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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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25 pages, 5663 KiB  
Article
Spatial Ability Performance in Interior Design and Architecture: Comparison of Static and Virtual Reality Modes
by Ji Young Cho and Joori Suh
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3128; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123128 - 17 Dec 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4636
Abstract
Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology have enabled its integration into learning diverse aspects of spatial components and relationships in the field of spatial design, as well as designing, communicating, collaborating, and managing complex building projects. With the growing interest in incorporating [...] Read more.
Recent advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology have enabled its integration into learning diverse aspects of spatial components and relationships in the field of spatial design, as well as designing, communicating, collaborating, and managing complex building projects. With the growing interest in incorporating VR technology in spatial design, examining whether people understand, perceive, and perform spatial tasks in the same way in VR as they do in static modes is essential. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare spatial ability performance in a conventional static paper–desktop mode and an interactive VR mode. Thirty students completed the Architecture and Interior Design Domain–Specific Spatial Ability Test in both modes. Their visual cognitive style was measured with the Object–Spatial Imagery Questionnaire, and their responses to the usability of the VR mode were analyzed. The results revealed: (a) significant difference in performance between static and VR modes, including better performance in three spatial visualization subconstructs in static mode than in VR; (b) no gender difference in VR mode; (c) a tendency of spatial visualizers to benefit from VR mode; and (d) a tendency of people with high spatial ability to be more susceptible to test mode. Overall, the results contribute to expanding our understanding of spatial ability performance in different test modes and provide insights concerning the integration of VR into the development of spatial ability tools and education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Interior Design Towards the Sustainable Environment: People, Environment, Design, Technology)
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17 pages, 3935 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Mechanical and Thermal Performance and Environmental Impact of Flax-Fiber-Reinforced Gypsum Boards
by Oladikpo Gatien Agossou and Sofiane Amziane
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3098; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123098 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3378
Abstract
Gypsum board is a building material known for its various qualities and functional characteristics, including its low density, fire resistance, thermal insulation, moisture regulation, and decorative appeal. However, it is important to consider the environmental aspects, as the production of one ton of [...] Read more.
Gypsum board is a building material known for its various qualities and functional characteristics, including its low density, fire resistance, thermal insulation, moisture regulation, and decorative appeal. However, it is important to consider the environmental aspects, as the production of one ton of gypsum board releases approximately 355 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere. This research aims to reduce the carbon footprint while improving the mechanical and thermal properties of gypsum boards. To achieve this objective, flax fibers of three different lengths (12 mm, 24 mm, and 36 mm) were used to replace gypsum at a certain volume fraction. Incorporating up to 10% flax fiber effectively offsets the carbon footprint of gypsum boards. However, practical constraints related to the processing conditions and mechanical strength limited the addition of flax fiber to levels of 1%, 2%, and 3%. A 3% fiber incorporation gave us a more homogeneous mix with good workability, ensuring good mechanical performance and a 29% reduction in the carbon footprint. This study showed an improvement in flexural strength for flax-fiber-reinforced composites regardless of their length. In particular, the addition of 3% flax fiber (36 mm in length) showed the most significant increase in flexural strength, exceeding 438%. In addition, the mechanical behavior, including toughness, showed improvements over unreinforced gypsum. Flax fibers were found to be effective in bridging microcracks and limiting their propagation. Notably, all reinforced composites showed a decrease in thermal conductivity, resulting in a 47% improvement in thermal insulation with the addition of flax fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future-Proofing Bio-Based Building Materials)
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14 pages, 706 KiB  
Article
Index of Residential Development: Evaluation of the Possibility of New Residential Construction Depending on the City Plan
by Petr Vařbuchta and Vít Hromádka
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3016; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123016 - 3 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1359
Abstract
This article focuses on the issue of the urban development of cities and their residential development from the perspective of spatial planning. Spatial planning fundamentally determines what kind of construction is feasible in cities. However, spatial plans often do not consider spatial limits, [...] Read more.
This article focuses on the issue of the urban development of cities and their residential development from the perspective of spatial planning. Spatial planning fundamentally determines what kind of construction is feasible in cities. However, spatial plans often do not consider spatial limits, which often go against the proposed ways of using the given sites, or make their use fundamentally difficult, for example, by disproportionately increasing of the costs of residential construction, when it is necessary to remediate old burdens in the defined locality. The subject of the presented research was to examine the possibility of establishing an Index of Residential Development (IoRD), which evaluates the possibilities of residential development in the territory of urban agglomerations. The aim of the research, in the form of establishing of an Index of Residential Development (IoRD), was to assess how it is possible to consider spatial limits associated with residential construction in urban intravilanes in order to identify the objectives of further spatial development planned by cities. Subsequently, the partial aim of the research was also to create a usable tool for support in the decision making of development organizations on the location of their project in a given space. Based on the results of the research, it was deduced that the limits associated with the residential development in intravilanes based on the IoRD could be considered. Clear links were also shown between the limits in the territory and the impaired possibility of construction in cities with zoning plans, which did not respond to the limits in the territory by adding other design zones, or completely ignored them. Although the methodology for determining of the Index of Residential Development (IoRD) was verified due to the availability of data in the case study carried out in the Czech Republic city of Brno, the methodology is applicable to any urban agglomeration even outside the Czech Republic when fulfilling the conditions defined in the article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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26 pages, 3223 KiB  
Article
An Automated Prefabricated Facade Layout Definition for Residential Building Renovation
by Kepa Iturralde, Samanti Das, Aravind Srinivasaragavan, Thomas Bock and Christoph Holst
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2981; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122981 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
The rising global energy demand has made it essential to reduce energy consumption in the residential building stock. Adding a new insulating envelope with Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) onto the existing buildings’ facade is one way to achieve zero energy consumption in residential [...] Read more.
The rising global energy demand has made it essential to reduce energy consumption in the residential building stock. Adding a new insulating envelope with Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) onto the existing buildings’ facade is one way to achieve zero energy consumption in residential buildings. The ENSNARE project aims to semi-automate this process by using prefabricated facade modules and developing new building data acquisition techniques. Prior to this research project, an analysis was carried out and several research gaps were identified. One of the obstacles to using prefabricated modules with RES is that the layout needs to be drawn and adjusted during different phases of the project. That is time-consuming. For this reason, this article describes two new solutions: (1) automated drafting of the optimized layout of prefabricated modules of the facade and the number of solar panels based on the existing residential building model, and (2) automated adjustment of the layout depending on the phase of the renovation project and the accuracy of the measurements in each step. The proposed semi-automated approach has the potential to significantly reduce the time used in drafting the layout of the prefabricated modules, which benefits the whole renovation process, contributing to a more sustainable future for the residential building stock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Adaptability of Residential Planning and Design to World-Changing Events)
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18 pages, 5809 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance of a 1:4 Scale Two-Story Rammed Earth Model Reinforced with Steel Plates Tested on a Bi-Axial Shaking Table
by Natalia Barrera, Daniel M. Ruiz, Juan C. Reyes, Yezid A. Alvarado and Daniela Carrasco-Beltrán
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2950; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122950 - 27 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Latin American cities adopted earthen construction techniques from European colonizers. As a result, rammed earth (RE) buildings now occupy an important place in Latin America’s cultural heritage. However, earthquakes around the world have shown that unreinforced earthen [...] Read more.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Latin American cities adopted earthen construction techniques from European colonizers. As a result, rammed earth (RE) buildings now occupy an important place in Latin America’s cultural heritage. However, earthquakes around the world have shown that unreinforced earthen constructions are highly vulnerable. For several years, researchers in northern South America have been proposing a technique that consists of installing confining steel plates (or wooden elements) on both sides of the RE walls to form a grid. This system has shown excellent performance in controlling seismic damage and increasing strength and ductility capacity. Although researchers have tested full-scale one- and two-story earthen walls under pseudo-static loading in the laboratory, and one- and two-story earthen walls at 1:1 and 1:2 scales on uniaxial and biaxial shaking tables, the behavior of a complete reinforced module (one- or two-story) on a shaking table has never been assessed. The present study presents the results of shaking table tests performed on two-story RE modules at 1:4 scale. The experimental data indicate that the retrofit system with confining steel plates was effective in reducing the seismic damage of earthen constructions. In addition, the comparison of the results of the 1:4 scale tests with the 1:2 and 1:1 scale tests previously conducted by the researchers shows that the acceleration levels of the equivalent prototypes are in the same order of magnitude for the three scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research and Prospect of Buildings Seismic Performance)
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19 pages, 559 KiB  
Article
District Energy Viewed from the New Bauhaus Initiative Perspective—Sustainable, Inclusive and Aesthetic Heat
by Kristina Lygnerud, Nathalie Fransson, Mirjam Särnbratt, Emilia Motoasca, Thomas Neven, Janka Vanschoenwinkel, Carolina Pastor, Andrea Gabaldón and Alberto Belda
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2930; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122930 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1330
Abstract
(1) Background: To support the energy transition in Europe, the EU has launched multiple initiatives. Supporting the “Green Deal” is the New European Bauhaus (NEB). District heating and cooling (DHC) is an important part of a decarbonized European energy system, and its role [...] Read more.
