Cytotoxic Effects of Some Nepeta Species against Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Their Associated Phytochemical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Phytochemical Analysis
2.2. Cytotoxic Effect of Extracts
2.3. Correlations between the Phytochemical Content and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plants Materials and Preparation of Plant Extracts
3.2. Phytochemical Analysis
3.2.1. Total Triterpenoid Assay
3.2.2. Total Iridoid Assay
3.2.3. Total Sterol Assay
3.2.4. Quantitation of Ursolic Acid with HPLC Analyses
3.3. Cell Culture
3.4. MTT Assay
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Iridoid Content (mg Aucubin Equivalents/g Extract) | Total Sterol Content (mg Cholesterol Equivalents/g Extract) | Total Triterpenoid Content (mg Oleanolic acid Equivalents/g Extract) | Ursolic Acid Content (mg/g Extract) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | MeOH | INF | MeOH | INF | MeOH | INF | MeOH | INF |
NAT | nd | nd | 149.22 ± 2.76 | nd | 391.91 ± 88.40 | 18.86 ± 1.70 | 105.4 ± 0.6 | nd |
NTX | 85.60 ± 4.45 | 47.12 ± 0.67 | 115.29 ± 2.29 | nd | 505.50 ± 96.39 | 112.00 ± 6.71 | 22.6 ± 0.6 | nd |
NCD | nd | nd | 89.33 ± 1.26 | nd | 296.49 ± 12.85 | 11.59 ± 1.11 | 32.6 ± 0.4 | nd |
NCR | 33.21 ± 5.05 | 15.93 ± 0.00 | 174.16 ± 8.59 | nd | 603.19 ± 113.00 | 53.84 ± 3.86 | 47.3 ± 1.6 | nd |
NHM | nd | nd | 86.67 ± 2.52 | nd | 537.31 ± 32.61 | 18.86 ± 3.58 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | nd |
NIT | nd | nd | 123.05 ± 9.45 | nd | 503.23 ± 50.50 | 23.85 ± 4.01 | 41.2 ± 0.9 | nd |
NLP | nd | nd | 183.97 ± 3.28 | nd | 448.70 ± 44.98 | 14.77 ± 1.29 | 15.5 ± 0.3 | nd |
NMY | nd | nd | 403.09 ± 15.24 | nd | 464.61 ± 25.50 | 9.77 ± 1.70 | 34.8 ± 0.4 | nd |
NPH | nd | nd | 181.92 ± 0.29 | nd | 928.07 ± 22.26 | 57.93 ± 1.11 | 101.2 ± 0.1 | nd |
NRC | nd | 1.29 ± 1.79 | 180.90 ± 3.00 | nd | 525.95 ± 11.13 | 11.13 ± 0.64 | 165.9 ± 0.6 | nd |
NSC | 5.83 ± 1.68 | nd | 268.18 ± 6.38 | nd | 610.01 ± 34.00 | 9.77 ± 2.32 | 45.8 ± 2.3 | nd |
NSS | nd | nd | 186.63 ± 6.76 | nd | 301.03 ± 14.72 | 0.23 ± 2.32 | 43.1 ± 0.4 | nd |
NTC | nd | nd | 163.32 ± 6.61 | nd | 432.80 ± 16.06 | 7.50 ± 2.23 | 16.4 ± 0.3 | nd |
NTR | nd | nd | 353.22 ± 12.15 | nd | 564.57 ± 17.89 | nd | 28.9 ± 0.1 | nd |
MCF-7 % Cell Viability Concentrations (μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Species/Extract | 1000 | 125 | 3.9 | IC50 |
NAT-MeOH | 14.30 ± 0.58 *** | 63.45 ± 1.52 * | 90.08 ± 2.16 | 186.66 ± 13.32 |
NAT-INF | 23.87 ± 1.25 ** | 87.68 ± 1.56 | 102.52 ± 1.70 | >250 |
NTX-MeOH | 16.91 ± 0.42 *** | 68.26 ± 1.95 * | 100.27 ± 0.20 | >250 |
