (months) | 8–10 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
11–13 | 0.77 | 0.22 | 2.75 | 6.46 | 1.76 | 23.73 | |
14–16 | 1.67 | 0.39 | 7.15 | 24.32 | 3.86 | 153.05 | |
Type of clefts | BCLP | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
HSCP/SCP | 1.33 | 0.33 | 5.30 | 5.63 | 1.02 | 31.01 | |
UCLP | 1.56 | 0.33 | 7.47 | 5.45 | 0.65 | 45.43 | |
Province of residence | Shaanxi | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Others | 1.50 | 0.43 | 2.52 | 0.84 | 0.22 | 3.18 | |
Maternal education | High school and below | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
College and above | 0.99 | 0.33 | 2.99 | 0.66 | 0.16 | 2.70 | |
Paternal education | High school and below | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
College and above | 1.04 | 0.65 | 1.67 | 1.03 | 0.57 | 1.86 | |
Interaction time | ≤3 h | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
>3 h | 0.45 | 0.20 | 1.002 | 1.01 | 0.32 | 3.16 |
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Ma, S.-W.; Lu, L.; Zhang, T.-T.; Zhao, D.-T.; Yang, B.-T.; Yang, Y.-Y.; Gao, J.-M. Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Skills and Their Correlates in Mandarin-Speaking Infants with Unrepaired Cleft Lip and/or Palate. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093015
Ma S-W, Lu L, Zhang T-T, Zhao D-T, Yang B-T, Yang Y-Y, Gao J-M. Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Skills and Their Correlates in Mandarin-Speaking Infants with Unrepaired Cleft Lip and/or Palate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093015
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Si-Wei, Li Lu, Ting-Ting Zhang, Dan-Tong Zhao, Bin-Ting Yang, Yan-Yan Yang, and Jian-Min Gao. 2020. "Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Skills and Their Correlates in Mandarin-Speaking Infants with Unrepaired Cleft Lip and/or Palate" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093015