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40 pages, 5643 KB  
Article
Energy Systems in Transition: A Regional Analysis of Eastern Europe’s Energy Challenges
by Robert Santa, Mladen Bošnjaković, Monika Rajcsanyi-Molnar and Istvan Andras
Clean Technol. 2025, 7(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol7040084 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 580
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the energy systems in eight Eastern European countries—Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia—focusing on their energy transition, security of supply, decarbonisation, and energy efficiency. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the energy systems in eight Eastern European countries—Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia—focusing on their energy transition, security of supply, decarbonisation, and energy efficiency. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering techniques, we identify three different energy profiles: countries dependent on fossil fuels (e.g., Poland, Bulgaria), countries with a balanced mix of nuclear and fossil fuels (e.g., the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary), and countries focusing mainly on renewables (e.g., Slovenia, Croatia). The sectoral analysis shows that industry and transport are the main drivers of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, and the challenges and policy priorities of decarbonisation are determined. Regression modelling shows that dependence on fossil fuels strongly influences the use of renewable energy and electricity consumption patterns, while national differences in per capita electricity consumption are influenced by socio-economic and political factors that go beyond the energy structure. The Decarbonisation Level Index (DLI) indicator shows that Bulgaria and the Czech Republic achieve a high degree of self-sufficiency in domestic energy, while Hungary and Slovakia are the most dependent on imports. A typology based on energy intensity and import dependency categorises Romania as resilient, several countries as balanced, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Croatia as vulnerable. The projected investments up to 2030 indicate an annual increase in clean energy production of around 123–138 TWh through the expansion of nuclear energy, the development of renewable energy, the phasing out of coal, and the improvement of energy efficiency, which could reduce CO2 emissions across the region by around 119–143 million tons per year. The policy recommendations emphasise the accelerated phase-out of coal, supported by just transition measures, the use of nuclear energy as a stable backbone, the expansion of renewables and energy storage, and a focus on the electrification of transport and industry. The study emphasises the significant influence of European Union (EU) policies—such as the “Clean Energy for All Europeans” and “Fit for 55” packages—on the design of national strategies through regulatory frameworks, financing, and market mechanisms. This analysis provides important insights into the heterogeneity of Eastern European energy systems and supports the design of customised, coordinated policy measures to achieve a sustainable, secure, and climate-resilient energy transition in the region. Full article
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32 pages, 5858 KB  
Review
Geopolymer Materials: Cutting-Edge Solutions for Sustainable Design Building
by Laura Ricciotti, Caterina Frettoloso, Rossella Franchino, Nicola Pisacane and Raffaella Aversa
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167483 - 19 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1876
Abstract
The development of innovative and environmentally sustainable construction materials is a strategic priority in the context of the ecological transition and circular economy. Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials, derived from industrial and construction waste rich in aluminosilicates, are gaining increasing attention as low-carbon alternatives [...] Read more.