NTX-INF | 27.89 ± 1.98 ** | 95.16 ± 3.21 | 105.53 ± 1.05 | >250 |
NCD-MeOH | 15.88 ± 0.37 *** | 77.68 ± 0.37 * | 107.37 ± 2.06 | >250 |
NCD-INF | 28.77 ± 1.71 ** | 81.50 ± 2.39 | 109.37 ± 3.77 | >250 |
NCR-MeOH | 14.93 ± 0.23 *** | 71.20 ± 0.37 * | 102.97 ± 5.02 | >250 |
NCR-INF | 54.79 ± 0.51 ** | 92.02 ± 0.97 | 110.40 ± 2.97 | >250 |
NSC-MeOH | 15.97 ± 0.41 *** | 60.25 ± 0.56 ** | 95.86 ± 1.61 | 213.14 ± 17.65 |
NSC-INF | 59.12 ± 21.19 ** | 96.58 ± 3.33 | 109.42 ± 1.62 | >250 |
NHM-MeOH | 18.18 ± 0.44 *** | 92.73 ± 0.91 | 110.19 ± 3.60 | >250 |
NHM-INF | 30.27 ± 1.22 ** | 85.12 ± 1.48 | 100.94 ± 4.00 | >250 |
NIT-MeOH | 23.87 ± 1.25 *** | 87.68 ± 1.56 | 102.52 ± 1.70 | >250 |
NIT-INF | 39.85 ± 0.60 ** | 94.87 ± 0.80 | 118.93 ± 2.05 | >250 |
NLP-MeOH | 15.04 ± 0.24 *** | 58.40 ± 2.05 * | 101.06 ± 2.37 | 190.99 ± 13.41 |
NLP-INF | 18.59 ± 1.56 *** | 82.72 ± 0.38 | 116.39 ± 2.48 | >250 |
NMY-MeOH | 16.89 ± 0.25 *** | 73.44 ± 2.37 * | 111.91 ± 1.52 | >250 |
NMY-INF | 53.15 ± 1.34 ** | 93.69 ± 0.73 | 104.71 ± 2.82 | >250 |
NPH-MeOH | 19.16 ± 0.19 *** | 40.17 ± 2.57 ** | 101.57 ± 1.53 | 79.91 ± 9.47 |
NPH-INF | 15.56 ± 0.82 *** | 83.71 ± 1.27 | 111.65 ± 3.22 | >250 |
NRC-MeOH | 16.32 ± 0.30 *** | 42.05 ± 0.28 ** | 91.63 ± 1.38 | 61.38 ± 1.38 |
NRC-INF | 21.74 ± 0.55 *** | 59.72 ± 1.37 ** | 103.87 ± 0.49 | >250 |
NSS-MeOH | 16.55 ± 0.85 *** | 63.67 ± 1.57 * | 96.77 ± 0.45 | >250 |
NSS-INF | 63.45 ± 4.64 * | 95.67 ± 1.27 | 109.57 ± 3.89 | >250 |
NTC-MeOH | 16.45 ± 0.06 *** | 72.13 ± 1.53 * | 102.73 ± 1.97 | >250 |
NTC-INF | 41.73 ± 1.20 ** | 91.88 ± 2.92 | 123.90 ± 1.43 | >250 |
NTR-MeOH | 17.62 ± 0.36 *** | 65.55 ± 2.74 * | 97.15 ± 2.65 | 220.66 ± 9.03 |
NTR-INF | 41.01 ± 3.74 ** | 89.32 ± 3.59 | 93.33 ± 1.35 | >250 |
250 | 31.25 | 0.975 | IC50 | |
Ursolic acid | 9.20 ± 0.38 *** | 24.80 ± 0.26 *** | 77.84 ± 2.25 | 29.28 ± 3.48 |
Cisplatin | 9.50 ± 0.09 *** | 20.30 ± 0.75 *** | 105.07 ± 1.57 | 69.28 ± 5.55 |
MDA-MB-231 % Cell Viability Concentrations (μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Species/Extract | 1000 | 125 | 3.9 | IC50 |
NAT-MeOH | 5.37 ± 0.05 *** | 67.70 ± 2.29 * | 117.72 ± 1.32 | 166.06 ± 7.9 |
NAT-INF | 32.57 ± 2.06 *** | 95.93 ± 4.79 | 105.43 ± 3.69 | >250 |
NTX-MeOH | 8.09 ± 0.955 *** | 133.47 ± 2.57 | 131.88 ± 3.03 | >250 |
NTX-INF | 29.38 ± 1.16 *** | 86.63 ± 1.63 ** | 113.72 ± 0.89 | >250 |
NCD-MeOH | 4.27 ± 0.09 *** | 76.63 ± 1.51 | 96.78 ± 1.91 | >250 |
NCD-INF | 30.23 ± 0.13 *** | 81.71 ± 1.00 | 102.41 ± 1.37 | >250 |
NCR-MeOH | 4.66 ± 0.09 *** | 103.52 ± 1.26 | 112.11 ± 0. 37 | >250 |