(1) Background: To support the energy transition in Europe, the EU has launched multiple initiatives. Supporting the “Green Deal” is the New European Bauhaus (NEB). District heating and cooling (DHC) is an important part of a decarbonized European energy system, and its role in the transition has been stressed by the EU. In this paper, DHC is, for the first time, reviewed assuming the NEB principles. (2) Method: a literature review combined with a review of three cases was used for collecting data. (3) Results: It is confirmed that DHC has strong sustainability values. It is also identified that DHC can become increasingly inclusive by adopting updated digital platforms and new technologies for heat recovery that necessitate close customer interaction whilst recovering waste heat. The least exploited principle is aesthetics. It could sharpen city planning by combining energy system and energy efficiency perspectives, increase the practice of multifunctional buildings (for example energy provision and recreation), and foster a closer interplay between architecture and energy. (4) Conclusions: for both innovating and expanding DHC, the NEB principles can serve as catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New European Bauhaus (NEB) in Architecture, Construction and Urbanism)
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22 pages, 6559 KiB  
Article
Advancing the Circular Economy: Reusing Hybrid Bio-Waste-Based Gypsum for Sustainable Building Insulation
by Sameh Balti, Abderrahim Boudenne, Naima Belayachi, Lasâad Dammak and Noureddine Hamdi
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122939 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2336
Abstract
Finding eco-friendly products that are beneficial to the environment and serve as tools for sustainable development is a contemporary challenge. This work illustrates the recovery of bio-waste-based materials, which not only improve the hygrothermal properties of gypsum but also promote the paper and [...] Read more.
Finding eco-friendly products that are beneficial to the environment and serve as tools for sustainable development is a contemporary challenge. This work illustrates the recovery of bio-waste-based materials, which not only improve the hygrothermal properties of gypsum but also promote the paper and wood recycling processes in a circular economy approach. The samples were subjected to tests for density, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, flexural strength, compressive strength, and thermophysical property characterization. A statistical analysis of variance was used to study the impact of waste on the physico-mechanical behavior of gypsum, leading to the development of predictive models that can be used to predict and optimize the performance of bio-composites in various applications. The results revealed a reduction in mechanical strength with the addition of waste, but the samples still exhibit superior insulation properties, surpassing commonly used standard boards. By adding ouate and wood wastes to a mass of 20% in its natural state, the gypsum becomes lighter and acts as a better insulator with a reduced density, thermal conductivity, and ultrasound velocity of up to 50%, 57%, and 83%, respectively. These findings show the significant implication of reducing environmental impacts while contributing to the promotion of sustainable building practices, both in new construction projects and in building renovations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphysics Analysis of Construction Materials)
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20 pages, 11963 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Water/Cement/Bentonite Ratio Used for Construction of Cut-Off Walls
by Cristian-Ștefan Barbu, Andrei-Dan Sabău, Daniel-Marcel Manoli, Manole-Stelian Șerbulea, Ruxandra Erbașu, Daniela Țăpuși, Olga Szlachetka, Justyna Dzięcioł, Anna Baryła, Marek Dohojda and Wojciech Sas
Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122922 - 23 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
In recent years, because of the continuous expansion of urban areas, an increased necessity to isolate historically polluted sites by means of artificial, flexible, low-permeability barriers has emerged. Moreover, due to cost and efficiency considerations, various combinations of materials that fulfill the previously [...] Read more.
In recent years, because of the continuous expansion of urban areas, an increased necessity to isolate historically polluted sites by means of artificial, flexible, low-permeability barriers has emerged. Moreover, due to cost and efficiency considerations, various combinations of materials that fulfill the previously stated requirements have been proposed. On the basis of a literature review, this paper analyses the relationships between water, cement, and bentonite, and the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting material created in combination with standard sand introduced in the mixture using a ratio of 2:1 with respect to the solid part of the mixture (cement and bentonite). The quantity of standard sand was established following previous research conducted by the authors. The relation between water, cement, and bentonite is analyzed through properties such as viscosity, permeability, and undrained cohesion, and the representation of mixtures and their corresponding parameters was carried out using a ternary diagram. This paper provides a graphical approach to finding the optimum water/bentonite/cement mixture required for barrier design, taking into account permeability, undrained cohesion, and mixture viscosity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete)
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26 pages, 2409 KiB  
Review
Increasing Solar Reflectivity of Building Envelope Materials to Mitigate Urban Heat Islands: State-of-the-Art Review
by Bahador Ziaeemehr, Zahra Jandaghian, Hua Ge, Michael Lacasse and Travis Moore
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112868 - 16 Nov 2023
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7077
Abstract
The Urban Heat Island (UHI), a consequence of urban development, leads to elevated temperatures within cities compared to their rural counterparts. This phenomenon results from factors such as urban designs, anthropogenic heat emissions, and materials that absorb and retain solar radiation in the [...] Read more.
The Urban Heat Island (UHI), a consequence of urban development, leads to elevated temperatures within cities compared to their rural counterparts. This phenomenon results from factors such as urban designs, anthropogenic heat emissions, and materials that absorb and retain solar radiation in the built environment. Materials commonly used in cities, like concrete, asphalt, and stone, capture solar energy and subsequently emit it as heat into the surroundings. Consequently, this phenomenon amplifies summertime cooling energy demands in buildings. To mitigate the UHI impacts, various mitigation strategies have emerged that include but are not limited to using higher solar reflectivity materials, known as “cool materials”, and increasing vegetation and greenery in urban areas. Cool materials have high reflectivity and emissivity, effectively reflecting solar radiation while emitting absorbed heat through radiative cooling. Increasing the solar reflectivity of building envelope materials is a promising sustainable solution to lessen the UHI effects. This state-of-the-art review summarizes the UHI causes and effects, states the mitigation strategies, describes the cool building envelope materials, explains the solar reflectivity index measurements, indicates the building and micro-climate simulations, highlights the performance evaluation of using cool building envelope materials, points out the research gaps, and proposes future research opportunities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigate the Effects of Urban Heat Islands and Urban Flooding)
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26 pages, 9666 KiB  
Article
Blast Resistance in Sandwich Structures Based on TPMS
by Li He, Tengfei Li, Dongwang Zhong, Haohao Tao, Yuesen Peng and Shasha Chen
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2835; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112835 - 12 Nov 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2401
Abstract
This study analyzes the blast resistance in triple-period minimal surface (TPMS) sandwich panel structures with a cellular structure. The explosion test of the TPMS sandwich panel was carried out, and experimental data verified the effectiveness of the finite element model. Four TPMS configurations, [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the blast resistance in triple-period minimal surface (TPMS) sandwich panel structures with a cellular structure. The explosion test of the TPMS sandwich panel was carried out, and experimental data verified the effectiveness of the finite element model. Four TPMS configurations, Diamond, Gyroid, IWP, and Primitive, were selected as the core of the sandwich panel to determine the dynamic response process of the TPMS sandwich panel under the action of a blast load. The effects of the thickness of the core material and the explosive charge on the blast resistance in the TPMS sandwich panel were investigated. The results show that the increase in core thickness reduces the blast energy absorption efficiency of the sandwich panel, and the energy resistance in the Diamond configuration sandwich panel is stronger than the other three configurations under the same blast load; the increase in explosive charge significantly increases the displacement of the sandwich panel, and the Gyroid configuration shows better energy absorption effect; different TPMS configurations and panel thickness have a significant effect on the deformation and energy absorption of the sandwich panel under the blast load. The results of this study can promote the application of TPMS sandwich structures in blast-resistant structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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13 pages, 9322 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Compressive Strength in Cementitious Composites through Effective Use of Wasted Oyster Shells and Admixtures
by Inyeong Cha, Jinwoong Kim and Heeyoung Lee
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112787 - 6 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2351
Abstract
Wasted oyster shells generate environmental pollution and odor, thereby causing inconvenience to people. In addition, low-quality aggregates are generated owing to the lack of sand. To address these problems, cementitious composites that replaced sand with oyster shell powder were fabricated in this study, [...] Read more.