The development of innovative and environmentally sustainable construction materials is a strategic priority in the context of the ecological transition and circular economy. Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials, derived from industrial and construction waste rich in aluminosilicates, are gaining increasing attention as low-carbon alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which remains one of the main contributors to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and landfill-bound construction waste. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of geopolymer-based solutions for building and architectural applications, with a particular focus on modular multilayer panels. Key aspects, such as chemical formulation, mechanical and thermal performance, durability, technological compatibility, and architectural flexibility, are critically examined. The discussion integrates considerations of disassemblability, reusability, and end-of-life scenarios, adopting a life cycle perspective to assess the circular potential of geopolymer building systems. Advanced fabrication strategies, including 3D printing and fibre reinforcement, are evaluated for their contribution to performance enhancement and material customisation. In parallel, the use of parametric modelling and digital tools such as building information modelling (BIM) coupled with life cycle assessment (LCA) enables holistic performance monitoring and optimisation throughout the design and construction process. The review also explores the emerging application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning for predictive mix design and material property forecasting, identifying key trends and limitations in current research. Representative quantitative indicators demonstrate the performance and environmental potential of geopolymer systems: compressive strengths typically range from 30 to 80 MPa, with thermal conductivity values as low as 0.08–0.18 W/m·K for insulating panels. Life cycle assessments report 40–60% reductions in CO2 emissions compared with OPC-based systems, underscoring their contribution to climate-neutral construction. Although significant progress has been made, challenges remain in terms of long-term durability, standardisation, data availability, and regulatory acceptance. Future perspectives are outlined, emphasising the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, digital integration, and performance-based codes to support the full deployment of geopolymer technologies in sustainable building and architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon Building and Sustainable Built Environment)
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17 pages, 7402 KB  
Article
Multilayered Tissue Assemblies Through Tuneable Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoate Polymer (Mesh)-Reinforced Organ-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels
by Vasilena E. Getova, Alex Pascual, Rene Dijkstra, Magdalena Z. Gładysz, Didi Ubels, Malgorzata K. Wlodarczyk-Biegun, Janette K. Burgess, Jeroen Siebring and Martin C. Harmsen
Gels 2025, 11(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070539 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 920
Abstract
Multi-layer cell constructs produced in vitro are an innovative treatment option to support the growing demand for therapy in regenerative medicine. Our research introduces a novel construct integrating organ-derived decellularised extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels and 3D-printed biodegradable polymer meshes composed of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) [...] Read more.
Multi-layer cell constructs produced in vitro are an innovative treatment option to support the growing demand for therapy in regenerative medicine. Our research introduces a novel construct integrating organ-derived decellularised extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels and 3D-printed biodegradable polymer meshes composed of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) to support and maintain multiple layers of different cell types. We achieved that by integrating the mechanical stability of PHBV+P34HB, commonly used in the food storage industry, with a dECM hydrogel, which replicates organ stiffness and supports cellular survival and function. The construct was customised by adjusting the fibre arrangement and pore sizes, making it a suitable candidate for a personalised design. We showed that the polymer is degradable after precoating it with PHB depolymerase (PhaZ), with complete degradation achieved in 3–5 days and delayed by adding the hydrogel to 10 days, enabling tuneable degradation for regenerative medicine applications. Finally, as a proof of concept, we composed a three-layered tissue in vitro; each layer represented a different tissue type: epidermal, vascular, and subcutaneous layers. Possible future applications include wound healing and diabetic ulcer paths, personalised drug delivery systems, and personalised tissue implants. Full article
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30 pages, 787 KB  
Systematic Review
Success Factors in Transport Interventions: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review (1990–2022)
by Pierré Esser, Shehani Pigera, Miglena Campbell, Paul van Schaik and Tracey Crosbie
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030082 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 718
Abstract
This study is titled “Success Factors in Transport Interventions: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review (1990–2022)”. The purpose of the systematic review is to (1) identify effective interventions for transitioning individuals from private car reliance to sustainable transport, (2) summarise psychosocial theories shaping transportation choices [...] Read more.