NCR-INF | 20.33 ± 0.35 *** | 83.86 ± 1.37 | 105.56 ± 1.72 | >250 |
NSC-MeOH | 5.24 ± 0.19 *** | 84.13 ± 3.87 | 107.32 ± 3.53 | >250 |
NSC-INF | 59.45 ± 1.55 ** | 102.42 ± 2.90 | 100.38 ± 1.13 | >250 |
NHM-MeOH | 3.77 ± 0.06 *** | 85.68 ± 2.06 | 105.33 ± 0.76 | >250 |
NHM-INF | 38.82 ± 1.92 ** | 81.93 ± 1.44 | 105.55 ± 4.23 | >250 |
NIT-MeOH | 5.83 ± 0. 14 *** | 80.01 ± 0. 48 | 110.58 ± 0.39 | >250 |
NIT-INF | 26.47 ± 0.24 *** | 74.60 ± 1.64 | 110.93 ± 5.28 | >250 |
NLP-MeOH | 3.39 ± 0.09 *** | 92.59 ± 0.90 | 102.71 ± 1.38 | >250 |
NLP-INF | 40.11 ± 2.24 ** | 86.61 ± 3.41 | 122.18 ± 9.19 | >250 |
NMY-MeOH | 5.89 ± 0.22 *** | 91.22 ± 0.91 | 116.32 ± 1.47 | >250 |
NMY-INF | 38.09 ± 1.94 ** | 91.80 ± 3.90 | 109.19 ± 1.23 | >250 |
NPH-MeOH | 4.38 ± 0.04 *** | 34.74 ± 1.62 ** | 106.82 ± 2.32 | 90.80 ± 1.67 |
NPH-INF | 15.47 ± 0.84 *** | 86.98 ± 2.91 | 113.15 ± 0.99 | >250 |
NRC-MeOH | 5.03 ± 0.15 *** | 19.77 ± 0.91 ** | 103.86 ± 2.15 | 94.26 ± 2.85 |
NRC-INF | 37.72 ± 0.37 *** | 94.75 ± 2.57 | 124.94 ± 3.10 | >250 |
NSS-MeOH | 28.61 ± 0.59 ** | 96.69 ± 2.25 | 97.76 ± 1.47 | >250 |
NSS-INF | 72.02 ± 0.90 * | 139.57 ± 1.37 | 142.90 ± 6.28 | >250 |
NTC-MeOH | 3.91 ± 0.10 *** | 104.82 ± 0.66 | 109.77 ± 1.32 | >250 |
NTC-INF | 23.49 ± 1.11 *** | 83.68 ± 4.99 | 108.02 ± 3.42 | >250 |
NTR-MeOH | 6.44 ± 0.10 *** | 57.52 ± 1.75 ** | 112.77 ± 2.09 | 178.07 ± 9.81 |
NTR-INF | 28.46 ± 0.34 *** | 103.96 ± 4.51 | 125.91 ± 2.33 | >250 |
250 | 31.25 | 0.975 | IC50 | |
Ursolic acid | 2.54 ± 0.08 *** | 5.52 ± 0.13 *** | 83.03 ± 1.78 | 36.29 ± 2.37 |
Cisplatin | 2.37 ± 0.12 *** | 2.37 ± 0.05 *** | 30.67 ± 2.33 *** | <0.975 |
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Köngül Şafak, E.; Şeker Karatoprak, G.; Dirmenci, T.; Duman, H.; Küçükboyacı, N. Cytotoxic Effects of Some Nepeta Species against Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Their Associated Phytochemical Properties. Plants 2022, 11, 1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111427
Köngül Şafak E, Şeker Karatoprak G, Dirmenci T, Duman H, Küçükboyacı N. Cytotoxic Effects of Some Nepeta Species against Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Their Associated Phytochemical Properties. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111427
Chicago/Turabian StyleKöngül Şafak, Esra, Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak, Tuncay Dirmenci, Hayri Duman, and Nurgün Küçükboyacı. 2022. "Cytotoxic Effects of Some Nepeta Species against Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Their Associated Phytochemical Properties" Plants 11, no. 11: 1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111427