Wasted oyster shells generate environmental pollution and odor, thereby causing inconvenience to people. In addition, low-quality aggregates are generated owing to the lack of sand. To address these problems, cementitious composites that replaced sand with oyster shell powder were fabricated in this study, and a total 120 specimens were fabricated (specimen size: 50×50×50 mm3). The oyster shell substitution rate for sand, admixture type, and presence or absence of admixture were set as the experimental parameters. Herein, 0, 30, 70, and 100% of sand was replaced with oyster shell powder to examine the compressive strength of the cementitious composites according to the oyster shell powder content. The experiment results confirmed the decrease in the compressive strength of the cementitious composite with an increase in the oyster shell powder content. In the case of the cementitious composites mixed with oyster shell powder, silica fume, blast furnace slag, and an air-entraining water-reducing agent, the compressive strength increased by up to 30% with an increase in the oyster shell powder content. The results of cementitious composites containing oyster shell powder and admixture fabricated in this study indicate the potential of oyster shells as a new construction material that can replace sand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Cementitious Materials: Exploring the Latest Trends and Future Outlook)
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21 pages, 11935 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Corbels Using Concrete Damage Plasticity: Sensitivity to Material Parameters and Comparison with Analytical Models
by Ygor Moriel Neuberger, Maykon Vinicius Andrade, Alex Micael Dantas de Sousa, Mariana Bandieira, Edivaldo Pereira da Silva Júnior, Herisson Ferreira dos Santos, Bruna Catoia, Emerson Alexandro Bolandim, Vinicius Borges de Moura Aquino, André Luis Christoforo and Marcelo de Araújo Ferreira
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112781 - 5 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2563
Abstract
The Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model is a widely used constitutive model to represent the non-linear behavior of concrete in numerical analysis. However, a limited number of studies compared the level of accuracy of numerical models with the main code provisions from the [...] Read more.
The Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model is a widely used constitutive model to represent the non-linear behavior of concrete in numerical analysis. However, a limited number of studies compared the level of accuracy of numerical models with the main code provisions from the literature. In addition, the influence of CDP material parameters on the structural behavior of corbels was scarcely studied. This study proposes to evaluate the ability of numerical models using CDP to represent the structural behavior of corbels regarding the ultimate load, reinforcement deformation and failure mechanism. In addition, we compared the predictions of the numerical models with the ones from design code expressions regarding the ultimate capacity. For this, three test results of corbels from the literature were evaluated with numerical models using the CDP, as well as with analytical models from different code provisions. A sensitivity analysis—by changing the dilation angle (ψ) and shape factor (Kc)—was performed. The comparison between tested and predicted resistances with the proposed numerical modeling choices was equal to 1.04 with a coefficient of variation of 11%. On the other hand, the analytical models evaluated overestimated the corbel capacity by more than 62%, on average. Therefore, the proposed modeling choices provide better predictions of ultimate capacity than the evaluated analytical models and can be used to assess the corbel design under more complex boundary conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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21 pages, 1364 KiB  
Systematic Review
Barriers and Enablers to the Adoption of Circular Economy Concept in the Building Sector: A Systematic Literature Review
by Abdulaziz AlJaber, Pedro Martinez-Vazquez and Charalampos Baniotopoulos
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2778; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112778 - 4 Nov 2023
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8279
Abstract
The building sector is a major contributor to global resource consumption and waste generation. The circular economy (CE) concept offers a promising alternative to the traditional linear economy by promoting the reuse, remanufacture, repair, and recycling of materials and products. However, the adoption [...] Read more.
The building sector is a major contributor to global resource consumption and waste generation. The circular economy (CE) concept offers a promising alternative to the traditional linear economy by promoting the reuse, remanufacture, repair, and recycling of materials and products. However, the adoption of CE in the building sector faces several barriers. This paper presents a systematic literature review utilising the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach, focusing on the barriers and enablers influencing the adoption of the CE concept in the building sector. Drawing from an analysis of numerous papers published between 2008 and 2023, we identified a high number of barriers and enablers that delay the integration of CE. The barriers were categorised into six categories: awareness, technical, economic and market, implementation, support/promotion, and social. The paper also discusses the interdependence of the identified barriers, using a co-occurrence matrix. The study findings indicate lack of CE regulations, fragment supply chain, and high upfront investment cost as major barriers to the implementation of CE in the building sector. Based on the study results, stringent governance and legislation, financial incentives, and the development of technology and innovation for circular building tools are critical factors for the successful implementation of CE principles. The results of this study provide a comprehensive overview of the feasibility to CE adoption in the building sector, which could also help to develop strategies to accelerate the transition to an integrated CE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Implementation of Circular Economy in Buildings)
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25 pages, 10132 KiB  
Review
Advances in Shape Memory Alloy-Based Reinforcement in Steel Structures: A Review
by Chenxi Shao and Yonghui Huang
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2760; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112760 - 1 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3958
Abstract
The utilization of shape memory alloys (SMAs) to reinforce steel structures has been proven to be an efficient and reliable method, the structural strengthening needs can be met without the need for tensioning equipment by activating the SMAs to generate restoring stresses. This [...] Read more.
The utilization of shape memory alloys (SMAs) to reinforce steel structures has been proven to be an efficient and reliable method, the structural strengthening needs can be met without the need for tensioning equipment by activating the SMAs to generate restoring stresses. This paper firstly introduces the properties of SMA, and then presents the latest research progress, opportunities and challenges of SMA in the field of steel structural reinforcement, both in terms of basic components and applications. In terms of components, the construction forms and working mechanisms of Fe-SMA strips, SMA/CFRP composite patches and SMA dampers are introduced. On this basis, the application of SMA in steel structures reinforcement is introduced, and its effect is analyzed from three aspects: crack restoration, seismic retrofitting and structural strengthening. Finally, the results of the current research are summarized and the shortcomings are analyzed, hoping to provide a reference for the research of SMA in the field of steel structures reinforcement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Steel Structure)
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23 pages, 3427 KiB  
Article
Policy Mapping for Net-Zero-Carbon Buildings: Insights from Leading Countries
by An Le, Navodana Rodrigo, Niluka Domingo and Sepani Senaratne
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2766; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112766 - 1 Nov 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5062
Abstract
The construction industry is a key contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, with buildings alone accounting for 39% of the global energy-related carbon emissions. Global carbon emissions from building operations increased by 5% in 2021 compared to 2020. However, the United Nations signed the [...] Read more.
The construction industry is a key contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, with buildings alone accounting for 39% of the global energy-related carbon emissions. Global carbon emissions from building operations increased by 5% in 2021 compared to 2020. However, the United Nations signed the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015 with global leaders, setting a limit to temperature increases below 2.0 °C or 1.5 °C. To achieve this goal, countries have established net-zero targets to reach carbon neutrality by mid-century. However, while some countries are making significant progress, others lag behind. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating the actions taken by countries toward carbon neutrality, and on developing a policy roadmap for the construction industry to meet the net-zero-carbon commitments. This research adopted a systematic document review, including document analysis. The evaluation of countries’ practices towards achieving net-zero targets reveals both similarities and differences. The policy maps developed can be customised for decarbonising a country’s overall construction industry and building sector. This study provides insights for research, practice, and society, emphasising the importance of achieving net-zero targets through the implementation of policies, roadmaps, plans, and strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon (NZC) Building Design and Construction)
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16 pages, 6752 KiB  
Article
Empirical Case Study on Applying Artificial Intelligence and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for the Efficient Visual Inspection of Residential Buildings
by Hyunkyu Shin, Jonghoon Kim, Kyonghoon Kim and Sanghyo Lee
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2754; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112754 - 31 Oct 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3560
Abstract
Continuous inspections and observations are required to preserve the safety and condition of buildings. Although the number of deteriorated buildings has increased over the years, traditional inspection methods are still used. However, this approach is time-consuming, costly, and carries the risk of poor [...] Read more.
