Association between Chronic Knee Pain and Psychological Stress in Those over 50 Years of Age: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2013–2015)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Definition of CKP and Psychological Stress
2.3. Patient Demographics and Co-Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Participants According to Presence of CKP
3.2. Association between CKP and the Degree of Stress
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Without CKP | With CKP | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 7003) | (n = 1473) | ||
Age, years | 63.4 ± 8.9 | 67.0 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Male | 3249 (46.4) | 352 (23.9) | |
Female | 3754 (53.6) | 1121 (76.1) | |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.2 ± 9.1 | 84.8 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
Obesity status, n (%) ¶ | <0.001 | ||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 188 (2.7) | 26 (1.8) | |
Normal (BMI = 18.5–24.9) | 4377 (62.5) | 809 (54.9) | |
Obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 2438 (34.8) | 638 (43.3) | |
Duration of sleep, h | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Non/ex-smoker | 5914 (84.5) | 1324 (89.9) | |
Current smoker | 1089 (15.6) | 149 (10.1) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
None | 2658 (38.0) | 743 (50.4) | |
≤1 drink/month | 1761 (25.2) | 364 (24.7) | |
2 drinks/month to 3 drinks/week | 1994 (28.5) | 277 (18.8) | |
≥4 drinks/week | 590 (8.4) | 89 (6.0) | |
Education level, n (%) ‡ | <0.001 | ||
≤6 y | 2659 (38.0) | 965 (65.5) | |
7–9 y | 1229 (17.5) | 238 (16.2) | |
10–12 y | 1939 (27.7) | 213 (14.5) | |
≥13 y | 1176 (16.8) | 57 (3.9) | |
Occupation, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Unemployed (student, housewife, etc.) | 3368 (48.1) | 905 (61.4) | |
Office work | 733 (10.5) | 52 (3.5) | |
Sales and services | 768 (11.0) | 110 (7.5) | |
Agriculture, forestry, and fishery | 1297 (18.5) | 221 (15.0) | |
Machine fitting and simple labor | 837 (12.0) | 185 (12.6) | |
Household income, n (%) ↕ | <0.001 | ||
Low | 1866 (26.6) | 667 (45.3) | |
Low–moderate | 1879 (26.8) | 371 (25.2) | |
Moderate–high | 1593 (22.7) | 238 (16.2) | |
High | 1665 (23.8) | 197 (13.4) | |
Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Single | 86 (1.2) | 15 (1.0) | |
Married | 342 (4.9) | 24 (1.6) | |
Separated | 1738 (24.8) | 129 (8.8) | |
Separated by death | 3728 (53.2) | 726 (49.3) | |
Divorced | 1109 (15.8) | 579 (39.3) | |
Degree of stress, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
None | 1811 (25.9) | 243 (16.5) | |
Mild | 3958 (56.5) | 762 (51.7) | |
Moderate | 988 (14.1) | 356 (24.2) | |
Severe | 246 (3.5) | 112 (7.6) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | 1994 (30.1) | 314 (21.4) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 2519 (36.0) | 710 (48.2) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1497 (21.4) | 450 (30.6) | <0.001 |
Stroke | 284 (4.1) | 94 (6.4) | <0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 104 (1.5) | 34 (2.3) | 0.0311 |
Angina | 211 (3.0) | 82 (5.6) | <0.001 |
Arthritis | 1057 (15.9) | 883 (60.0) | <0.001 |
Asthma | 205 (2.9) | 103 (7.0) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 965 (13.8) | 284 (19.3) | <0.001 |
Depression | 35 (0.5) | 16 (1.1) | 0.014 |
Malignancy | 200 (2.9) | 49 (3.3) | 0.375 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Degree of stress | |||||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Mild | 1.38 | 1.16–1.64 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 1.47–2.13 | <0.001 | 1.65 | 1.35–2.03 | <0.001 |
Moderate | 2.45 | 1.98–3.02 | <0.001 | 2.85 | 2.28–3.57 | <0.001 | 2.00 | 1.56–2.57 | <0.001 |
Severe | 3.39 | 2.50–4.61 | <0.001 | 4.17 | 3.00–5.80 | <0.001 | 3.02 | 2.08–4.37 | <0.001 |
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Nah, S.; Park, S.-S.; Choi, S.; Jang, H.-D.; Moon, J.-E.; Han, S. Association between Chronic Knee Pain and Psychological Stress in Those over 50 Years of Age: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2013–2015). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189771
Nah S, Park S-S, Choi S, Jang H-D, Moon J-E, Han S. Association between Chronic Knee Pain and Psychological Stress in Those over 50 Years of Age: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2013–2015). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189771
Chicago/Turabian StyleNah, Sangun, Seong-San Park, Sungwoo Choi, Hae-Dong Jang, Ji-Eun Moon, and Sangsoo Han. 2021. "Association between Chronic Knee Pain and Psychological Stress in Those over 50 Years of Age: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2013–2015)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189771