Search Results (98)

Architectural design influences both environmental outcomes and occupant behaviors. Green buildings convey environmental responsibility through formal (e.g., signage, tours) and informal means, including natural materials, daylighting, and energy-efficient features. These choices contribute to overall building “atmospherics” that can foster occupant awareness of sustainability. To explore how atmospherics contribute to occupant perception of building sustainability, we surveyed (n = 250) and interviewed (n = 16) occupants of two LEED-certified university buildings—the Green Building and the Green and Biophilic Building—focusing on their awareness of sustainable features and sources of this awareness. The results showed that occupants of the Green and Biophilic Building were significantly more likely to recognize its sustainable features. The diversity and frequency of features identified varied significantly between buildings, with the broader range in the Green and Biophilic Building. Content analysis revealed occupant misconceptions about the sustainability of features like automatic toilets, aesthetic elements, and biophilic patterns, with some assumptions based solely on appearance. These findings highlight how occupants develop green building awareness without formal instruction, underscoring the value of visible design elements in fostering engagement. This study offers practical recommendations for architects and designers to enhance green messaging through non-verbal cues and interpretative educational features. Full article

As the global community struggles with pressing environmental challenges, the field of architecture finds itself at the forefront of sustainable innovation. The multidisciplinary nature of architectural education curriculums covers a wide range of ecological topics; however, the tangible impact of these courses in the design process has not been well explored. Accordingly, this study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of an “Ecological Conscious Building Design” (ECBD) course in enhancing architectural design education and promoting ecological consciousness among future architecture practitioners. To this extent, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed as a systematic framework for evaluating the impact of the course on students’ knowledge, abilities, and attitudes towards sustainable architectural practices. This study explored the benefits and drawbacks of integrating ecologically conscious building design techniques into architectural education through a comprehensive analysis of students’ feedback, performance assessments, and course outcomes. The research also examined the alignment between the course curriculum and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification system criteria, assessing whether the course equips students to contribute to environmentally responsible architectural solutions. This research provides insights into academia and the architecture industry by exploring the nexus between architectural education and sustainable design. The results indicate that both students and experts prioritize “energy and atmosphere” and “indoor environmental quality” as critical components of sustainable design education. However, experts place greater emphasis on “innovation” and forward-looking approaches. These findings highlight a gap between pedagogical goals and practical readiness, offering actionable insights to align curriculum with industry standards and long-term sustainability strategies. Full article

This study explores how university students’ engagement in sustainability-themed extracurricular activities influences their awareness of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Given the critical role of higher education in advancing sustainability, this research assesses initiatives such as environmental action clubs, sustainability research, eco-innovations, green campuses, and training workshops for fostering awareness, engagement, and leadership. A cross-sectional quantitative design targeted 400 university students in Greece involved in sustainability-related extracurricular activities. Structured online questionnaires were used, and multiple regression analysis examined the relationship between extracurricular activities and SDG engagement. The findings highlighted that all five activity types significantly enhance students’ sustainability awareness. Environmental action clubs improve knowledge of climate change and waste reduction, while research projects strengthen engagement with renewable energy and climate resilience. Eco-innovation challenges foster problem solving and interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly in urban and industrial sustainability. Green campus initiatives promote practical sustainable strategies, and capacity-building programs develop leadership and teamwork skills. Extracurricular activities serve as transformative tools that bridge theoretical knowledge with real-world sustainability applications, equipping students with the mindset and skills to address global challenges. Universities and policymakers should enhance funding, digital integration, and collaborations to expand the reach of these programs. Future research should assess the long-term impact of student participation on sustainable behavior and broader societal well-being. Full article