Continuous inspections and observations are required to preserve the safety and condition of buildings. Although the number of deteriorated buildings has increased over the years, traditional inspection methods are still used. However, this approach is time-consuming, costly, and carries the risk of poor inspection owing to the subjective intervention of the inspector. To overcome these limitations, many recent studies have developed advanced inspection methods by integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods during the visual inspection stage. However, the inspection approach using UAV and AI can vary in operation and data acquisition methods depending on the building structures. Notably, in the case of residential buildings, it is necessary to consider how to operate UAVs and how to apply AI due to privacy issues of residents and various exterior contour shapes. Thus, an empirical case study was adopted in this study to explore the integration of UAVs and artificial intelligence (AI) technology to inspect the condition of structures, focusing on residential buildings. As a result, this study proposed the field-adopted UAV operation method and AI-based defect detection model for adopting the residential buildings. Moreover, the lessons learned from holistic and descriptive analyses, which include drone application limitations, points of improvement of data collection, and items to be considered when AI and UAV based inspection for residential buildings, are summarized in this paper. The discussed problems and results derived from this study can contribute to future AI- and UAV-based building inspections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Monitoring of Building Structures: Emerging Technologies and Approaches)
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14 pages, 2426 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation and Prediction for Bending Creep of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Pultruded Tube
by Kaige Cheng, Yaohui Wang, Hai Fang, Changgen Qian and Peng Wu
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2714; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112714 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
This study experimentally investigates the bending creep behavior of a pultruded tube made of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and provides the corresponding fitting model as well as the life prediction equation. In the experiment process, the static bending test is performed first to [...] Read more.
This study experimentally investigates the bending creep behavior of a pultruded tube made of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and provides the corresponding fitting model as well as the life prediction equation. In the experiment process, the static bending test is performed first to determine the ultimate load-bearing capacities. Then, the creep experiments lasting 3000 h are conducted for GFRP pultruded tubes with 50%, 55%, 60%, and 65% fiber contents, subjected to four different load levels, i.e., 20%, 32.5%, 45%, 57.5%, and 70%, of the ultimate load-bearing capacity. The results indicate that the creep behavior exhibits linear viscoelasticity for load levels below 45%, while the specimens under load levels of 57.5% and 70% experienced creep failure before 1500 h. The test results indicate that for GFRP tubes, the higher the load level, the more pronounced the creep deformation, and specimens with a higher fiber content exhibit better creep resistance compared to those with lower fiber content. When the load level is less than 45%, the creep behavior appears as linear viscoelasticity. However, at a load level of 57.5%, the specimens experience shear failure, and at a load level of 70%, the specimens undergo overall bending failure. In addition, the prediction equation of creep deflection for GFRP pultruded tubes in linear viscoelasticity is developed by utilizing the Bailey–Norton model and the Findley model, and the prediction equation of creep life is acquired by fitting the experimental data with an exponential function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Sustainable Building Materials and Structures)
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18 pages, 7159 KiB  
Article
CFD Analysis of Building Cross-Ventilation with Different Angled Gable Roofs and Opening Locations
by Jingyuan Shi, Changkai Zhao and Yanan Liu
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2716; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112716 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
The geometric shape of the roof and the opening position are important parameters influencing the internal cross-ventilation of buildings. Although there has been extensive research on natural ventilation, most of it has focused on flat or sloping roofs with the same opening positions. [...] Read more.
The geometric shape of the roof and the opening position are important parameters influencing the internal cross-ventilation of buildings. Although there has been extensive research on natural ventilation, most of it has focused on flat or sloping roofs with the same opening positions. There is still limited research on the impact of different opening positions and sloping roofs on natural ventilation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to investigate the air exchange efficiency (AEE) in general isolated buildings. These buildings encompassed three distinct opening configurations (top–top, top–bottom, and bottom–top) and six varying slope angles for gable roofs (0°, 9°, 18°, 27°, 36°, and 45°). Computational simulations were carried out using the SST k-omega turbulence model, and validation was performed against experimental data supplied by the Japanese AIJ Wind Tunnel Laboratory. Grid independence validation was also conducted to ensure the reliability of the CFD simulation results. The study revealed that the highest AEE was 48.1%, achieved with the top–bottom opening configuration and a gable roof slope angle of 45°. Conversely, the lowest AEE was 31.4%, attained with the bottom–top opening configuration and a gable roof slope angle of 27°. Furthermore, it was observed that when the opening configuration was set to top–top and bottom–top, the slope angle of the gable roof had minimal influence on AEE, with an average AEE of only around 33%. When the opening configuration was top–bottom, it was found that there was a positive correlation between the gable roof slope angle and AEE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Climate and Energy Efficiency in Buildings)
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25 pages, 27348 KiB  
Article
Damage Analysis and Quality Control of Carbon-Reinforced Concrete Beams Based on In Situ Computed Tomography Tests
by Frank Liebold, Franz Wagner, Josiane Giese, Szymon Grzesiak, Christoph de Sousa, Birgit Beckmann, Matthias Pahn, Steffen Marx, Manfred Curbach and Hans-Gerd Maas
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102669 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1963
Abstract
Carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC) is increasingly utilized in construction, due to its unique properties, such as corrosion resistance, high-tensile strength, and durability. Understanding its behavior under different loads is crucial to ensuring its safe and effective use in various construction applications. In this study, [...] Read more.
Carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC) is increasingly utilized in construction, due to its unique properties, such as corrosion resistance, high-tensile strength, and durability. Understanding its behavior under different loads is crucial to ensuring its safe and effective use in various construction applications. In this study, three-point bending tests were performed in combination with large-scale in situ computed tomography (CT). This paper presents the related three- and four-dimensional evaluation methods, with emphasis on crack width and quality control. The focus was on large CRC beams, with cross-sectional sizes of up to 80 mm by 160 mm. Such dimensions require extremely high energy during a CT scan. Therefore, a new experimental setup with energies of up to 8 MeV was used in this study. However, such high energies posed new challenges to the analysis methods. Therefore, two methods (digital volume correlation and grayscale profile analysis) for accurate crack width estimation were adapted and applied to the 3D reconstructions. In addition, a photogrammetric stereo image sequence was acquired and analyzed, using digital image correlation to cross-validate the results derived from the 3D crack width estimates. The 3D CT images also played a key role in the quality control measures, including the localization of the carbon-reinforcement and the assessment of porosity within the concrete structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Performance of Non-metallic Reinforced Concrete)
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17 pages, 5735 KiB  
Review
Demand Response in Buildings: A Comprehensive Overview of Current Trends, Approaches, and Strategies
by Ruzica Jurjevic and Tea Zakula
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102663 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3640
Abstract
Power grids in the 21st century face unprecedented challenges, including the urgent need to combat pollution, mitigate climate change, manage dwindling fossil fuel reserves, integrate renewable energy sources, and meet greater energy demand due to higher living standards. These challenges create heightened uncertainty, [...] Read more.
Power grids in the 21st century face unprecedented challenges, including the urgent need to combat pollution, mitigate climate change, manage dwindling fossil fuel reserves, integrate renewable energy sources, and meet greater energy demand due to higher living standards. These challenges create heightened uncertainty, driven by the intermittent nature of renewables and surges in energy consumption, necessitating adaptable demand response (DR) strategies. This study addresses this urgent situation based on a statistical analysis of recent scientific research papers. It evaluates the current trends and DR practices in buildings, recognizing their pivotal role in achieving energy supply–demand equilibrium. The study analysis provides insight into building types, sample sizes, DR modeling approaches, and management strategies. The paper reveals specific research gaps, particularly the need for more detailed investigations encompassing building types and leveraging larger datasets. It underscores the potential benefits of adopting a multifaceted approach by combining multiple DR management strategies to optimize demand-side management. The findings presented in this paper can provide information to and guide future studies, policymaking, and decision-making processes to assess the practical potential of demand response in buildings and ultimately contribute to more resilient and sustainable energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Sustainable Buildings: Energy Use, Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupant Satisfaction)
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25 pages, 5221 KiB  
Article
Managing Safety Risks from Overlapping Construction Activities: A BIM Approach
by Armin Rashidi Nasab, Hassan Malekitabar, Hazem Elzarka, Ala Nekouvaght Tak and Khashayar Ghorab
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102647 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4496
Abstract
Addressing safety risks in construction is an ongoing priority, and integrating safety considerations into construction scheduling is a crucial aspect of this effort. A notable challenge is the safety risk posed by concurrent tasks, which has received limited attention in prior research. This [...] Read more.
