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Search Results (6,168)

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14 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise Addiction Among Elite Wrestlers
by Celal Bulgay, Anıl Kasakolu, Türker Bıyıklı, Seyrani Koncagul, Hasan H. Kazan, Ildus I. Ahmetov, Mehmet A. Ergun, Mark D. Griffiths and Attila Szabo
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020102 - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background: Exercise addiction, marked by an inability to control exercise and associated with distress that clinically impairs daily activities, is a significant but underrecognized issue in physical activity and health. While its physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects have been studied, the genetic basis [...] Read more.
Background: Exercise addiction, marked by an inability to control exercise and associated with distress that clinically impairs daily activities, is a significant but underrecognized issue in physical activity and health. While its physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects have been studied, the genetic basis of exercise addiction remains poorly understood, requiring further investigation. The present study conducted a genome-wide association study of exercise addiction among elite Turkish wrestlers. Methods: The sample comprised 67 male wrestlers (34 freestyle wrestlers and 33 Greco-Roman wrestlers). Exercise addiction was assessed using the Exercise Addiction Scale. Whole-genome genotyping was performed using DNA microarray. Results: Using a genome-wide approach (p < 1.0 × 10⁵), we identified six suggestively significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with exercise addiction status. Of these, the high-addiction alleles of five SNPs (PRDM10 rs74345126, near PTPRU rs72652685, HADHB rs6745226, XIRP2 rs17614860, and near GAREM2 rs1025542) have previously been associated with an increased risk of mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression or higher levels of physical activity. We also examined potential associations between the genetic markers previously linked to addiction-related traits such as obsessive–compulsive disorder and cigarette smoking, and personality traits linked to negative emotions including neuroticism. Using this candidate gene approach (p < 0.05), we identified three additional SNPs associated with exercise addiction in the same direction of association (DEFB135 rs4841662, BCL11A rs7599488, and CSRNP3 rs1551336). Conclusions: The present study provides preliminary evidence for the genetic basis of exercise addiction, highlighting specific SNPs that may play a role in the development of this condition among elite wrestlers. Full article
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25 pages, 1981 KiB  
Article
Impact of Exercise Manual Program on Biochemical Markers in Sedentary Prediabetic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Sana Hafeez, Syed Shakil Ur Rehman, Saima Riaz, Imran Hafeez, Zarwa Hafeez and Hassan Mumtaz
Medicina 2025, 61(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020190 - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Prediabetes is a medical disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that exceed normal levels but do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess the impact of structured exercise manual interventions [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Prediabetes is a medical disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that exceed normal levels but do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess the impact of structured exercise manual interventions on the biochemical markers of sedentary prediabetic patients over sixteen weeks. Materials and Methods: A sixteen-weeks randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the impact of an exercise-based manual program on biochemical markers, such as HbA1c, insulin sensitivity measures, and lipid profiles, in sedentary individuals with prediabetes. The Riphah Rehabilitation Center in Lahore, Pakistan, was the site of the trial. In this investigation, 126 individuals with prediabetes were randomly assigned to three groups: control, unsupervised, and supervised. The RCT was completed by 36 participants in each group after a 16-weeks intervention in the supervised and unsupervised groups, as well as a follow-up in the control group. An activity-based exercise manual that included dietary guidelines, educational materials, and an exercise routine was followed by both the supervised and unsupervised groups. The exercise interventions included both aerobic and resistance components. Results: The results indicated that the supervised group exhibited a substantial increase in insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and glycemic control when contrasted with the unsupervised and control groups. Significant improvements were observed in key biochemical parameters, including fasting blood levels (supervised as compared to unsupervised and control, respectively, the mean difference was 12.82 mg/dL vs. 11.36 mg/dL vs. 0.09 mg/dL p > 0.001), HbA1c (supervised as compared to unsupervised and control groups, respectively, the mean difference was 0.67% vs. 0.69% vs. 0.13% p < 0.001), and lipid profile (triglycerides (mean difference 0.25 mmol/L, 0.08 mmol/L, 0.11 mmol/L p < 0.001); LDL (mean difference 19.31 mg/dL, 10.51 mg/dL, 2.49 mg/dL p < 0.001); HDL (mean difference −12.68 mg/dL, −8.03 mg/dL, −1.48 mg/dL p < 0.001)). In comparison to the unsupervised and control groups, the insulin sensitivity parameters also demonstrated a modest improvement in the supervised group. The supervised group exhibited the greatest benefits from exercise among the groups that received exercise interventions. Conclusions: The present investigation demonstrated the significance of including structured physical activity into the regular routine of individuals with prediabetes, to decelerate the advancement of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study emphasizes the essential role of structured exercise routines in the control of prediabetes and suggests that monitoring enhances the adherence and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology)
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15 pages, 1037 KiB  
Article
Effects of Step Length and Stride Variation During Forward Lunges on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activity
by Rafael F. Escamilla, Irwin S. Thompson, Robert Asuncion, Jacqueline Bravo, Tiffany Chang, Taylor Fournier, Hannah Garcia, Emily Hockenbery, Kyle Nagasawa, Joan Ozor, Hannah Snoeberger, Kevin E. Wilk and Mario Bizzini
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010042 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background: The forward lunge is a closed-chain weight-bearing multi-joint exercise simulating the activities of daily living, such as walking or stair climbing, which mainly activates hip, knee, and ankle musculature and is also used by athletes and other individuals to train lower-extremity musculature. [...] Read more.