This study is titled “Success Factors in Transport Interventions: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review (1990–2022)”. The purpose of the systematic review is to (1) identify effective interventions for transitioning individuals from private car reliance to sustainable transport, (2) summarise psychosocial theories shaping transportation choices and identify enablers and barriers influencing sustainable mode adoption, and (3) determine the success factors for interventions promoting sustainable transport choices. The last search was conducted on 18 November 2022. Five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, and ProQuest) were searched using customised Boolean search strings. The identified papers were included or excluded based on the following criteria: (a) reported a modal shift from car users or cars to less CO2-emitting modes of transport, (b) covered the adoption of low-carbon transport alternatives, (c) comprised interventions to promote sustainable transport, (d) assessed or measured the effectiveness of interventions, or (e) proposed behavioural models related to mode choice and/or psychosocial barriers or drivers for car/no-car use. The identified papers eligible for inclusion were critically appraised using Sirriyeh’s Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa to evaluate the risk of bias throughout the review process, and low-quality studies identified by the quality assessment were excluded to prevent sample bias. Qualitative data were extracted in a contextually relevant manner, preserving context and meaning to avoid the author’s bias of misinterpretation. Data were extracted using a form derived from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data transformation and synthesis followed the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institution for mixed-method systematic reviews using a convergent integrated approach. Of the 7999 studies, 4 qualitative, 2 mixed-method, and 30 quantitative studies successfully passed all three screening cycles and were included in the review. Many of these studies focused on modelling individuals’ mode choice decisions from a psychological perspective. In contrast, case studies explored various transport interventions to enhance sustainability in densely populated areas. Nevertheless, the current systematic reviews do not show how individuals’ inner dispositions, such as acceptance, intention, or attitude, have evolved from before to after the implementation of schemes. Of the 11 integrated findings, 9 concerned enablers and barriers to an individual’s sustainable mode choice behaviour. In addition, two integrated findings emerged based on the effectiveness of the interventions. Although numerous interventions target public acceptance of sustainable transport, this systematic review reveals a critical knowledge gap regarding their longitudinal impact on individuals and effectiveness in influencing behavioural change. However, the study may be affected by language bias as it only included peer-reviewed articles published in English. Due to methodological heterogeneity across the studies, a meta-analysis was not feasible. Further high-quality research is needed to strengthen the evidence. This systematic review is self-funded and has been registered on the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY; Registration Number INPLASY202420011). Full article
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34 pages, 1765 KB  
Article
A Machine Learning-Based Intelligent Framework for Predicting Energy Efficiency in Next-Generation Residential Buildings
by Hafiz Muhammad Shakeel, Shamaila Iram, Richard Hill, Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid, Akbar Sheikh-Akbari and Farrukh Saleem
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081275 - 13 Apr 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1754
Abstract
Improving energy efficiency is a major concern in residential buildings for economic prosperity and environmental stability. Despite growing interest in this area, limited research has been conducted to systematically identify the primary factors that influence residential energy efficiency at scale, leaving a significant [...] Read more.
Improving energy efficiency is a major concern in residential buildings for economic prosperity and environmental stability. Despite growing interest in this area, limited research has been conducted to systematically identify the primary factors that influence residential energy efficiency at scale, leaving a significant research gap. This paper addresses the gap by exploring the key determinant factors of energy efficiency in residential properties using a large-scale energy performance certificate dataset. Dimensionality reduction and feature selection techniques were used to pinpoint the key predictors of energy efficiency. The consistent results emphasise the importance of CO2 emissions per floor area, current energy consumption, heating cost current, and CO2 emissions current as primary determinants, alongside factors such as total floor area, lighting cost, and heated rooms. Further, machine learning models revealed that Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and LightGBM deliver the lowest mean square error scores of 6.305, 6.023, 7.733, 5.477, and 5.575, respectively, and demonstrated the effectiveness of advanced algorithms in forecasting energy performance. These findings provide valuable data-driven insights for stakeholders seeking to enhance energy efficiency in residential buildings. Additionally, a customised machine learning interface was developed to visualise the multifaceted data analyses and model evaluations, promoting informed decision-making. Full article
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31 pages, 1957 KB  
Article
Overcoming Barriers to the Adoption of Decision Support Systems in Integrated Pest Management in Some European Countries
by Jurij Marinko, Vladimir Kuzmanovski, Mark Ramsden and Marko Debeljak
Agronomy 2025, 15(2), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020426 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1801
Abstract
Decision support systems (DSSs) can improve decision making in integrated pest management (IPM), but are still underutilised despite proven environmental and economic benefits. To overcome the barriers to DSS adoption, this study analyses survey data from 31 farmers and 94 farm advisors, researchers [...] Read more.