Graphene oxide (GO), a pivotal derivative of graphene, has revolutionized nanotechnology with its tunable physicochemical properties and interdisciplinary applications in energy storage, environmental remediation, and biomedicine. Despite its exponential research growth, existing reviews remain fragmented, lacking holistic insights into evolving synthesis–application linkages, global collaboration patterns, and emerging convergence trends. This study bridges these gaps through a scientometric analysis of 14,124 peer-reviewed articles (2022–2025) from the Web of Science Core Collection, utilizing CiteSpace for co-occurrence network mapping, burst detection, and cluster analysis. Key findings reveal (1) a thematic shift from traditional synthesis optimization (e.g., Hummers’ method) toward driven material design and sustainable applications like GO membranes for water purification; (2) China’s dominance in publication output (38.5%) contrasts with the U.S. and Europe’s leadership in global collaborations; (3) interdisciplinary journals such as Chemical Engineering Journal (centrality: 0.25) and emerging clusters like “circular economy” signal transformative priorities; and (4) critical gaps in scalability, ecological safety, and cost-effective production hinder industrial translation. This work provides a roadmap for aligning research with sustainability goals, fostering global partnerships, and accelerating innovations in scalable nanotechnology. Full article

Identifying factors that influence the choice of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification strategies for existing office building projects in the United States is a pressing issue requiring attention as it will help LEED professionals select the optimal certification strategy for each project. In this context, a quantitative research methodology with purposive sampling was used in this study to evaluate the impacts of project/building characteristics in LEED for Existing Buildings version 4 (LEED-EB v4) gold-certified projects in the U.S. LEED-EB v4 project/building characteristics include the project size and the number of buildings built before and after the 1973 energy crisis. LEED-EB-certified projects include a score for Location and Transportation credit (LTc1, “alternative transportation”) and scores for Energy and Atmosphere credits (EAcs) (EAc6, “renewable energy and carbon offsets”, and EAc8, “optimize energy performance”). From 112 LEED-EB v4 projects, the two following groups of projects with specific achievements were selected: Group 1 (n₁ = 13), which included high achievements in LTc1 and low achievements in EAc6 and EAc8, and Group 2 (n₂ = 13), which included high achievements in LTc1, EAc6, and EAc8. Exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney and Fisher’s exact 2 × 2 tests were used to estimate significant differences between the two groups. The results of the selection of LEED-EB-certified projects in Groups 1 and 2 were that Group 2 outperformed Group 1 in EAc6 and EAc8 (p < 0.0001), while there was no significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 in LTc1 (p = 0.199). As a result, Group 1 outperformed Group 2 in LEED-EB v4 project size (p = 0.017). Group 2 outperformed Group 1 in the number of LEED-EB v4 gold-certified projects in buildings constructed after the 1973 US energy crisis (p = 0.005). It is concluded that, when choosing a LEED certification strategy for existing office buildings in the United States, LEED professionals should consider the 1973 energy crisis and the size of the LEED project. Full article

Achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification is a key objective for sustainable building projects, yet targeting LEED credit attainment remains a challenge influenced by multiple factors. This study applies machine learning (ML) models to analyze the relationship between project attributes, climate conditions, and LEED certification outcomes. A structured framework was implemented, beginning with data collection from the USGBC (LEED-certified projects) and US NCEI (climate data), followed by preprocessing steps. Three ML models—Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and XGBoost—were evaluated, with XGBoost emerging as the most effective due to its ability to handle large datasets, manage missing values, and provide interpretable feature importance scores. The results highlight the strong influence of the LEED version and project type, demonstrating how certification criteria and project-specific characteristics shape sustainability outcomes. Additionally, climate factors, particularly cooling degree days (CDD) and precipitation (PRCP), play a crucial role in determining LEED credit attainment, underscoring the importance of regional environmental conditions. By leveraging ML techniques, this research offers a data-driven approach to optimizing sustainability strategies and enhancing the LEED certification process. These insights pave the way for more informed decision-making in green building design and policy, with future opportunities to refine predictive models for even greater accuracy and impact. Full article