Background: The forward lunge is a closed-chain weight-bearing multi-joint exercise simulating the activities of daily living, such as walking or stair climbing, which mainly activates hip, knee, and ankle musculature and is also used by athletes and other individuals to train lower-extremity musculature. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare lower-extremity muscle recruitment patterns between stride and step length variations in forward lunges. Methods: Twenty participants had a mean (±SD) age, mass, and height of 26 ± 6 y, 79 ± 8 kg, and 176 ± 7 cm, respectively, for males, and 27 ± 4 y, 62 ± 6 kg, and 161 ± 7 cm, respectively, for females. All participants used their 12-repetition maximum weight while performing a short step and long step forward lunge with a stride (striding forward and pushing back to the starting position) and without a stride (lunging up and down with feet stationary). During each lunge variation, surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, hip adductors, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius muscles, and then normalized as a percent of each muscle’s maximum voluntary isometric contraction. A repeated measures two-way analysis of variance was employed (p < 0.01), with step length and stride comprising the two factors. Results: The following had no significant interactions: (1) quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, hip adductor, and gluteus maximus EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step compared to lunges with a short step; and (2) gluteus maximus and gluteus medius EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a stride compared to lunges without a stride. The following had significant interactions: (1) gluteus medius EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step with and without a stride compared to lunges with a short step with and without a stride; (2) quadriceps EMG activities were generally significantly greater in lunges with long and short steps with a stride compared to lunges with long and short steps without a stride, in lunges with a long step with a stride compared to lunges with a short step with a stride, and in lunges with a short step without a stride compared to lunges with a long step without a stride; (3) hamstring and hip adductor EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step with a stride compared to lunges with a long step without a stride, and in lunges with a long step with and without a stride compared to lunges with a short step with and without a stride; and (4) gastrocnemius EMG activities were significantly greater in lunges with a long step with and without a stride compared to lunges with a short step with and without a stride. Conclusions: Lower-extremity muscle activity is generally greater in forward lunges with a long step compared to a short step, and greater in lunges with a stride compared to without a stride. During the externally loaded forward lunge, high to very high muscle activity occurs in the quadriceps, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius, thus enhancing muscle hypertrophy and strength in these muscles, while moderate muscle activity occurs in the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and adductor longus. Full article
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14 pages, 608 KiB  
Article
A Cross-Sectional Study on the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Frailty Among the Older People in Japan
by Yuki Nakada and Yuna Seo
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020142 - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between social media use and frailty in older adults, focusing on the influence of social media engagement and various frailty-related factors. A survey was conducted with 103 participants aged 65 and above, who completed a questionnaire on their [...] Read more.
