Risks of Accidents Caused by the Use of Smartphone by Pedestrians Are Task- and Environment-Dependent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Men | Women | 95% Confidence Interval | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size, n | 100 | 101 | --- | 0.994 |
Age, years | 19.9 ± 2.0 | 20.4 ± 2.1 | −0.07 to 1.06 | 0.090 |
Body mass index, Kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 4.1 | 22.3 ± 3.5 | −2.8 to −0.6 | 0.002 |
Years of using smartphone | 9.7 ± 2.7 | 9.6 ± 2.3 | −0.8 to 0.5 | 0.706 |
Mini-mental state examination, pts | 28.9 ± 1.1 | 28.8 ± 1.2 | −0.4 to 0.2 | 0.516 |
Frontal assessment battery, pts | 16.6 ± 0.9 | 16.6 ± 1.0 | −0.2 to 0.2 | 0.932 |
Variables | Sex | Task Performed in the Lab | Task Performed on the Street | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Cell Phone | Talking on the Phone | Texting Messages | No Cell Phone | Talking on the Phone | Texting Messages | ||
Time, sec | Men | 9.8 ± 1.6 | 13.2 ± 2.6 | 14.4 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 8.3 ± 1.7 |
Women | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 13.4 ± 2.7 | 14.3 ± 2.7 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | |
Steps, n | Men | 12.3 ± 1.1 | 14.7 ± 2.0 | 16.0 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 0.9 |
Women | 12.6 ± 1.3 | 14.7 ± 1.8 | 15.8 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 10.0 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 0.9 |
MANOVA Main Effect | Effect Size | Power (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Task (no cell phone × talking × texting) | 0.84 | 99.9 | 0.001 |
Environment (lab × street) | 0.82 | 99.9 | 0.001 |
Sex (men × women) | 0.01 | 31.9 | 0.225 |
Sex × Task interaction | 0.02 | 6.13 | 0.085 |
Sex × Environment interaction | 0.01 | 6.5 | 0.905 |
Task × Environment interaction | 0.41 | 99.9 | 0.001 |
Sex × Task × Environment interaction | 0.01 | 23.8 | 0.566 |
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Sobrinho-Junior, S.A.; de Almeida, A.C.N.; Ceabras, A.A.P.; da Silva Carvalho, C.L.; Lino, T.B.; Christofoletti, G. Risks of Accidents Caused by the Use of Smartphone by Pedestrians Are Task- and Environment-Dependent. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610320
Sobrinho-Junior SA, de Almeida ACN, Ceabras AAP, da Silva Carvalho CL, Lino TB, Christofoletti G. Risks of Accidents Caused by the Use of Smartphone by Pedestrians Are Task- and Environment-Dependent. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610320
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobrinho-Junior, Sidney Afonso, Azriel Cancian Nepomuceno de Almeida, Amanda Aparecida Paniago Ceabras, Carolina Leonel da Silva Carvalho, Tayla Borges Lino, and Gustavo Christofoletti. 2022. "Risks of Accidents Caused by the Use of Smartphone by Pedestrians Are Task- and Environment-Dependent" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610320