Addressing safety risks in construction is an ongoing priority, and integrating safety considerations into construction scheduling is a crucial aspect of this effort. A notable challenge is the safety risk posed by concurrent tasks, which has received limited attention in prior research. This study aims to address this research gap by introducing a novel Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based model that assesses the increased hazardousness resulting from overlapping construction activities. Historically, research has predominantly focused on individual task safety, with less emphasis on the risks associated with overlapping activities. Our innovative approach introduces the concept of a ‘source–target’ match, which evaluates the degree of hazardousness escalation when activities overlap. Drawing on data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) fatal accident reports, we extracted 11 hazardous and 9 susceptibility attributes to build a source–target match table. This table reveals the characteristics of activities that generate hazardous conflicts when overlapping. The key contribution of this research is the assessment, prioritization, and visualization of risk levels in a BIM environment. This framework empowers safety managers to proactively address safety risks resulting from overlapping construction activities, ultimately reducing accidents in the construction industry. By shedding light on this overlooked aspect of construction safety, our research highlights the importance of integrating safety considerations into construction scheduling and provides a practical tool for mitigating risks, enhancing workplace safety, and ultimately improving project outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health in the Construction Industry)
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26 pages, 938 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Impact of Outdoor Environment on Indoor Thermal Environment
by Yaolin Lin, Tao Huang, Wei Yang, Xiancun Hu and Chunqing Li
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102600 - 15 Oct 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5642
Abstract
Outdoor environment exchanges heat with indoor environment, enabling pollutants to infiltrate indoors, affecting buildings’ energy efficiency, comfort, and indoor air quality. Investigating the impact of the outdoor environment on the indoor thermal environment is crucial. Firstly, this paper reviews the coupling method to [...] Read more.
Outdoor environment exchanges heat with indoor environment, enabling pollutants to infiltrate indoors, affecting buildings’ energy efficiency, comfort, and indoor air quality. Investigating the impact of the outdoor environment on the indoor thermal environment is crucial. Firstly, this paper reviews the coupling method to link the outdoor environment with the indoor environment. Secondly, it examines the impact of the outdoor physical environment, including neighboring buildings, greening, road surface, water body, and sky, on the indoor thermal environment. During the hottest summer, an increase of 17% in trees can reduce indoor temperature by 1.1 °C. Thirdly, the impact of weather conditions, including outdoor temperature, outdoor humidity, external wind, global warming, extreme weather conditions, and solar radiation, on the indoor thermal environment is studied. Due to global warming, cooling energy consumption and heating energy consumption in 2050 could increase by 223% to 1050%, and heating demand could decrease by 36% to 58%. Finally, the impact of outdoor air pollution on indoor environment and energy consumption is analyzed. For every 75 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration, average power consumption could increase by 11.2%. Recommendations for future research are provided. This study contributes to the understanding of the outdoor–indoor thermal relationship and offers insights into enhancing indoor thermal comfort and reducing building energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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20 pages, 15369 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Crack Behavior of CRC Using 4D Computed Tomography, Photogrammetry, and Fiber Optic Sensing
by Josiane Giese, Max Herbers, Frank Liebold, Franz Wagner, Szymon Grzesiak, Christoph de Sousa, Matthias Pahn, Hans-Gerd Maas, Steffen Marx, Manfred Curbach and Birgit Beckmann
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102595 - 14 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2002
Abstract
The highly irregular crack pattern of reinforced concrete has been studied primarily at the surface. The ability to extend image correlation into the interior of structures by using X-ray computed tomography (CT) opens up new possibilities for analyzing the internal mechanics of concrete. [...] Read more.
The highly irregular crack pattern of reinforced concrete has been studied primarily at the surface. The ability to extend image correlation into the interior of structures by using X-ray computed tomography (CT) opens up new possibilities for analyzing the internal mechanics of concrete. In order to enable a complete material characterization, it is necessary to study the crack geometry at the micro level in 3D images over time, i.e., 4D data. This paper presents the results of in situ CT tests that were carried out on carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC) beams subjected to bending load. The main objective of the tests was the experimental analysis of the evolution of individual cracks at different stages of their formation by applying digital volume correlation (DVC) to the 4D image data from the computed tomography. The results obtained from the CT were compared with other measurement techniques, such as distributed fiber optic sensing, clip gauges, and digital image correlation (DIC). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Performance of Non-metallic Reinforced Concrete)
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20 pages, 15178 KiB  
Article
Impact of Daylighting on Visual Comfort and on the Biological Clock for Teleworkers in Residential Buildings
by Ignacio Acosta, Miguel Ángel Campano, Laura Bellia, Francesca Fragliasso, Francesca Diglio and Pedro Bustamante
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2562; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102562 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1872
Abstract
The current socio-economic scenario has promoted telecommuting at home for a significant number of workers, mainly due to the sanitary situation experienced and the improvement in communication technologies. However, the work context at home is often not suitable for teleworking since the environmental [...] Read more.
The current socio-economic scenario has promoted telecommuting at home for a significant number of workers, mainly due to the sanitary situation experienced and the improvement in communication technologies. However, the work context at home is often not suitable for teleworking since the environmental conditions are not usually adequate for good performance and the wellness of workers. The received light, both in quantity and in spectrum, affects the visual comfort and performance of the worker through the regulation of the circadian stimulus. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to ascertain the influence of natural daylight on the performance and health of teleworkers, considering a room at home analyzed in three different locations, two orientations, two-time schedules, and two window shapes. The impact of natural light on health was assessed using the Circadian Stimulus Autonomy (CSA) produced by daylight during the morning, while the illuminance requirement was defined in accordance with the Daylight Autonomy (DA). The results obtained were contrasted with a real test cell under real daylight conditions. The conclusions of this study serve to determine the suitable windowed areas of the analyzed room where teleworkers obtain the appropriate lighting performance and well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environment, Energy and Health)
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16 pages, 6704 KiB  
Article
Chopped Straw as an Insulation Material: The Influence of Different Blow-In Technologies and Flame Retardants on Hygrothermal Properties
by Tarja Salonen, Henriette Fischer and Azra Korjenic
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2555; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102555 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4996
Abstract
The demand for renewable resources in building construction is increasing, and wheat straw is an excellent option due to its superior environmental performance compared to traditional insulation materials. However, the hygrothermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation have remained largely unexplored. At the [...] Read more.
The demand for renewable resources in building construction is increasing, and wheat straw is an excellent option due to its superior environmental performance compared to traditional insulation materials. However, the hygrothermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation have remained largely unexplored. At the moment, blown-in straw is only blown in vertically, although horizontal blowing would be more efficient depending on the situation. This study investigates the effect of different blowing techniques on the thermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation, focusing on the difference between vertical and horizontal blowing techniques. In-situ-measured thermal conductivities were compared with design values used in energy balances. In addition, the long-term hygrothermal behavior of chopped wheat straw insulation treated with flame retardants was investigated. The methodology included heat flow plate measurements, needle probe measurements and laboratory measurements using the hot plate method. The results show that there is no significant difference in thermal performance between the blowing techniques. The measured thermal conductivities were lower than expected, challenging the current general normative moisture surcharge on the thermal conductivity of natural fiber insulation. The addition of the flame retardant had no noticeable effect on the hygrothermal properties of the chopped straw. Chopped wheat straw can be regarded as a highly ecological insulation material with great potential for the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings' Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency for a Sustainable Construction)
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24 pages, 10079 KiB  
Article
Object Detection and Distance Measurement Algorithm for Collision Avoidance of Precast Concrete Installation during Crane Lifting Process
by Yik Pong Yong, Seo Joon Lee, Young Hee Chang, Kyu Hyup Lee, Soon Wook Kwon, Chung Suk Cho and Su Wan Chung
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2551; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102551 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2718
Abstract
In the construction industry, the process of carrying heavy loads from one location to another by means of a crane is inevitable. This reliance on cranes to carry heavy loads is more obvious when it comes to high-rise building construction. Depending on the [...] Read more.
In the construction industry, the process of carrying heavy loads from one location to another by means of a crane is inevitable. This reliance on cranes to carry heavy loads is more obvious when it comes to high-rise building construction. Depending on the conditions and requirements on-site, various types of construction lifting equipment (i.e., cranes) are being used. As off-site construction (OSC) is gaining more traction recently, cranes are becoming more important throughout the construction project as precast concrete (PC) members are major components of OSC calling for lifting work. As a result of the increased use of cranes on construction sites, concerns about construction safety as well as the effectiveness of existing load collision prevention systems are attracting more attention from various parties involved. Besides the inherent risks associated with heavy load lifting, the unpredictable movement of on-site workers around the crane operation area, along with the presence of blind spots that obstruct the crane operator’s field-of-view (FOV), further increase the accident probability during crane operation. As such, the need for a more reliable and improved collision avoidance system that prevents lifted loads from hitting other structures and workers is paramount. This study introduces the application of deep learning-based object detection and distance measurement sensors integrated in a complementary way to achieve the stated need. Specifically, the object detection technique was used with the application of an Internet Protocol (IP) camera to detect the workers within the crane operation radius, whereas ultrasonic sensors were used to measure the distance of surrounding obstacles. Both applications were designed to work concurrently so as to prevent potential collisions during crane lifting operations. The field testing and evaluation of the integrated system showed promising results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotics and Automation in the Construction Industry)
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24 pages, 4622 KiB  
Review
Identifying Emerging Technologies and Skills Required for Construction 4.0
by Alex Sander Clemente de Souza and Luciana Debs
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2535; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102535 - 7 Oct 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4175
Abstract
Connectivity, digitization, and emerging Industry 4.0 technology such as AI, automation, robotics, IoT, and cyber-physical space have transformed social relations, the means of production, and the world of labor. The construction industry has also been transformed by Industry 4.0 technologies, mainly through Building [...] Read more.