This study investigates the relationship between social media use and frailty in older adults, focusing on the influence of social media engagement and various frailty-related factors. A survey was conducted with 103 participants aged 65 and above, who completed a questionnaire on their social media usage, psychological well-being, dietary habits, physical activity, sleep patterns, and social interactions. Frailty was assessed using the Kihon Checklist, categorizing participants into non-frailty, pre-frailty, and frailty groups. The analysis was conducted using ordinal logistic regression to examine the relationship between social media usage and other frailty-related factors (e.g., psychological factors, sociality, diet, and exercise) with frailty status. The findings revealed that social media engagement was significantly associated with frailty status, with higher levels of engagement linked to reduced frailty. Specifically, participants who reported higher levels of social media interaction also reported better psychological well-being, increased social interaction, and greater engagement in physical and leisure activities. These results suggest that social media use may have a positive impact on frailty, potentially by enhancing social connectivity and promoting healthier lifestyle choices in older adults. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms through which social media can mitigate frailty and promote healthy aging. Full article
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19 pages, 8391 KiB  
Article
NeuroFlex: Feasibility of EEG-Based Motor Imagery Control of a Soft Glove for Hand Rehabilitation
by Soroush Zare, Sameh I. Beaber and Ye Sun
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030610 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 502
Abstract
Motor impairments resulting from neurological disorders, such as strokes or spinal cord injuries, often impair hand and finger mobility, restricting a person’s ability to grasp and perform fine motor tasks. Brain plasticity refers to the inherent capability of the central nervous system to [...] Read more.
Motor impairments resulting from neurological disorders, such as strokes or spinal cord injuries, often impair hand and finger mobility, restricting a person’s ability to grasp and perform fine motor tasks. Brain plasticity refers to the inherent capability of the central nervous system to functionally and structurally reorganize itself in response to stimulation, which underpins rehabilitation from brain injuries or strokes. Linking voluntary cortical activity with corresponding motor execution has been identified as effective in promoting adaptive plasticity. This study introduces NeuroFlex, a motion-intent-controlled soft robotic glove for hand rehabilitation. NeuroFlex utilizes a transformer-based deep learning (DL) architecture to decode motion intent from motor imagery (MI) EEG data and translate it into control inputs for the assistive glove. The glove’s soft, lightweight, and flexible design enables users to perform rehabilitation exercises involving fist formation and grasping movements, aligning with natural hand functions for fine motor practices. The results show that the accuracy of decoding the intent of fingers making a fist from MI EEG can reach up to 85.3%, with an average AUC of 0.88. NeuroFlex demonstrates the feasibility of detecting and assisting the patient’s attempted movements using pure thinking through a non-intrusive brain–computer interface (BCI). This EEG-based soft glove aims to enhance the effectiveness and user experience of rehabilitation protocols, providing the possibility of extending therapeutic opportunities outside clinical settings. Full article
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22 pages, 1468 KiB  
Article
Vigorous Exercise Enhances Verbal Fluency Performance in Healthy Young Adults
by Maya M. Khanna, Corey L. Guenther, Joan Eckerson, Dion Talamante, Mary Elizabeth Yeh, Megan Forby, Krystal Hopkins, Emmali Munger, Grace Rauh, Shringala Chelluri, Courtney Schmidt, Isabel Walocha and Matthew Sacco
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010096 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We examined the effects of cardiovascular exercise on verbal fluency using a between-groups design. Methods: Within our experimental (i.e., exercise) group, participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks (VFTs) before, during, and after a vigorous 30 min bout of cycling. Participants [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: We examined the effects of cardiovascular exercise on verbal fluency using a between-groups design. Methods: Within our experimental (i.e., exercise) group, participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks (VFTs) before, during, and after a vigorous 30 min bout of cycling. Participants within our control group also completed these VFTs before, during, and after a non-physical activity. We compared the VFT performance of the experimental (exercise) and control (no-exercise) groups of participants in terms of the characteristics of the words that they produced within the VFTs. In addition, we examined these aspects of VFT performance for each participant group across time within the experiment session. Conclusions: From these comparisons, we see that exercise influenced VFT performance. Most notably, participants engaged in exercise changed their VFT performance over time, while control group participants did not. Exercising participants produced more words over the course of their exercise session that contained fewer letters over time and were lower in frequency during and after exercise as compared to before exercise. Additionally, topic switches in the VFTs increased after exercise as compared to before exercise. Participants in the control group did not change their VFT performance over time according to any of these measures. These findings indicate that exercise impacted participants’ lexical access and that these VFT performance changes were not due to practice effects. Full article
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20 pages, 2493 KiB  
Article
The PREPARE Study: Acceptability and Feasibility of a Telehealth Trimodal Prehabilitation Program for Women with Endometrial Neoplasia
by Elise P. Legault, Paula A. B. Ribeiro, Danielle Moreau-Amaru, Emmanuelle Robert, Sara Forte, Alain S. Comtois, Vanessa Samouëlian and François Tournoux
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32010055 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 329
Abstract
Patients with endometrial neoplasia (EN) often have multiple comorbidities and a higher surgical risk. Prehabilitation programs (PPs) combine various interventions to improve preoperative conditions and reduce impairment due to surgical stress. We conducted a pragmatic pilot study to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility [...] Read more.
