Frailty and Different Exercise Interventions to Improve Gait Speed in Older Adults after Acute Coronary Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Study Assessment
2.3. Study Interventions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frailty Prevalence
3.2. Effectiveness of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Gait Speed
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All (n = 97) | IG-1 (n = 32) | IG-2 (n = 33) | CG (n = 32) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 73.1 ± 5.3 | 72.6 ± 4.6 | 70.6 ± 4.3 | 74.6 ± 6.3 | 0.008 |
Sex, n (%) | |||||
Female | 26 (26.8) | 8 (25) | 11 (33.3) | 7 (21.9) | 0.558 |
Male | 71 (73.2) | 24 (75) | 22 (66.7) | 25 (78.1) | |
Height, m | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.234 |
Weight, kg | 80.1 ± 13.7 | 80.8 ± 12.3 | 83.8 ± 15.8 | 77.8 ± 12.3 | 0.220 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 3.9 | 28.5 ± 3.4 | 28.4 ± 4.2 | 26.9 ± 4 | 0.176 |
Current smokers, n (%) | 11 (11.3) | 4 (12.5) | 3 (9.1) | 4 (12.5) | 0.882 |
LV ejection fraction, % | 47.7 ± 5.3 | 48.8 ± 5.1 | 46.8 ± 4.6 | 47.5 ± 56 | 0.311 |
CR duration, days | 18.9 ± 1.7 | 19.6 ± 0.8 | 18.8 ± 1.6 | 18.3 ± 2.3 | 0.008 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
Diabetes | 15 (15.5) | 7 (21.9) | 2 (6.1) | 6 (18.8) | 0.174 |
Atrial fibrillation | 18 (18.6) | 6 (18.8) | 7 (21.2) | 5 (15.6) | 0.845 |
Degenerative joint disease | 6 (6.2) | 1 (3.1) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (3.1) | 0.219 |
Cancer | 8 (8.2) | 3 (9.4) | 3 (9.1) | 2 (6.3) | 0.881 |
Treatment, n (%) | |||||
Coronary artery by-pass graft | 58 (59.8) | 25 (78.1) | 17 (51.5) | 16 (50) | 0.035 |
PTCA | 39 (40.2) | 7 (21.9) | 16 (48.5) | 16 (50) | |
Medication, n (%) | |||||
ACE inhibitor | 78 (80.4) | 22 (68.8) | 27 (81.8) | 29 (90.6) | 0.085 |
Diuretic | 70 (72.2) | 26 (81.3) | 24 (72.7) | 20 (62.5) | 0.246 |
Statin | 93 (95.9) | 30 (93.8) | 32 (97) | 31 (96.9) | 0.761 |
Frailty Assessment | All (n = 97) | IG-1 (n = 32) | IG-2 (n = 33) | CG (n = 32) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total EFS score (0–17), median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6.8) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (4–6) | 0.880 |
Frailty classification by EFS, n (%) | |||||
Fit (0–3) | 20 (20.6) | 4 (12.5) | 9 (27.3) | 7 (21.9) | 0.643 |
Vulnerable (4–5) | 41 (42.3) | 16 (50) | 12 (36.4) | 13 (40.6) | |
Frailty (≥6) | 36 (37.1) | 12 (37.5) | 12 (36.4) | 12 (37.5) | |
EFS items | |||||
Cognition, n (%) | |||||
Clock drawing test faultless | 30 (30.9) | 8 (25) | 11 (33.3) | 11 (34.4) | 0.672 |
Clock drawing test with minor and major errors | 67 (69.1) | 24 (75) | 22 (66.7) | 21 (65.6) | 0.210 |
One and more hospitalizations in the past year, n (%) | 87 (89.7) | 28 (87.5) | 31 (93.9) | 28 (87.5) | 0.902 |
General health status, n (%) | |||||
Excellent, very good, good | 22 (22.7) | 7 (21.9) | 9 (27.3) | 6 (18.8) | 0.708 |
Fair, poor | 75 (77.3) | 25 (78.1) | 24 (72.7) | 26 (81.3) | 0.470 |
Functional independence, n (%) | |||||
Independent | 76 (78.4) | 27 (84.4) | 27 (81.8) | 22 (68.8) | 0.265 |
Require help in two and more activities | 21 (21.6) | 5 (15.6) | 6 (18.2) | 10 (31.3) | 0.944 |
Social support, n (%) | |||||
Always | 91 (93.6) | 31 (96.9) | 31 (93.9) | 29 (90.6) | 0.957 |
Sometimes, never | 6 (6.2) | 1 (3.1) | 2 (6.1) | 3 (9.4) | NA |
Medication use, n (%) | |||||
Amount ≥ 5 | 80 (82.5) | 27 (84.4) | 28 (84.8) | 25 (78.1) | 0.916 |
Forgetfulness | 14 (14.4) | 5 (15.6) | 3 (9.1) | 6 (18.8) | NA |
Nutrition–weight loss, n (%) | 22 (22.7) | 8 (25) | 8 (24.2) | 6 (18.8) | 0.808 |
Mood–sad, depressed, n (%) | 30 (30.9) | 11 (34.4) | 10 (30.3) | 9 (28.1) | 0.860 |
Urinary incontinence, n (%) | 7(7.2) | 3 (9.4) | 2 (6.1) | 2 (6.3) | NA |
Functional performance by the TUG test, n (%) | |||||
0–10 s | 68 (70.1) | 23 (71.9) | 23 (69.7) | 22 (68.8) | 0.962 |
11–20 s | 29 (29.9) | 9 (28.1) | 10 (30.3) | 10 (31.3) | 0.607 |
Parameter | IG-1 (n = 28) | IG-2 (n = 24) | CG (n = 25) | p * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T0 | T1 | T0 | T1 | Within groups | Among groups | |
Gait speed, m/s | 1.23 (1.02–1.45) | 1.41 (1.18–1.61) | 1.37 (0.92–1.59) | 1.56 (1.3–1.66) | 1.35 (0.94–1.56) | 1.53 (1–1.68) | <0.05 | 0.100 |
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Beigienė, A.; Petruševičienė, D.; Barasaitė, V.; Kubilius, R.; Macijauskienė, J. Frailty and Different Exercise Interventions to Improve Gait Speed in Older Adults after Acute Coronary Syndrome. Medicina 2021, 57, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57121344
Beigienė A, Petruševičienė D, Barasaitė V, Kubilius R, Macijauskienė J. Frailty and Different Exercise Interventions to Improve Gait Speed in Older Adults after Acute Coronary Syndrome. Medicina. 2021; 57(12):1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57121344
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeigienė, Aurelija, Daiva Petruševičienė, Vitalija Barasaitė, Raimondas Kubilius, and Jūratė Macijauskienė. 2021. "Frailty and Different Exercise Interventions to Improve Gait Speed in Older Adults after Acute Coronary Syndrome" Medicina 57, no. 12: 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57121344