Decision support systems (DSSs) can improve decision making in integrated pest management (IPM), but are still underutilised despite proven environmental and economic benefits. To overcome the barriers to DSS adoption, this study analyses survey data from 31 farmers and 94 farm advisors, researchers and developers across 11 European countries. Using machine learning techniques, respondents were first categorised into clusters based on their responses to the questionnaire. The clusters were then explained using classification trees. For each cluster, customised approaches were proposed to overcome the barriers to DSS adoption. For farmers, these include building trust through co-development, offering free trials, organising practical workshops and providing clear instructions for use. For farm advisors and researchers, involvement in the development of DSS and giving them access to information about the characteristics of the DSS is crucial. IPM DSS developers should focus on 14 key recommendations to improve trust and the ease of use, increase the transparency of DSS descriptions and validation, and extend development to underserved sectors such as viticulture and vegetable farming. These recommendations aim to increase the uptake of DSSs to ultimately improve the implementation of IPM practises and help reduce the risk and use of pesticides across Europe despite the ever-growing challenges in agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)
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9 pages, 1092 KB  
Editorial
Innovative and Sustainable Advances in Polymer Composites for Additive Manufacturing: Processing, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties
by Mohd Shahneel Saharudin, Asif Ullah and Muhammad Younas
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9020051 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2433
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionised the production of customised components across industries such as the aerospace, automotive, healthcare, electronics, and renewable energy industries. Offering unmatched design freedom, reduced time-to-market, and minimised material waste, AM enables the fabrication of high-quality, customised products with greater [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionised the production of customised components across industries such as the aerospace, automotive, healthcare, electronics, and renewable energy industries. Offering unmatched design freedom, reduced time-to-market, and minimised material waste, AM enables the fabrication of high-quality, customised products with greater sustainability compared to traditional methods like machining and injection moulding. Additionally, AM reduces energy consumption, resource requirements, and CO2 emissions throughout a material’s lifecycle, aligning with global sustainability goals. This paper highlights insights into the sustainability of AM polymers, comparing bio-based and traditional polymers. Bio-based polymers exhibit lower carbon footprints during production but may face challenges in durability and mechanical performance. Conversely, traditional polymers, while more robust, require higher energy inputs and contribute to greater carbon emissions. Polymer composites tailored for AM further enhance material properties and support the development of innovative, eco-friendly solutions. This Special Issue brings together cutting-edge research on polymer composites in AM, focusing on processing techniques, microstructure–property relationships, mechanical performance, and sustainable manufacturing practices. These advancements underscore AM’s transformative potential to deliver versatile, high-performance solutions across diverse industries. Full article
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15 pages, 13367 KB  
Article
Effect of Alloying and Reinforcing Nanocomposites on the Mechanical, Tribological, and Wettability Properties of Pulse-Electrodeposited Ni Coatings
by Aashish John, Adil Saeed and Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan
Micromachines 2025, 16(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020175 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1157
Abstract
Research into the introduction of alloying and reinforcing nanocomposites into nickel (Ni) coatings has been motivated by the need for tribologically superior coatings that will improve energy efficiency. Using pulse electrodeposition, this work investigates the effects of adding cobalt (Co) as the alloying [...] Read more.
Research into the introduction of alloying and reinforcing nanocomposites into nickel (Ni) coatings has been motivated by the need for tribologically superior coatings that will improve energy efficiency. Using pulse electrodeposition, this work investigates the effects of adding cobalt (Co) as the alloying nanoparticle and silicon carbide (SiC), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) as reinforcing nanocomposites to Ni coatings. The surface properties, mechanical strength, nanotribological behaviour, and wettability of these coatings were analysed. Surface characteristics were evaluated by the use of a Scanning Electron Microscope, revealing a grain dimension reduction of approximately ~7–43% compared to pristine Ni coatings. When alloying and reinforcing nanocomposites were added to Ni coatings, nanoindentation research showed that there was an increase in nanohardness of ~12% to ~69%. This resulted in an improvement in the tribological performance from approximately 2% to 65%.The hydrophilic nature of Ni coatings was observed with wettability analysis. This study demonstrates that nanocomposite reinforcement can be used to customise Ni coatings for applications that require exceptional tribological performance. The results point to the use of Ni-Co coatings for electronics and aerospace sectors, with more improvements possible with the addition of reinforcing nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D:Materials and Processing)