Patients with endometrial neoplasia (EN) often have multiple comorbidities and a higher surgical risk. Prehabilitation programs (PPs) combine various interventions to improve preoperative conditions and reduce impairment due to surgical stress. We conducted a pragmatic pilot study to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a trimodal telehealth PP (exercise, nutrition, and psychological support) for EN patients. The participants could select their exercise group: (1) a supervised PP (SPP), group sessions 3×/week; (2) a semi-supervised PP (SSPP), group session 1×/week, training alone 2×/week; or (3) a physical activity counseling session (PACS). Out of the 150 EN patients awaiting surgery screened during the 18 months of the study recruitment, 66% (99/150) were eligible, and 40% consented to participate (SPP, n = 13; SSPP, n = 17; PACS, n = 9). The overall dropout was low (13%; 5/39), with no significant differences across groups. No serious adverse events occurred. We observed a positive impact on different outcomes across the different groups, such as in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy quality of life score (SPP; delta = 6.1 [CI: 0.9; 12.6]) and functional capacity measured using the 30″ sit-to-stand test (PACS delta = 2.4 [CI: 1.2; 3.6]). The same-day hospital leave was high in the SSPP group (54.5%). Our pilot telehealth PP seems to be safe, feasible, and well accepted and may procure clinical and patient-centered gains that need to be confirmed in a larger trial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Section "Oncology Nursing")
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15 pages, 1413 KiB  
Article
Effects of Caffeine Intake Combined with Self-Selected Music During Warm-Up on Anaerobic Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study
by Bopeng Qiu, Ziyu Wang, Yinkai Zhang, Yusong Cui, Penglin Diao, Kaiji Liu, Juan Del Coso and Chang Liu
Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020351 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 483
Abstract
Background: Both listening to music during warm-up and consuming caffeine before exercise have been independently shown to enhance athletic performance. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining these strategies remain largely unexplored. To date, only two studies have reported additional benefits to combining [...] Read more.
Background: Both listening to music during warm-up and consuming caffeine before exercise have been independently shown to enhance athletic performance. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining these strategies remain largely unexplored. To date, only two studies have reported additional benefits to combining music during warm-up with a caffeine dose of 3 mg/kg on taekwondo-specific performance tasks. However, these studies did not evaluate whether this combination produces additive or synergistic effects on other types of sports performance. The present study aimed to assess the effects of listening to music alone or combined with caffeine intake on performance in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in physically active subjects. Methods: Twenty-four physically active male participants took part in this randomized, double-blind, crossover experiment. Participants underwent WAnT performance evaluations under three conditions: (i) no intervention (control; CON); (ii) music plus placebo (Mus + PLA), involving the intake of a placebo (maltodextrin) 60 min prior and self-selected high-tempo music during warm-up; and (iii) music plus caffeine (Mus + CAF), involving the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min prior and self-selected high-tempo music during warm-up. Under all conditions, participants wore the same Bluetooth headphones (with or without music), performed a 10 min standardized warm-up, and completed the 30 s WAnT with a load of 7.5% of their body weight on a calibrated ergometer. Power output was recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz throughout the exercise. The Feeling Scale was assessed both before and after the exercise test, while heart rate (HR) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured immediately following the exercise. Results: Mus + PLA and Mus + CAF significantly improved peak power, mean power, and total work compared with CON (p < 0.05). Furthermore, peak power was higher in Mus + CAF than in Mus + PLA (p = 0.01). Post-exercise HR and RPE showed no significant differences across conditions (p > 0.05). Regarding the Feeling Scale (FS) before exercise, the Mus + PLA and Mus + CAF conditions showed significantly higher scores than CON (p < 0.05), while no differences were found after exercise. The perceived fitness metrics displayed no significant differences among conditions (p > 0.05), except for self-perceived power, which was higher in Mus + CAF than in CON (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Self-selected music during warm-up, either alone or combined with caffeine, significantly enhanced several WAnT performance metrics, including peak power, mean power, and total work. Remarkably, combining music with caffeine further improved peak power and increased self-perceived power compared with music alone. While listening to self-selected music during warm-up provided measurable benefits on anaerobic exercise performance, the combination of music and caffeine demonstrated additive effects, making it the optimal strategy for maximizing anaerobic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Caffeine Intake for Human Health and Exercise Performance)