Water, a fundamental and indispensable resource necessary for the survival of living beings, has become a pressing issue in numerous regions worldwide due to scarcity. Urban areas, where the majority of the global population resides, witness a substantial consumption of blue water, particularly in commercial buildings. This study investigates the potential for enhancing water efficiency within an ongoing high-rise office building construction situated in a tropical climate. The investigation utilizes the green building guidelines of leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) through a case-study-based research approach. Strategies included using efficient plumbing fixtures (such as high air–water ratio fixtures and dual-flush toilets), the selection of native plants, implementing a suitable irrigation system, introducing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) and improving the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning (MVAC) system. The results showed a 55% reduction in water use from efficient fixtures, a 93% reduction in landscaping water needs and a 73% overall water efficiency with a RWHS from the baseline design. Additionally, efficient cooling towers and the redirection of condensed water into the cooling tower make-up water tank improved the overall water efficiency to 38%, accounting for the water requirements of the MVAC system. The findings of this study can contribute to more sustainable and water-efficient urban development, particularly in regions facing water scarcity challenges. The significance of these findings lies in their potential to establish industry standards and inform policymakers in the building sector. They offer valuable insights for implementing effective strategies aimed at reducing blue water consumption across different building types. Full article

The construction industry is responsible for a significant share of global material consumption, including natural resources. Therefore, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12.2 on sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources cannot be achieved without significant advances and contributions from the construction sector. Furthermore, various materials used by the construction industry contribute to the development and expansion of the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) system. LECA (Light Expanded Clay Aggregate) is one such material that enhances LEED performance through its key benefits, including lightness, thermal insulation, sound insulation, and fire resistance. One of the most effective methods for reducing the weight of concrete is the incorporation of lightweight aggregates, and the advantages of LECA include lessening loads and enabling reduced cross-sections, directly improving the sustainability of the built environment via reduced materials consumption. This study aims to develop a prediction model for the compressive strength of LECA-incorporated concrete through a meta-analysis. More than 140 data points were compiled through literature via 15 separate studies, and results were analyzed to conduct the meta-analysis. Moreover, an experimental program was carried out to verify the model and evaluate its accuracy in predicting compressive strength. Results from the developed model and the experimental program were in accordance with concrete having lower compressive strengths compared to those at high strength values. Likewise, more accurate results were obtained for concrete mixes that have w/b ratios of 0.5 or higher. Concrete mixes that have higher amounts of LECA by volume of concrete yielded more accurate results when using the prediction model. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to quantify the impact of several parameters on the compressive strength of LECA concrete. Full article

Over the past five years, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior version 4 (LEED-CI v4)-certified office projects have been intensively studied in the USA and China, but they have not yet been studied in the Mediterranean region. The purpose of this study was to explore office building certification strategies for LEED-CI v4-certified projects in the Mediterranean region. The study design included pairwise comparative analyses between Spain (number of projects (n) n₁ = 14), Türkiye (n₂ = 13), and Israel (n₃ = 11). Cliff’s δ and exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests were used to process ordinal and discrete data, while the natural logarithm of the odds ratio and 2 × 2 Fisher’s exact tests were used to handle dichotomous data. It was found that Spain and Türkiye outperformed Israel in the Location and Transportation (LT) category due to their desire to reduce the use of private transport. Spain and Türkiye were ahead of Israel in the LTc5 “reduced parking footprint” credit (p = 0.008 and 0.0005, respectively). Israel outperformed Spain and Türkiye in the Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category due to the sum of all six EA credits (p = 0.086 and 0.010). Spain overtook Türkiye and Israel in the Materials and Resources (MRs) category due to Spain’s increased use of environmental product declarations. Spain and Türkiye were ahead of Israel in the following four MRs credits: MRc1 “long-term commitment” (p = 0.030), MRc2 “interiors life cycle impact reduction” (p = 0.037), MRc3 “building product disclosure and optimization—environmental product declarations” (p = 0.029), and MRc5 “building product disclosure and optimization—material ingredients” (p = 0.034). Spain, Türkiye, and Israel showed similarly low levels of achievement in the Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) category (p ≥ 0.405). However, Spain and Türkiye outperformed Israel in the following two credits: EQc1 “enhanced indoor air quality strategies” and EQc2 “low-emitting materials” (p = 0.001 and 0.060, respectively). In parallel, Israel outperformed Türkiye in the EQc3 “construction indoor air quality management plan” (p = 0.026), and Israel outperformed Spain in the EQc8 “quality views” credit (p = 0.066). As a result, a pairwise comparison of the three Mediterranean countries showed that each country has a unique LEED certification strategy. Knowledge of the above green building strategies will be helpful for LEED professionals. Full article