Connectivity, digitization, and emerging Industry 4.0 technology such as AI, automation, robotics, IoT, and cyber-physical space have transformed social relations, the means of production, and the world of labor. The construction industry has also been transformed by Industry 4.0 technologies, mainly through Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based digitization. This revolution in the construction industry has been called Construction 4.0 and is based on the use of innovative technologies that promote digitalization and automation of design, construction, and management processes. Furthermore, the workforce for the construction industry in the context of Construction 4.0 must have adequate skills for this new scenario. Previous literature reviews have analyzed the idea of transitioning the construction industry to Construction 4.0 and implementing specific technologies in the industry. However, there has been limited exploration of the skills necessary for the Construction 4.0 workforce. This article aims to address this gap by identifying the technologies and skills that have been scientifically researched and applied in the construction industry, specifically related to the concepts of Industry 4.0 and Construction 4.0. Utilizing a scoping literature review in the Scopus database, this study seeks to identify: (i) emergent C4.0 technologies in the AEC industry; and (ii) which skills or competencies are demanded when using these technologies. All of our bibliographical searches are inserted and restricted to the concept of Construction 4.0. A total of 108 articles related to technologies and 15 related to skills in the Construction 4.0 context were selected for analysis. Twenty-one technologies were identified and grouped into five sets according to their similarities and applications: AI-assisted technologies, Advanced manufacture, Smart tools, Digital simulation/Visualization, and Data acquisition/detection. The skills were identified and grouped into soft and hard skills. However, the findings point out that the new skills needed by the workforce are described in a dispersed way, without a central theme of research in the context of Construction 4.0. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the transformations towards Construction 4.0 and provide data for industry and universities to respond appropriately to the new demands of the construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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27 pages, 2424 KiB  
Review
Indoor Environmental Quality and Comfort in Offices: A Review
by Virginia Isabella Fissore, Silvia Fasano, Giuseppina Emma Puglisi, Louena Shtrepi and Arianna Astolfi
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102490 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5186
Abstract
People spend about 90% of their time in closed spaces such as residential and office environments, and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has effects on their health, well-being, overall comfort and work productivity. The IEQ domains (i.e., thermal, acoustic, visual and indoor air quality) [...] Read more.
People spend about 90% of their time in closed spaces such as residential and office environments, and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has effects on their health, well-being, overall comfort and work productivity. The IEQ domains (i.e., thermal, acoustic, visual and indoor air quality) are able to influence office users’ work day and even cause the onset of diseases. This review aims at investigating IEQ in offices and the multidomain combined effects on occupants’ overall comfort. Studies published between 2016 and 2022 were summarized, focusing on four research questions formulated to deepen the knowledge on (i) IEQ perception and evaluation, (ii) IEQ indexes and parameters, (iii) factors that influence comfort perception and (iv) IEQ and comfort representation in space and time. For these research questions, a total of 29, 19, 10 and 9 studies, found on the Scopus database through a keywords search, were considered, respectively. The studies were included only if they appraised a multidomain approach. The results obtained for each research question reveal that: (i) Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) surveys are often applied to understand how occupants perceive IEQ, and in-field monitoring based on low-cost sensors is implemented more and more to acquire IEQ data, (ii) a set of indexes and parameters for IEQ assessment is not standardized yet, although some parameters are commonly used, (iii) personal factors like age and gender, and contextual factors like workstation location and office type, influence occupants’ comfort perception and (iv) dashboards are used to allow office end-users to visualize the indoor conditions of the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environment Quality: Smart Technology in Thermal Comfort, Ventilation, Humidity, Hygiene, Lighting, Acoustics and Water Supply)
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18 pages, 10658 KiB  
Article
Construction Progress Monitoring through the Integration of 4D BIM and SLAM-Based Mapping Devices
by Giorgio P. M. Vassena, Luca Perfetti, Sara Comai, Silvia Mastrolembo Ventura and Angelo L. C. Ciribini
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2488; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102488 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4199
Abstract
In the architecture, engineering and construction industry, site management during construction is a key phase. Scheduling activities and monitoring their progress allow any deviations from the schedule to be identified so that timely action can be taken. Until now, the monitoring phase has [...] Read more.
In the architecture, engineering and construction industry, site management during construction is a key phase. Scheduling activities and monitoring their progress allow any deviations from the schedule to be identified so that timely action can be taken. Until now, the monitoring phase has mainly been characterised by inspections in which the construction site manager manually collects data and produces a summary report. This proves to be a time-consuming process and is prone to errors. The authors propose an innovative construction progress monitoring method that combines BIM-based construction scheduling (4D BIM) with periodic geometric surveying using an indoor mobile mapping system (iMMS). Ten surveys were carried out on a real case study, producing point clouds to be compared with the 4D BIM, thereby comparing the as-built with the as-planned. The comparison was carried out using Sitemotion exploiting a custom class, the work breakdown structure (WBS), added to the BIM to associate each element with its scheduled construction date. The results show how the proposed method can effectively support the evaluation of construction progress, allowing the monitoring to be performed digitally and linked to the BIM. The paper details the proposed methodology, highlighting the problems encountered and suggesting adjustments for future implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on BIM-Based Building Process Management)
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16 pages, 9536 KiB  
Article
Effects of 3D Concrete Printing Phases on the Mechanical Performance of Printable Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
by Anne Linde van Overmeir, Branko Šavija, Freek P. Bos and Erik Schlangen
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102483 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1695
Abstract
Several studies have shown the potential of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) as a self-reinforcing printable mortar. However, papers published on the development of three-dimensional printable SHCC (3DP-SHCC) often report a discrepancy between the mechanical properties of the cast and printed specimens. This paper [...] Read more.
Several studies have shown the potential of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) as a self-reinforcing printable mortar. However, papers published on the development of three-dimensional printable SHCC (3DP-SHCC) often report a discrepancy between the mechanical properties of the cast and printed specimens. This paper evaluates the effect of each successive phase of the printing process on the mechanical properties of the composite. To this end, materials were collected at three different stages in the printing process, i.e., after each of mixing, pumping, and extruding. The collected 3DP-SHCC materials were then cast in specimen moulds and their mechanical properties after curing were obtained. The resulting findings were juxtaposed with the mechanical properties of the specimens derived from a fully printed 3DP-SHCC element, and our findings indicate that while the density and the compressive strength are not significantly influenced by the printing process, the flexural and tensile strength, along with their associated deflection and strain, are strongly affected. Additionally, this research identifies the pumping phase as the primary phase influencing the mechanical properties during the printing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Concrete Printing: Materials, Process, Design and Application)
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22 pages, 6585 KiB  
Article
Structural Health Monitoring of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Prisms with Polyolefin Macro-Fibers Using a Piezoelectric Materials Network under Various Load-Induced Stress
by Maria C. Naoum, Nikos A. Papadopoulos, Maristella E. Voutetaki and Constantin E. Chalioris
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2465; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102465 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 1496
Abstract
This experimental study investigates the influence of synthetic macro-fibers added in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) prismatic specimens on their flexural response and overall cracking performance. Application of a novel structural health monitoring (SHM) system that implements the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique and the use [...] Read more.