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27 pages, 1066 KiB  
Systematic Review
Physical Exercise Interventions Using Virtual Reality in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review
by Javier Velasco Aguado, Mário C. Espada, Jesús Muñoz-Jiménez, Cátia C. Ferreira and Luisa Gámez-Calvo
Healthcare 2025, 13(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13020189 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder that affects movement and posture. Physical activity (PA) is safe and crucial for healthy development; however, this population faces barriers that hinder its implementation. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging and promising technology that promotes [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder that affects movement and posture. Physical activity (PA) is safe and crucial for healthy development; however, this population faces barriers that hinder its implementation. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging and promising technology that promotes PA in young people with CP. This work aims to compile and analyze the current scientific literature on physical exercise (PE) programs using VR in children and adolescents with CP through a PRISMA systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was conducted and reported based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses) statement. The search was conducted through the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases on 1st September 2024. Studies based on PA interventions using VR in children and adolescents with CP were selected. Results: A total of 24 experimental research articles were selected for this review. The studies included comprise a total sample of 616 participants between 4 and 18 years old. The studies involved a diverse range of interventions, from brief sessions to intensive training. The results consistently demonstrated improvements in motor control, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and overall participation in daily activities. Conclusions: The results highlight that the use of VR for PE programs has numerous benefits such as increased enjoyment, facilitation of motor learning, and acquisition of functional skills. PE through VR in children and adolescents with CP represents a promising tool; more scientific and practical evidence is needed to confirm its long-term effectiveness. Full article
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20 pages, 846 KiB  
Article
Combining CS Unplugged and L2T2L to Bridge the Computing Illiteracy Gap of the Elderly Population: A Case Study
by José Alfredo Díaz-León, Olatz Arbelaitz, Mikel Larrañaga and Ana Arruarte
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020919 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
In the era where digital technologies are becoming increasingly prevalent, it is anticipated that a majority of the global population will have at least a basic understanding of informatics. However, empirical evidence suggests that a significant portion of the global population remains digitally [...] Read more.
In the era where digital technologies are becoming increasingly prevalent, it is anticipated that a majority of the global population will have at least a basic understanding of informatics. However, empirical evidence suggests that a significant portion of the global population remains digitally illiterate. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the case of the senior adult population. In light of the aforementioned challenges, this work integrates Computer Science Unplugged exercises, based on games and recreational activities without the use of computers, and L2T2L, a learning-by-teaching methodology whereby university students learn and then, in turn, teach that learning to other populations in a cascading manner. A case study was conducted in Lima, Peru, with the participation of 140 volunteers from centres for the elderly. Thirty-five students and one teacher from the Universidad Científica del Sur were responsible for initiating the transfer of knowledge from the university to the senior citizens, with the assistance of twelve individuals responsible for their care. The results demonstrate that the participants attained a commendable level of comprehension when attempting to complete all of the assigned tasks. Furthermore, the efficacy of L2T2L is evident in its adaptability and suitability for scenarios beyond those for which it was originally designed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology Enhanced and Mobile Learning: Innovations and Applications)
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14 pages, 1685 KiB  
Article
Effects of a 12-Week Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Program on the Quality of Life of Older Adults Across Different Age Groups: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Li-Ting Wang and Yu-Wen Wang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020902 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 393
Abstract
Aging may affect quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of semi-immersive VR-based exercise on the QOL of young-old and middle-old adults. This study was a randomized controlled trial involving older adults aged 65–85 years. Methods: Two age groups [...] Read more.
