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17 pages, 1406 KiB  
Review
Personalized and Precision Medicine in Asthma and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Role of T2 Target Therapy
by Diego Bagnasco, Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino, Mona-Rita Yacoub, Fulvio Braido, Maria Giulia Candeliere, Edoardo Giannini, Giovanni Passalacqua and Elisa Marabotto
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(9), 2359; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092359 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
The role of type 2 inflammation has been progressively associated with many diseases, including severe asthma, atopic dermatitis, nasal polyposis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and, recently, eosinophilic esophagitis. Despite this, the association between asthma and esophagitis is still poorly known, and this is [...] Read more.
The role of type 2 inflammation has been progressively associated with many diseases, including severe asthma, atopic dermatitis, nasal polyposis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and, recently, eosinophilic esophagitis. Despite this, the association between asthma and esophagitis is still poorly known, and this is probably because of the low prevalence of each disease and the even lower association between them. Nonetheless, observations in clinical trials and, subsequently, in real life, have allowed researchers to observe how drugs acting on type 2 inflammation, initially developed and marketed for severe asthma, could be effective also in treating eosinophilic esophagitis. For this reason, clinical trials specifically designed for the use of drugs targeted to type 2 inflammation were also developed for eosinophilic esophagitis. The results of clinical trials are presently promising and envisage the use of biologicals that are also likely to be employed in the field of gastroenterology in the near future. This review focuses on the use of biologicals for type 2 inflammation in cases of combined severe asthma and eosinophilic esophagitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biologics and Biosimilars)
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15 pages, 763 KiB  
Review
Specific Therapy for T2 Asthma
by Diego Bagnasco, Elisa Testino, Stefania Nicola, Laura Melissari, Maria Russo, Rikki Frank Canevari, Luisa Brussino and Giovanni Passalacqua
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(4), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040593 - 7 Apr 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4477
Abstract
Asthma is a disease with high incidence and prevalence, and its severe form accounts for approximately 10% of asthmatics. Over the last decade, the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the disease allowed the development of biological drugs capable of sufficiently controlling symptoms [...] Read more.
Asthma is a disease with high incidence and prevalence, and its severe form accounts for approximately 10% of asthmatics. Over the last decade, the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the disease allowed the development of biological drugs capable of sufficiently controlling symptoms and reducing the use of systemic steroids. The best-known mechanisms are those pertaining to type 2 inflammation, for which drugs were developed and studied. Those biological treatments affect crucial points of bronchial inflammation. Among the mechanisms explored, there were IgE (Omalizumab), interleukin 5 (Mepolizumab and Reslizumab), interleukin 5 receptor alpha (Benralizumab) and interleukin 4/13 receptor (Dupilumab). Under investigation and expected to be soon commercialized is the monoclonal antibody blocking the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (Tezepelumab). Seemingly under study and promising, are anti-interleukin-33 (itepekimab) and anti-suppressor of tumorigenicity-2 (astegolimab). With this study, we want to provide an overview of these drugs, paying particular attention to their mechanism of action, the main endpoints reached in clinical trials, the main results obtained in real life and some unclear points regarding their usage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Therapy of Asthma)
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