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20 pages, 558 KB  
Article
Facilitating Access to Mental Health Services: A Stakeholder-Driven Improvement of the Children and Young People (CYP) as One Referral Platform
by Kristof Santa, Chloe Dixon, Rafaela Neiva Ganga, Gemma Trainor, Grahame Smith, Victoria Furfie and Holly Brown
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(6), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060784 - 16 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2455
Abstract
(1) Background: Pre-pandemic, child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) referrals were paper based in Liverpool and Sefton (England, United Kingdom), causing delays in waiting times. The “CYP as One” online mental health referral platform was co-created to overcome these challenges. (2) Methods: [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Pre-pandemic, child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) referrals were paper based in Liverpool and Sefton (England, United Kingdom), causing delays in waiting times. The “CYP as One” online mental health referral platform was co-created to overcome these challenges. (2) Methods: This study aims to improve “CYP as One” accessibility and usability and, subsequently, support CAMHS to improve waiting times. The current study utilised the Living Lab approach. We conducted content analysis on completed online referrals extracted from the “CYP as One” platform. These findings were supplemented by seven online focus groups, with 16–19-year-old young people, parents of children under 16, and health service providers. Thematic analysis was conducted on all data. (3) Results: The thematic analysis returned seven themes, namely (i) ”CYP as One” vs. Traditional Referrals, (ii) Gender and Language Dynamics, (iii) Digital Empathy in Action, (iv) the Influence of the Provider Perspective, (v) Age and Social Sensitivity, (vi) Enhancing Access to Information, and (vii) Boosting Admin and Clinical Efficiency. (4) Conclusions: Digital content that seeks to replace in-person referrals can provide adequate support to children and young people who have faced difficulties accessing mental health services. Full article
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12 pages, 626 KB  
Article
External Quality Assessment (EQA) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA Point-of-Care Testing in Primary Healthcare Services: Analytical Performance over Seven EQA Cycles
by Susan J. Matthews, Kelcie Miller, Kelly Andrewartha, Melisa Milic, Deane Byers, Peter Santosa, Alexa Kaufer, Kirsty Smith, Louise M. Causer, Belinda Hengel, Ineka Gow, Tanya Applegate, William D. Rawlinson, Rebecca Guy and Mark Shephard
Diagnostics 2024, 14(11), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111106 - 26 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2479
Abstract
In April 2020, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander COVID-19 Point-of-Care (POC) Testing Program was initiated to improve access to rapid molecular-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in First Nations communities. At capacity, the program reached 105 health services across Australia. An external review estimated the [...] Read more.
In April 2020, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander COVID-19 Point-of-Care (POC) Testing Program was initiated to improve access to rapid molecular-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in First Nations communities. At capacity, the program reached 105 health services across Australia. An external review estimated the program contributed to averting between 23,000 and 122,000 COVID-19 infections within 40 days of the first infection in a remote community, equating to cost savings of between AU$337 million and AU$1.8 billion. Essential to the quality management of this program, a customised External Quality Assessment (EQA) program was developed with the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Programs (RCPAQAP). From July 2020 to May 2022, SARS-CoV-2 EQA participation ranged from 93 to 100%. Overall concordance of valid EQA results was high (98%), with improved performance following the first survey. These results are consistent with those reported by 12 Australian and 4 New Zealand laboratories for three SARS-CoV-2 RNA EQA surveys in March 2020, demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 RNA POC testing in primary care settings can be performed to an equivalent laboratory analytical standard. More broadly, this study highlights the value of quality management practices in real-world testing environments and the benefits of ongoing EQA program participation. Full article
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15 pages, 585 KB  
Article
Development of AI-Based Tools for Power Generation Prediction
by Ana Paula Aravena-Cifuentes, Jose David Nuñez-Gonzalez, Andoni Elola and Malinka Ivanova
Computation 2023, 11(11), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11110232 - 16 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3233
Abstract
This study presents a model for predicting photovoltaic power generation based on meteorological, temporal and geographical variables, without using irradiance values, which have traditionally posed challenges and difficulties for accurate predictions. Validation methods and evaluation metrics are used to analyse four different approaches [...] Read more.