This systematic review explores the intricate relationship between environmental sustainability and infection control in healthcare. A comprehensive examination of twelve selected studies reveals key themes, including the pivotal role of leadership in motivating sustainable practices within healthcare facilities and the integration of sustainable design strategies for effective infection prevention and control. The review emphasizes the significance of strong leadership in driving a culture of environmental responsibility, fostering staff engagement, and ensuring the success of sustainability initiatives. Sustainable design strategies, such as energy-efficient building practices and eco-friendly materials, emerge as essential components of both environmental sustainability and infection control. By creating synergy between these objectives, healthcare facilities can simultaneously reduce their environmental footprint and enhance patient safety. This study underscores the importance of leadership commitment and sustainable design in shaping the future of healthcare toward a more environmentally responsible and infection-resistant paradigm. Full article

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) version 3 (v3) and version 4 (v4) gold-certified office space certification strategies in Spain have not yet been studied. The two purposes of this study were to evaluate (1) the impact of high or low achievements in the energy and atmosphere (EA) “optimize energy performance” credit (EAc1 for v3 and EAc8 for v4) on the compensation strategy for LEED “compensation group” credits and (2) the impact of EAc1-v3 or EAc8-v4 on the monotonic change in LEED “compensation group” credits. Data on a total of 77 LEED-EB v3 and 43 LEED-EB v4 gold-certified office space projects were collected. In the v3 group, 26 LEED-certified projects had the highest EAc1 achievements (v3 group 1), and 26 LEED-certified projects had the lowest EAc1 achievements (v3 group 2). In the v4 group, 15 LEED-certified projects had the highest EAc8 achievements (v4 group 1), and 15 LEED-certified projects had the lowest EAc8 achievements (v4 group 2). The exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test and Fisher’s exact 2 × 2 with Lancaster’s correction test were used to estimate the difference between groups 1 and 2. Spearman’s rank-order correlation was used to assess monotonic change in LEED credits. The results show that v3 and v4 group 1 outperformed v3 and v4 group 2 in EAc1 and EAc8 (p < 0.0001, respectively). However, v3 and v4 group 2 outperformed v3 and v4 group 1 in “renewable energy” (EAc4 for v3 and EAc6 for v4, p = 0.0039 and 0.0088, respectively) and “building commissioning” (EAc2.2 for v3, p = 0.0015; EAc3 for v4, p = 0.0560, respectively). EAc1-v3 and LEED v3 “compensation group” credits showed a moderate negative correlation (r_s = −0.53 and p < 0.0001). EAc8-v4 and LEED v4 “compensation group” credits showed a strong negative correlation (r_s = −0.74 and p < 0.0001). As a result, increasing the share of renewable energy and performing building commissioning in LEED-EB v3- and v4-certified projects occurred only as a compensation strategy in response to the low achievement in the “optimize energy performance” credit. Full article

In response to the pressing demand for sustainable building practices within the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector, this study investigates the integration of building information modeling (BIM) processes with the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification system, with a primary focus on enhancing sustainable design strategies. The objectives are twofold: firstly, to comprehensively understand the existing synergies between BIM and LEED, and secondly, to develop innovative methods that facilitate a seamless integration of these two crucial components. The study is structured into four distinct phases, each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic relationship between BIM and LEED. In Phase 1, the “LEED-BIM Worksheets” is introduced, versatile tools designed to facilitate sustainable strategy formulation. These worksheets transparently identify roles, assess competencies, estimate certification levels, and enhance communication among stakeholders. Phase 2 highlights the “BIM Uses for Project Phase” diagram, emphasizing interdependencies between BIM uses and processes. This diagram provides insights into collaborative synergies among BIM uses and streamlines process mapping. Phase 3 introduces the “Liv1 Process Map”, a transformative visual representation of the building process. Integrated within building execution plans (BEPs), this map intricately weaves together responsible parties and BIM uses, fostering cohesive collaboration. Phase 4 extends the research with the introduction of the “Liv.2 Process Map”. This extension integrates selected BIM uses from the LEED Pilot Credits Library, emphasizing alignment between BIM processes and LEED credit criteria. Collectively, this research illuminates the potential for streamlining sustainable practices within the AEC sector. The findings offer valuable insights for both practitioners and researchers, empowering them to navigate the integration of BIM technology with LEED certification. By harmonizing digital transformation with ecological consciousness, this research significantly contributes to advancing sustainable building practices. Full article

