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Article

Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Garlic Extract and Established Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer

by
Marco Hoffmann
1,2,*,
Jana Sauer
1,2,
Marie Book
1,2,
Thomas Frank Ermler
1,2,
Petra Fischer
2,3,
Sven Gerlach
1,2,
Kareem Beltagi
1,2,
Agnieszka Morgenroth
4,
Radu Alexa
1,2,
Jennifer Kranz
1,2 and
Matthias Saar
1,2,*
1
Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
2
Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
3
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
4
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041777
Submission received: 28 January 2025 / Revised: 14 February 2025 / Accepted: 17 February 2025 / Published: 19 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products)
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Abstract

A detailed characterization of the mechanism of action of garlic extract (GE) on prostate cancer (PCa) cells is essential to ensure its safe use as a complementary therapy, particularly when combined with established treatments. A case report highlighted the potential benefits of GE in PCa management. A patient diagnosed with PCa, presenting an initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 11.8 ng/mL, maintained PSA levels between 3.5 and 6 ng/mL for over 14 years with daily GE intake. To study GE’s anti-proliferative effects and interactions with established therapeutics, healthy prostate epithelial cells (PNT2) and PCa cells (LNCaP, PC3, VCaP) were treated with GE. Proliferation, Integrin β1 pattern, DNA-damage, as well as androgen receptor (AR) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) expression were investigated. GE reduced the proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 cells compared to healthy PNT2 cells but had contrary effects on VCaP cells. The combination of GE with standard therapies, including chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and Poly-(ADP-ribose)-Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), reduced the efficacy of these treatments in tumor cells, potentially due to the GE-induced upregulation of the metabolic enzyme CYP2C9 in PCa cell lines. These findings indicate that while GE has anti-proliferative effects, the use of highly concentrated natural extracts must be carefully assessed by expert physicians on a case-by-case basis, especially when combined with established therapies.
Keywords: garlic; prostate cancer; natural products; drug-interaction; androgen receptor; CYP450 garlic; prostate cancer; natural products; drug-interaction; androgen receptor; CYP450

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hoffmann, M.; Sauer, J.; Book, M.; Ermler, T.F.; Fischer, P.; Gerlach, S.; Beltagi, K.; Morgenroth, A.; Alexa, R.; Kranz, J.; et al. Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Garlic Extract and Established Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041777

AMA Style

Hoffmann M, Sauer J, Book M, Ermler TF, Fischer P, Gerlach S, Beltagi K, Morgenroth A, Alexa R, Kranz J, et al. Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Garlic Extract and Established Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(4):1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041777

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoffmann, Marco, Jana Sauer, Marie Book, Thomas Frank Ermler, Petra Fischer, Sven Gerlach, Kareem Beltagi, Agnieszka Morgenroth, Radu Alexa, Jennifer Kranz, and et al. 2025. "Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Garlic Extract and Established Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 4: 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041777

APA Style

Hoffmann, M., Sauer, J., Book, M., Ermler, T. F., Fischer, P., Gerlach, S., Beltagi, K., Morgenroth, A., Alexa, R., Kranz, J., & Saar, M. (2025). Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Garlic Extract and Established Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(4), 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041777

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