This study presents a model for predicting photovoltaic power generation based on meteorological, temporal and geographical variables, without using irradiance values, which have traditionally posed challenges and difficulties for accurate predictions. Validation methods and evaluation metrics are used to analyse four different approaches that vary in the distribution of the training and test database, and whether or not location-independent modelling is performed. The coefficient of determination, R2, is used to measure the proportion of variation in photovoltaic power generation that can be explained by the model’s variables, while gCO2eq represents the amount of CO2 emissions equivalent to each unit of power generation. Both are used to compare model performance and environmental impact. The results show significant differences between the locations, with substantial improvements in some cases, while in others improvements are limited. The importance of customising the predictive model for each specific location is emphasised. Furthermore, it is concluded that environmental impact studies in model production are an additional step towards the creation of more sustainable and efficient models. Likewise, this research considers both the accuracy of solar energy predictions and the environmental impact of the computational resources used in the process, thereby promoting the responsible and sustainable progress of data science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Computation—Computational Engineering)
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17 pages, 2687 KB  
Article
Customised Microporous Carbon 3D Structures with Good Mechanical Properties and High Nitrogen Content Obtained from Whey Powders
by Raúl Llamas-Unzueta, Luis A. Ramírez-Montoya, J. Angel Menéndez and Miguel A. Montes-Morán
C 2023, 9(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040100 - 24 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
Novel customised carbon monoliths with a high specific surface area were synthesised by carbonisation plus activation of dehydrated whey powders, a biomass byproduct of the dairy industry. The whey powders were casted directly by pouring them into a desired mould. After a pseudo-sintering [...] Read more.
Novel customised carbon monoliths with a high specific surface area were synthesised by carbonisation plus activation of dehydrated whey powders, a biomass byproduct of the dairy industry. The whey powders were casted directly by pouring them into a desired mould. After a pseudo-sintering process promoted by the self-reaction of the whey components (mostly lactose and whey proteins) at moderate temperatures (ca. 250 °C), 3D porous carbons were obtained. The process did not require any binder or external overpressure to prepare the 3D porous carbons. Upon thermal activation with CO2 or chemical activation with H3PO4 and KOH, the shape of the monolithic structure was preserved after the development of a microporous network (SBET up to 2400 m2/g). Both thermal and chemical activation had little effect on the macroporosity of the monoliths. Activation of these 3D carbons had to be performed with care to avoid heterogeneous skin/core activation and/or overactivation. Highly porous monoliths (SBET of 980 m2/g; open porosity of 70%) with outstanding compressive strength (10 MPa) could be obtained by thermal activation (CO2) of whey monoliths at 850 °C for 1.5 h. Additionally, the use of whey as a precursor provided the carbon monolith with a relatively high nitrogen content (ca. 3 wt.%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass—a Renewable Resource for Carbon Materials (2nd Edition))
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22 pages, 8263 KB  
Article
Using Virtual Reality to Support Retrieval Practice in Blended Learning: An Interdisciplinary Professional Development Collaboration between Novice and Expert Teachers
by Pamela Cowan and Rachel Farrell
Digital 2023, 3(3), 251-272; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital3030016 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4003
Abstract
This small-scale study comprised an evaluation of a teacher professional learning experience that involved the collaborative creation of resources using immersive virtual reality (VR) as a retrieval practice tool, specifically focusing on the open access aspects of the SchooVR platform. SchooVR offers teachers [...] Read more.