Aging may affect quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of semi-immersive VR-based exercise on the QOL of young-old and middle-old adults. This study was a randomized controlled trial involving older adults aged 65–85 years. Methods: Two age groups were each randomly assigned to experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. The EG underwent a 75–90 min semi-immersive VR-based exercise intervention twice a week for 12 weeks, whereas the CG continued with their usual daily activities. Each participant’s psychological QOL was assessed using the World Health Organization’s QOL Instrument-Older Adults Module (WHOQOL-OLD). Results: Compared with their CG counterparts, the EG older adults exhibited significantly higher QOL scores in four WHOQOL-OLD dimensions (i.e., sensory abilities, autonomy, social participation/isolation, and death and dying) and had a superior overall QOL. Furthermore, we observed significant decreases in the autonomy and overall QOL dimensions in CG older adults. On comparing the young-old and middle-old adults, a significant decrease in the past, present, and future activity QOL dimension was exclusively found in CG young-old adults. Conclusions: Semi-immersive VR-based exercise is a promising digital tool for supporting the psychological QOL of older adults across different age groups. This suggests that older persons, particularly young-old adults, should be encouraged to maintain physical activity habits in their daily lives in order to improve their QOL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Health, Mobile Technologies and Future of Human Healthcare)
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66 pages, 1373 KiB  
Review
Concussion and the Autonomic, Immune, and Endocrine Systems: An Introduction to the Field and a Treatment Framework for Persisting Symptoms
by Jon L. Pertab, Tricia L. Merkley, Holly Winiarski, Kelly M. J. Cramond and Alex J. Cramond
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15010033 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 406
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients who sustain a concussion/mild traumatic brain injury endorse persisting, lingering symptoms. The symptoms associated with concussion are nonspecific, and many other medical conditions present with similar symptoms. Medical conditions that overlap symptomatically with concussion include anxiety, depression, insomnia, [...] Read more.
A significant proportion of patients who sustain a concussion/mild traumatic brain injury endorse persisting, lingering symptoms. The symptoms associated with concussion are nonspecific, and many other medical conditions present with similar symptoms. Medical conditions that overlap symptomatically with concussion include anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and cervical strain injuries. One of the factors that may account for these similarities is that these conditions all present with disturbances in the optimal functioning of the autonomic nervous system and its intricate interactions with the endocrine system and immune system—the three primary regulatory systems in the body. When clinicians are working with patients presenting with persisting symptoms after concussion, evidence-based treatment options drawn from the literature are limited. We present a framework for the assessment and treatment of persisting symptoms following concussion based on the available evidence (treatment trials), neuroanatomical principles (research into the physiology of concussion), and clinical judgment. We review the research supporting the premise that behavioral interventions designed to stabilize and optimize regulatory systems in the body following injury have the potential to reduce symptoms and improve functioning in patients. Foundational concussion rehabilitation strategies in the areas of sleep stabilization, fatigue management, physical exercise, nutrition, relaxation protocols, and behavioral activation are outlined along with practical strategies for implementing intervention modules with patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion)
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22 pages, 2308 KiB  
Article
Short- and Long-Term Effects on Physical Fitness in Older Adults: Results from an 8-Week Exercise Program Repeated in Two Consecutive Years
by Manne Godhe, Johnny Nilsson and Eva A. Andersson
Geriatrics 2025, 10(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10010015 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 318
Abstract
Introduction: Information on the long-term maintenance of short-term exercise fitness gains measured by field-based tests is scarce in older adults. This study aimed to investigate short- and long-term changes in various physical fitness parameters after an 8-week exercise program. Methods: In [...] Read more.