This experimental study investigates the influence of synthetic macro-fibers added in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) prismatic specimens on their flexural response and overall cracking performance. Application of a novel structural health monitoring (SHM) system that implements the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique and the use of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers installed in the FRC prisms are also included. The applied PZT-enabled EMI-based monitoring system was developed to diagnose damage and the overall performance in reinforced concrete (RC) structural members subjected to cyclic repeated loading, simulating seismic excitations in existing RC buildings. The paper also aims to determine the sensitivity of the real-time, wireless, and portable monitoring technique corresponding to the location, the distance, the direction of polarization of the PZT transducers and the location and magnitude of damage due to flexural cracking. Further, the influence of the effect of stresses corresponding at various loading levels and the observed changes in the ΕΜΙ frequency response of the PZT transducers are also examined. Test results indicated that cracking detection is achieved using this SHM system by prompt damage level assessment due to the FRC’s flexural load at early seismic loading stages in existing RC buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Seismic Performance of RC Members of Existing, Modern and Strengthened RC Buildings)
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20 pages, 1286 KiB  
Review
Review of Mesoscale Geometric Models of Concrete Materials
by Jiajun Zhang, Rujin Ma, Zichao Pan and Haijun Zhou
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102428 - 23 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
Concrete can be regarded as a composite material comprising aggregates, cement mortar, and an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) at the mesoscale. The mechanical properties and durability of concrete are influenced by the properties of these three phases. The establishment of a mesoscale model [...] Read more.
Concrete can be regarded as a composite material comprising aggregates, cement mortar, and an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) at the mesoscale. The mechanical properties and durability of concrete are influenced by the properties of these three phases. The establishment of a mesoscale model of concrete and the execution of numerical simulations constitute an efficacious research method. It is an efficacious method to research concrete by establishing the mesoscale model of concrete and executing numerical simulations. By this method, the influence of an aggregate shape on concrete performance can be studied. This paper presents a systematic review of mesoscale modeling methods for concrete, with a focus on three aspects: the aggregate modeling method, the collision detection algorithm, and the particle-packing algorithm. The principal processes, advantages, and disadvantages of various methods are discussed for each aspect. The paper concludes by highlighting current challenges in the mesoscale modeling of concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Concrete Structures)
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29 pages, 7381 KiB  
Article
Exchanging Progress Information Using IFC-Based BIM for Automated Progress Monitoring
by Noaman Akbar Sheik, Peter Veelaert and Greet Deruyter
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092390 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2945
Abstract
BIM has become an intrinsic tool in managing building projects due to its ability to comprehensively represent information in digital form. However, using BIM as an information exchange tool is still in its infancy, particularly with regard to construction progress monitoring beyond time [...] Read more.
BIM has become an intrinsic tool in managing building projects due to its ability to comprehensively represent information in digital form. However, using BIM as an information exchange tool is still in its infancy, particularly with regard to construction progress monitoring beyond time schedule information. The current study focuses on the development of an automated progress monitoring framework based on an IFC-based BIM and provides an extensive methodology based on a structured task-based approach in accordance with the latest IFC4.x schema in four stages. The first stage creates the appropriate IFC entities, which are then enriched with their values in the second stage. The third stage integrates the actual progress information, which requires regular updating from the construction site. Finally, the fourth stage enables the retrieval of progress information, which is then reported in a user-friendly format along with the estimation of additional progress indicators. The proposed method successfully integrated the progress information into their IFC-based BIM models, demonstrating its practical use for monitoring construction progress. In the end, a web-based application was also developed that made use of progress information stored within the standardized hierarchy of the updated IFC-based BIM to facilitate efficient reporting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Construction Management – Future Innovations, Methods, Techniques and Technologies)
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24 pages, 4962 KiB  
Article
A Locally Available Natural Pozzolan as a Supplementary Cementitious Material in Portland Cement Concrete
by Seyedsaleh Mousavinezhad, Judit M. Garcia, William K. Toledo and Craig M. Newtson
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092364 - 16 Sep 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3286
Abstract
For several decades, class F fly ash has been an attractive supplementary cementitious material, at least in part, due to its ability to reduce Portland cement consumption and mitigate alkali-silica reactions in concrete. However, fly ash availability is becoming uncertain as the energy [...] Read more.
For several decades, class F fly ash has been an attractive supplementary cementitious material, at least in part, due to its ability to reduce Portland cement consumption and mitigate alkali-silica reactions in concrete. However, fly ash availability is becoming uncertain as the energy industry decommissions coal burning power plants as it transitions to renewable energy production. This situation creates a need to identify viable and sustainable alternative supplementary cementitious materials. There are several types of supplementary cementitious materials, such as natural pozzolans, metakaolin, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag, which appear to be potential alternatives to fly ash in concrete. In this research, a locally available natural pozzolan (pumicite) was selected to replace fly ash in concrete. After conducting alkali-silica reaction tests on mortar mixtures, rheological and strength properties, shrinkage, resistance to freezing and thawing, and chloride ion permeability of concrete mixtures containing different amounts of fly ash and natural pozzolan were evaluated. The results showed that pumicite was more effective than fly ash at mitigating the alkali-silica reaction, and a pumicite content of 20% was necessary to mitigate the alkali-silica reaction. Ternary mixtures containing both pumicite and fly ash were the most effective cementitious materials combinations for mitigating the alkali-silica reaction expansion. Additionally, pumicite provided acceptable compressive strength and modulus of rupture values (greater than 4.0 MPa) that exceeded the flexural strengths provided by established mixtures containing only fly ash. Shrinkage and durability factor values for all mixtures were less than 710 μstrain and greater than 75, which are generally considered acceptable. Additionally, all mixtures with acceptable alkali-silica reaction expansions had very low chloride permeability. These results indicate that pumicite can be a reliable alternative for fly ash. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cement and Concrete Research)
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20 pages, 8501 KiB  
Article
Hourly Heat Load Prediction for Residential Buildings Based on Multiple Combination Models: A Comparative Study
by Wenhan An, Xiangyuan Zhu, Kaimin Yang, Moon Keun Kim and Jiying Liu
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2340; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092340 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1623
Abstract
The accurate prediction of residential heat load is crucial for effective heating system design, energy management, and cost optimization. In order to further improve the prediction accuracy of the model, this study introduced principal component analysis (PCA), the minimum sum of squares of [...] Read more.
The accurate prediction of residential heat load is crucial for effective heating system design, energy management, and cost optimization. In order to further improve the prediction accuracy of the model, this study introduced principal component analysis (PCA), the minimum sum of squares of the combined prediction errors (minSSE), genetic algorithm (GA), and firefly algorithm (FA) into back propagation (BP) and ELMAN neural networks, and established three kinds of combined prediction models. The proposed methodologies are evaluated using real-world data collected from residential buildings over a period of one year. The obtained results of the PCA-BP-ELMAN, FA-ELMAN, and GA-BP models are compared with the neural network before optimization. The experimental results show that the combined prediction models have higher prediction accuracy. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) evaluation indices of the three combined models are distributed between 5.95% and 7.05%. The FA-ELMAN model is the combination model with the highest prediction accuracy, and its MAPE is 5.95%, which is 2.25% lower than the MAPE of an individual neural network. This research contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive and effective framework for residential heat load prediction, which can be valuable for building energy management and optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Data Analytics for Energy-Efficient and Healthy Buildings)
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16 pages, 7936 KiB  
Article
Between Safety and Conservation—Procedure for the Assessment of Heritage Buildings Based on Historic Research
by Antonella Saisi, Paolo Borlenghi and Carmelo Gentile
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092236 - 2 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2705
Abstract
Correct approaches to the assessment of historic structures involve the collection of data related to materials, building technology, eventual damage and decay, and transformation that has occurred over time. The procedure proposed by the authors is based on multidisciplinary research, merging data ranging [...] Read more.
Correct approaches to the assessment of historic structures involve the collection of data related to materials, building technology, eventual damage and decay, and transformation that has occurred over time. The procedure proposed by the authors is based on multidisciplinary research, merging data ranging from documentary and archive research to structural modeling. In the developed procedure, the minimization of the costs and timing of the structural assessment were the main requirements. The procedure, implemented on the Arengario, the 13th-century Town Hall of Monza, focuses on the key role of historic and documentary research in order to highlight the difference in the building technology. The overall research program involves the following steps: (i) historical analysis and documentary research; (ii) visual inspections, geometric survey, and decay/damage identification and mapping; and (iii) dynamic testing and modal identification, with these steps driving the choices involved in the subsequent step: (iv) FE modeling and updating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Preservation of Buildings and Infrastructure)
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18 pages, 1676 KiB  
Article
Teaching Building Information Modeling in the Metaverse—An Approach Based on Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of the Students Perspective
by Niels Bartels and Kristina Hahne
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092198 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5543
Abstract
The teaching of civil engineering consists of different didactic approaches, such as lectures, group work or research-based teaching, depending on the respective courses. Currently, the metaverse is gaining importance in teaching and offers the possibility of a new teaching approach for civil engineering [...] Read more.