This small-scale study comprised an evaluation of a teacher professional learning experience that involved the collaborative creation of resources using immersive virtual reality (VR) as a retrieval practice tool, specifically focusing on the open access aspects of the SchooVR platform. SchooVR offers teachers and students tools to enhance teaching and learning by providing a range of virtual field trips and the ability to create customised virtual tours aligned with curriculum requirements. By leveraging the immersive 360° learning environment, learners can interact with content in meaningful ways, fostering engagement and deepening understanding. This study draws on the experiences of a group of postgraduate teacher education students and co-operating teachers in Ireland and Northern Ireland who collaborated on the creation of a number of immersive learning experiences across a range of subjects during a professional learning event. The research showcases how immersive realities, such as VR, can be integrated effectively into blended learning spaces to create resources that facilitate retrieval practice and self-paced study, thereby supporting the learning process. By embedding VR experiences into the curriculum, students are given opportunities for independent practice, review, and personalised learning tasks, all of which contribute to the consolidation of knowledge and the development of metacognitive skills. The findings suggest that SchooVR and similar immersive technologies have the potential to enhance educational experiences and promote effective learning outcomes across a variety of subject areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Multimedia-Based Digital Learning)
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27 pages, 23008 KB  
Article
Architecture for Community-Based Ageing—A Shape Grammar for Transforming Typical Single-Family Houses into Older People’s Cohousing in Slovenia
by Ana Belčič and Sara Eloy
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020453 - 7 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6013
Abstract
In Slovenia, the existing organised housing infrastructure for people over 65 years of age is insufficient and lacks diversification. Older people are often homeowners, many of whom dwell in large, underused single-family houses that require adaptations. Some have the potential to be transformed [...] Read more.
In Slovenia, the existing organised housing infrastructure for people over 65 years of age is insufficient and lacks diversification. Older people are often homeowners, many of whom dwell in large, underused single-family houses that require adaptations. Some have the potential to be transformed into small co-housing communities of 3–6 older people. The houses in question are mostly pattern-book houses of various types, built in the first decades after WWII. To approach the problem of converting this mass resource while providing enough flexibility for individual customisation, a shape grammar was proposed, with the intension of expanding the range of design variations for the transformation of single-family houses and presenting them to both users and architects for further assessment. The shape grammar was inferred based on a corpus of case studies developed by architecture students across two weeklong workshops. Three general strategies emerged—splitting the house vertically (according to sleeping/private and living/communal functions), horizontally, or with the maximum number of sleeping/private spaces. Essential spaces were catalogued to determine the conditions and requirements for assigning every transformation rule. The result was a simple, yet versatile composition generator. Through the development of a user-friendly interface, this resource could be used to empower potential inhabitants in the transformation design process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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23 pages, 2985 KB  
Article
A Script-Based Cycle-True Verification Framework to Speed-Up Hardware and Software Co-Design: Performance Evaluation on ECC Accelerator Use-Case
by Luca Zulberti, Stefano Di Matteo, Pietro Nannipieri, Sergio Saponara and Luca Fanucci
Electronics 2022, 11(22), 3704; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223704 - 12 Nov 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
Digital designs complexity has exponentially increased in the last decades. Heterogeneous Systems-on-Chip integrate many different hardware components which require a reliable and scalable verification environment. The effort to set up such environments has increased as well and plays a significant role in digital [...] Read more.
Digital designs complexity has exponentially increased in the last decades. Heterogeneous Systems-on-Chip integrate many different hardware components which require a reliable and scalable verification environment. The effort to set up such environments has increased as well and plays a significant role in digital design projects, taking more than 50% of the total project time. Several solutions have been developed with the goal of automating this task, integrating various steps of the Very Large Scale Integration design flow, but without addressing the exploration of the design space on both the software and hardware sides. Early in the co-design phase, designers break down the system into hardware and software parts taking into account different choices to explore the design space. This work describes the use of a framework for automating the verification of such choices, considering both hardware and software development flows. The framework automates compilation of software, cycle-true simulations and analyses on synthesised netlists. It accelerates the design space exploration exploiting the GNU Make tool, and we focus on ensuring consistency of results and providing a mechanism to obtain reproducibility of the design flow. In design teams, the last feature increases cooperation and knowledge sharing from single expert to the whole team. Using flow recipes, designers can configure various third-party tools integrated into the modular structure of the framework, and make workflow execution customisable. We demonstrate how the developed framework can be used to speed up the setup of the evaluation flow of an Elliptic-Curve-Cryptography accelerator, performing post-synthesis analyses. The framework can be easily configured taking approximately 30 min, instead of few days, to build up an environment to assess the accelerator performance and its resistance to simple power analysis side-channel attacks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VLSI Design, Testing, and Applications)
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