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction and Renovation (LEED-NC), version 3 (v3)-certified projects include at least 13 different space types. However, the impact of space types on LEED certification strategies is not yet fully understood. This study assessed the impact of different building types on achieving LEED-NC v3 categories and credits in gold-certified projects in Poland. The exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test and Fisher’s exact 2 × 2 with Lancaster’s correction test were used to estimate the difference between four space types (i.e., through pairwise comparison) with small sample sizes (n): industrial manufacturing space (IMS) (n = 9), office space (OS) (n = 7), multi-family residential space (MRS) (n = 6), and lodging space (LS) (n = 8). With these sample sizes, meaningful conclusions could be drawn with these tests. Design structure: IMS and OS refer to two subgroups nested in the production group, while MRS and LS refer to two other subgroups nested in the live group. This design structure was used to perform the logical analysis. The results showed that the number of significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) (i) between two subgroups (IMS vs. OS) within the production group was 1 out of 46, and (ii) between two subgroups (MRS vs. LS) within the living group was 6 out of 46, while (iii) the difference between the production and living groups was 45 out of 184. When comparing the production and living groups, LEED indoor environmental quality credit achievements showed the largest contribution (37%) to the number of significant differences. The practical implication of the study is to offer recommendations on LEED certification strategies for production and living spaces. Full article

The healthcare industry significantly impacts the environment due to its high usage of energy and natural resources and the associated waste generation. This study applied a cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach to assess the environmental and social life cycles of public hospitals. One hundred twenty-four public hospitals were selected for the current study; their sustainability performance was compared with those certified by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The comparison revealed several factors contributing to the poor sustainability performance of public hospitals. These include inadequate management, substandard planning, political interference, insufficient staffing and funding, high energy consumption, high expenses, inconsistent healthcare policies, and conventional building designs. System thinking was leveraged, and a causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to visualize the interdependency of the identified indicators of LCSA. Based on the findings of the study, a policy framework is proposed to guide the development of sustainable healthcare buildings. The framework includes using eco-friendly materials and techniques in construction, harnessing solar energy, improving hospital management practices, promoting public awareness about sustainability, conserving energy and water, and adopting sustainable waste management and transportation. Additionally, it emphasizes addressing social issues such as improving indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, acoustics, patient safety, and security and ensuring that healthcare services are accessible and affordable. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable healthcare buildings by providing a practical policy framework for achieving sustainability in the healthcare sector. Full article

Material selection is a challenging process in which several parameters should be considered for green-certified projects. Hence, this study investigates the dynamics of sustainable material selection (SMS) across the project life cycle using system thinking. A dynamic model was developed based on the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design where relevant environmental categories and credits were represented, and their dependency coefficients (DCs) were computed. This pinpointed the effect of SMS on the point-accrual pattern across project phases, showing that the high leverage points were demonstrated for the operation phase. The result showed that SMS extended beyond the efficient use of materials, which indicated a DC of 100% in the Materials and Resources category to affect other sustainable categories, i.e., the indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, and sustainability of the project site comprised 68.8%, 57.6%, and 50% of DCs, respectively. Thus, optimal SMS could earn the project 48% of the total possible points, putting it in the ‘Certified’ level. Accordingly, the proposed model can be used to evaluate the level of certification as well as the building performance therein. Full article