The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in a Sample of Outpatients in a Mental Health Department of a Metropolitan Hospital in Milan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Survey Instrument
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Results of the Clinical and Stress Scales
3.3. Network Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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April (n = 116) | November (n = 116) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 50.68 ± 11.59 | 51.39 ± 11.97 | t = −0.47, df = 250, p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = −0.05 | ||
Civil Status | |||||
unmarried | 66 | 52.4% | 66 | 52.4% | χ2 = 2.82, df = 3, p > 0.05 |
married | 35 | 27.8% | 41 | 32.5% | |
separated/divorced | 23 | 18.3% | 15 | 11.9% | |
widowed | 2 | 1.6% | 4 | 3.2% | |
Education | |||||
primary | 2 | 1.6% | 2 | 1.6% | χ2 = 7.72, df = 3, p > 0.05 |
middle | 32 | 25.4% | 42 | 33.3% | |
high school | 63 | 50.0% | 69 | 54.8% | |
graduate/postgraduate | 29 | 23.0% | 13 | 10.3% | |
Living Situation | |||||
alone | 47 | 37.3% | 39 | 31.0% | χ2 = 1.54, df = 3, p > 0.05 |
partner | 51 | 40.5% | 52 | 41.3% | |
relatives | 23 | 18.3% | 29 | 23.0% | |
other | 5 | 4.0% | 6 | 4.8% | |
Work Status | |||||
unemployed | 16 | 12.7% | 20 | 15.9% | χ2 = 9.83, df = 3, p < 0.05 |
employed | 65 | 51.6% | 54 | 42.9% | |
retired | 7 | 5.6% | 16 | 12.7% | |
student/housewife | 9 | 7.1% | 2 | 1.6% | |
invalid | 29 | 23.0% | 34 | 27.0% | |
Psychiatric Diagnosis | |||||
schizophrenia | 38 | 30.2% | 43 | 34.1% | χ2 = 7.93, df = 4, p > 0.05 |
bipolar disorder | 33 | 26.2% | 19 | 15.1% | |
depressive disorder | 22 | 17.5% | 24 | 19.0% | |
anxiety disorder | 3 | 2.4% | 10 | 7.9% | |
personality disorder | 30 | 23.8% | 30 | 23.8% |
April | November | Statistics | |
---|---|---|---|
CGI-S | 3.38 ± 0.90 | 3.83 ± 0.72 | t = −4.39, df = 250, p < 0.001,Cohen’s d = −0.55 |
IES-R Intrusion | 11.31 ± 6.24 | 11.89 ± 6.50 | t = −0.71, df = 249, p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = −0.09 |
IES-R Avoidance | 10.9 ± 6.68 | 10.72 ± 6.02 | t = 0.22, df = 249, p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.02 |
IES-R Arousal | 9.32 ± 5.37 | 9.18 ± 5.18 | t = 0.21, df = 249, p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.02 |
IES-R Total score | 31.44 ± 15.44 | 31.7 ± 14.67 | t = −0.14, df = 249, p > 0.05, Cohen’s d = −0.01 |
PTSD cases | |||
Cases (IES-R < 33) | 61 52.6% | 58 50.0% | χ2 = 0.15, df = 1, p > 0.05 |
Cases (IES-R ≥ 33) | 55 47.4% | 58 50.0% | |
BPRS Total | 37.69 ± 8.36 | 40.84 ± 10.28 | t = −2.65, df = 248, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = −0.33 |
Somatic Concern | Anxiety | Emotional Withdrawal | Conceptual Disorganization | Guilt Feelings | Tension | Mannerism And.Posturing | Grandiosity | Depressive Mood | Hostility | Suspiciousness | Hallucinatory Behavior | Motor Retardation | Uncooperativeness | Unusual Thought Content | Blunted Affect | Excitement | Disorientation | IES-INTRUSION | IES-AVOIDANCE | IES-AROUSAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatic Concern | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.29 | ||||||||||||||||||
Anxiety | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||
Emotional Withdrawal | 0.24 | 0.41 | |||||||||||||||||||
Conceptual Disorganization | 0.27 | 0.25 | |||||||||||||||||||
Guilt Feelings | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tension | 0.25 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mannerism And Posturing | 0.27 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Grandiosity | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depressive Mood | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.24 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hostility | 0.32 | 0.58 | |||||||||||||||||||
Suspiciousness | 0.32 | 0.23 | |||||||||||||||||||
Hallucinatory Behavior | |||||||||||||||||||||
Motor Retardation | |||||||||||||||||||||
Uncooperativeness | 0.58 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Unusual Thought Content | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.36 | ||||||||||||||||
Blunted Affect | 0.41 | 0.36 | |||||||||||||||||||
Excitement | 0.25 | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
Disorientation | |||||||||||||||||||||
IES-INTRUSION | 0.27 | 0.53 | |||||||||||||||||||
IES-AVOIDANCE | 0.27 | ||||||||||||||||||||
IES-AROUSAL | 0.2 | 0.53 |
Somatic Concern | Anxiety | Emotional Withdrawal | Conceptual Disorganization | Guilt Feelings | Tension | Mannerism and Posturing | Grandiosity | Depressive Mood | Hostility | Suspiciousness | Hallucinatory Behavior | Motor Retardation | Uncooperativeness | Unusual Thought Content | Blunted Affect | Excitement | Disorientation | IES-INTRUSION | IES-AVOIDANCE | IES-AROUSAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatic Concern | 0.35 | 0.24 | |||||||||||||||||||
Anxiety | 0.35 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Emotional Withdrawal | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.28 | ||||||||||||||||||
Conceptual Disorganization | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
Guilt Feelings | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tension | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mannerism and Posturing | 0.23 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Grandiosity | 0.51 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Depressive Mood | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.23 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hostility | 0.42 | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
Suspiciousness | 0.42 | 0.35 | |||||||||||||||||||
Hallucinatory Behavior | 0.35 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Motor Retardation | |||||||||||||||||||||
Uncooperativeness | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Unusual Thought Content | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Blunted Affect | 0.28 | 0.23 | |||||||||||||||||||
Excitement | 0.51 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Disorientation | |||||||||||||||||||||
IES-INTRUSION | 0.62 | ||||||||||||||||||||
IES-AVOIDANCE | |||||||||||||||||||||
IES-AROUSAL | 0.62 |
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Percudani, M.; Porcellana, M.; Di Bernardo, I.; Limosani, I.; Negri, A.; Zerbinati, L.; Morganti, C. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in a Sample of Outpatients in a Mental Health Department of a Metropolitan Hospital in Milan. Medicina 2022, 58, 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091274
Percudani M, Porcellana M, Di Bernardo I, Limosani I, Negri A, Zerbinati L, Morganti C. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in a Sample of Outpatients in a Mental Health Department of a Metropolitan Hospital in Milan. Medicina. 2022; 58(9):1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091274
Chicago/Turabian StylePercudani, Mauro, Matteo Porcellana, Ilaria Di Bernardo, Ivan Limosani, Attilio Negri, Luigi Zerbinati, and Carla Morganti. 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns in a Sample of Outpatients in a Mental Health Department of a Metropolitan Hospital in Milan" Medicina 58, no. 9: 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091274