Introduction: Information on the long-term maintenance of short-term exercise fitness gains measured by field-based tests is scarce in older adults. This study aimed to investigate short- and long-term changes in various physical fitness parameters after an 8-week exercise program. Methods: In this longitudinal study, a total of 265 participants (62% women; mean age 71.4 ± 4.7 years) completed a field-based test battery of 12 fitness tests (22 parameters) at 2 pre-tests and 1 post-test following an 8-week exercise program (2 sessions/week, combining aerobic and strength activities) in 2 consecutive years. The tests assessed muscle endurance, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and motor fitness. Results: Significant short-term improvements were observed, e.g., in isometric trunk flexion and extension endurance (21–37%) for both sexes in both years. Lower-body muscular endurance improved in the first year (9–12%) for both sexes, while cardiorespiratory fitness (6-min walk test) improved only for men in both years (3%). No changes were seen in submaximal cycle test heart rates or any balance tests in any year. Most fitness parameters did not significantly decrease during the 9-month inter-intervention period, with a few exceptions in trunk strength and walking distance. Conclusions: This study demonstrates physical fitness improvements in older adults following short-term exercise interventions and that some of these improvements were maintained long term, whereas a few of these physical fitness test improvements decreased significantly over 9 months in older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Public Health)
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27 pages, 803 KiB  
Systematic Review
Relationship Between Sedentary Lifestyle, Physical Activity and Stress in University Students and Their Life Habits: A Scoping Review with PRISMA Checklist (PRISMA-ScR)
by Mariasole Antonietta Guerriero, Anna Dipace, Antonietta Monda, Antonella De Maria, Rita Polito, Giovanni Messina, Marcellino Monda, Marilena di Padova, Angelo Basta, Maria Ruberto, Emanuele Capasso, Fiorenzo Moscatelli and Pierpaolo Limone
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010078 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
The global prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and the associated health risks, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and mental issues, is an epidemic worldwide problem, particularly in the university population. Background/Objectives: University students are particularly vulnerable because of academic pressure and lifestyle changes. Despite the [...] Read more.
The global prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and the associated health risks, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and mental issues, is an epidemic worldwide problem, particularly in the university population. Background/Objectives: University students are particularly vulnerable because of academic pressure and lifestyle changes. Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity in reducing mental stress and improving physical and mental well-being, the literature lacks effective interventions and standardized protocols for this population. This study aims to investigate the state of the art in literature regarding the correlation between the use of physical activity as a means of prevention and intervention and the effects on university students’ stress and mental well-being. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA protocol for scoping reviews, targeting university population with specific terms. Results: The review analyzed 61 articles and identified a consistent positive correlation between physical activity and stress reduction. Interventions included yoga, tai chi, aerobic exercise and moderate- or high-intensity exercise. A lack of standardized protocols were also evident. Conclusions: Physical activity is an effective means for managing stress and improving mental well-being among university students. An integrated approach combining different forms of exercise and strategies to regulate emotions could provide very effective effects on the mental well-being of students. Universities should propose physical activity programs in several forms to enable students to choose the most appropriate one and keep them active. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Neuroscience)
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21 pages, 1534 KiB  
Review
Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis
by Jiayin Wang, Dandan Jia, Zhiwang Zhang and Dan Wang
Metabolites 2025, 15(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15010059 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 393
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, is linked to physical disability, metabolic dysfunction, and an increased risk of mortality. Exercise therapy is currently acknowledged as a viable approach for addressing sarcopenia. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms behind [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, is linked to physical disability, metabolic dysfunction, and an increased risk of mortality. Exercise therapy is currently acknowledged as a viable approach for addressing sarcopenia. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms behind exercise training or physical activity remain poorly understood. The disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis is implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Exercise training effectively delays the onset of sarcopenia by significantly maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, including promoting mitophagy, improving mitochondrial biogenesis, balancing mitochondrial dynamics, and maintaining mitochondrial redox. Exerkines (e.g., adipokines, myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines), signaling molecules released in response to exercise training, may potentially contribute to skeletal muscle metabolism through ameliorating mitochondrial homeostasis, reducing inflammation, and regulating protein synthesis as a defense against sarcopenia. Methods: In this review, we provide a detailed summary of exercise-induced exerkines and confer their benefit, with particular focus on their impact on mitochondrial homeostasis in the context of sarcopenia. Results: Exercise induces substantial adaptations in skeletal muscle, including increased muscle mass, improved muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, elevated hormone release, and enhanced mitochondrial function. An expanding body of research highlights that exerkines have the potential to regulate processes such as mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, autophagy, and redox balance. These mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, thereby supporting skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial health. Conclusions: Through a comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms within mitochondria, the context reveals new insights into the potential of exerkines as key exercise-protective sensors for combating sarcopenia. Full article
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