The teaching of civil engineering consists of different didactic approaches, such as lectures, group work or research-based teaching, depending on the respective courses. Currently, the metaverse is gaining importance in teaching and offers the possibility of a new teaching approach for civil engineering and especially for the teaching of courses from the areas of “Digital Design and Construction”. Although the advantages of teaching in the metaverse, such as location and time independence or a higher learning outcome, are mentioned in the literature, there are also challenges that must be considered when teaching in the metaverse. Against this background, this paper examines the implications of using the metaverse as a teaching tool in teaching “Digital Design and Construction”. The impact of teaching BIM in the metaverse is evaluated by (1) a literature review and workshops to evaluate use cases and demands for extended reality (XR) and the metaverse, (2) integrating XR and the metaverse in the courses and valuation by quantitative evaluations and (3) analyzing student papers of the courses and outcomes of a World Café. Due to these steps, this paper presents a novel approach by reflecting the students’ perspective. Furthermore, this paper presents a validated approach for integrating BIM and the metaverse in teaching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction 4.0 and Industry 4.0: Beyond Building Information Modelling)
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22 pages, 6203 KiB  
Article
An IoT-Enabled Sensing Device to Quantify the Reliability of Shared Economy Systems Using Intelligent Sensor Fusion Building Technologies
by Rayan H. Assaad, Mohsen Mohammadi and Aichih (Jasmine) Chang
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092182 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
The concept of smart sustainable cities—as a favorable response to different challenges faced in urban areas—is rapidly gaining momentum and worldwide attention. This trend has driven the exploration of various technologies to improve the utilization of limited resources and idling capacities (i.e., underutilized [...] Read more.
The concept of smart sustainable cities—as a favorable response to different challenges faced in urban areas—is rapidly gaining momentum and worldwide attention. This trend has driven the exploration of various technologies to improve the utilization of limited resources and idling capacities (i.e., underutilized physical assets such as buildings or facilities). In fact, a new business model has been introduced recently to smart cities, known as “shared economy”. The shared economy is a socioeconomic system that enables intermediary exchanges of goods and services between people and/or organizations, which boosts productivity and leverages underutilized resources to maximum potential. However, one of the inherent issues hindering the wide adoption of shared economy systems is the lack of trust between the providers and users of such systems. To this end, this study focuses on long-term shared properties/buildings and proposes an intelligent, IoT-enabled device and dynamic pricing model to address the issue of information asymmetry. First, 10 indicators were identified to assess the condition of the shared property. Next, multiple sensors were used, calibrated, and integrated into an IoT-enabled sensing device where the collected data was combined using intelligent sensor fusion technologies in a real-time manner. Third, a survey was developed and distributed to examine the significance of the 10 indicators, and an innovative reliability index was created accordingly to reflect the overall condition of the shared property. Fourth, a dynamic pricing model was developed to reward condition-conscious property users and penalize condition-unconscious ones. To ensure applicability and robustness of the proposed device and model, a pilot project was implemented in a smart long-term rental property in Newark, NJ, United States. Ultimately, this research provided insights on how to improve the operational efficiency of shared economy systems by offering (1) the providers of shared properties visibility over the condition of their properties through real-time assessment of the user reliability, and (2) the users of shared properties assured safety and monetary incentives to maintain the shared environment in a good condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable, Resilient, and Intelligent Buildings)
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18 pages, 389 KiB  
Review
Indoor Environmental Quality, Pupils’ Health, and Academic Performance—A Literature Review
by Oluyemi Toyinbo
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092172 - 27 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6708
Abstract
Classrooms have more students per square meter than other buildings such as offices, making them more crowded. In addition, children respire more than adults and are in contact with one another more often. For appropriate student comfort, wellbeing, and health, including reducing the [...] Read more.
Classrooms have more students per square meter than other buildings such as offices, making them more crowded. In addition, children respire more than adults and are in contact with one another more often. For appropriate student comfort, wellbeing, and health, including reducing the risk of transferring communicable diseases (for example, COVID-19) in the school setting, adequate ventilation and thermal comfort is recommended, along with regular cleaning, especially of high-contact surfaces. However, this may lead to increased energy usage, especially in mechanically ventilated schools. While natural ventilation conserves energy, its usage may be limited in temperate regions, especially during the cold seasons, as more energy will be required for heating in order to achieve thermal comfort. In the tropics, natural ventilation alone may be insufficient for students’ thermal comfort due to the possibility of unconditioned warm or cold outdoor air entering the classroom environment. Additionally, natural ventilation is difficult to control, as there may be overventilation or underventilation due to the ventilation rate being dependent on the outdoor environmental condition such as windspeed. This current traditional literature review appraises previous indoor environmental quality (IEQ) literature on ventilation, thermal comfort, moisture and mold, and cleanliness in schools. Furthermore, a further review was performed on the effect of IEQ (indoor air quality and thermal comfort) on student health and academic outcomes in order to summarize existing knowledge that can help other researchers avoid research duplication and identify research gaps for future school IEQ studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
21 pages, 5847 KiB  
Review
Non-Linear Behavior and Design of Steel Structures: Review and Outlook
by Zhi-Jian Zhang, Bai-Sen Chen, Rui Bai and Yao-Peng Liu
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082111 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6357
Abstract
The high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios of structural steel often result in relatively slender members and systems, which are governed to a great extent by stability limit states. However, predicting the stability of slender structures is difficult due to various inherent uncertainties in [...] Read more.
The high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios of structural steel often result in relatively slender members and systems, which are governed to a great extent by stability limit states. However, predicting the stability of slender structures is difficult due to various inherent uncertainties in material and geometry. Generally, structural and member stabilities are nonlinear problems that cannot be directly evaluated based on the section strength using conventional analysis method. Nonlinear behaviors are basically categorized as materially and geometrically nonlinear, which can be observed at the cross-sectional, member, and frame levels. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art non-linear behavior and design of steel structures and to identify key areas for future research and development, this paper presents a review on the materially and geometrically nonlinear effects of steel structures. A discussion of the effects of material yielding accentuated by the presence of residual stresses, initial imperfections, and end conditions will be conducted. The stiffness reduction due to second-order effects and material yielding will be illustrated. Moreover, current and emerging design approaches that consider nonlinear responses will also be reviewed and evaluated. Lastly, with the development of modern flexible and complex steel structures, which sometimes violate fundamental assumptions of the current stability design method, the application of advanced analysis and design methods will be explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-linear Behavior and Design of Steel Structures)
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15 pages, 2935 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Nocturnal Lighting Stimuli on Melatonin, Sleep and Cognitive Performance of Workers in Confined Spaces
by Tongyue Wang, Rongdi Shao and Luoxi Hao
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082112 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
Exposure to light during overtime work at night in confined spaces may disrupt the normal circadian clock, affect hormone secretion, sleep quality and performance, thereby posing great risks to the physical and mental health of night workers. Integrative lighting should be adopted to [...] Read more.
Exposure to light during overtime work at night in confined spaces may disrupt the normal circadian clock, affect hormone secretion, sleep quality and performance, thereby posing great risks to the physical and mental health of night workers. Integrative lighting should be adopted to reduce the disturbance of normal physiological rhythm, while meeting the visual requirements of work. Through adjustable LED (CCT 6000 K/2700 K) and different vertical illuminance, five lighting patterns with different circadian stimuli (CS = 0.60, 0.30. 0.20, 0.10 and 0.05) were conducted, respectively, in a sleep lab using a within-subject design. Each lighting pattern lasted for 5 h every night. Eight healthy adults were recruited to complete the night work and their salivary melatonin, Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and sleep quality were tested. The results showed that subjective sleepiness and melatonin concentration increased rapidly under low intervention (CS = 0.05) with the best sleep quality, while they decreased in high intervention (CS = 0.60) at night and led to significantly higher levels of sleepiness the next morning (p < 0.05). For the PVT, the middle intervention (CS = 0.30) showed the lowest response time and least errors (p < 0.05), suggesting that appropriate illuminance can improve visual performance. To reduce biorhythm disruptions, lower lighting stimulation is preferred during night work. For difficult visual tasks, high illuminances may not improve visual performance; just a slight increase in the existing lighting levels is adequate. Lighting interventions have a clear impact on sleep improvement and work capacity for those working overtime, and they may be translatable to other shift work scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lighting in Buildings)
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36 pages, 20687 KiB  
Article
Construction Work-Stage-Based Rule Compliance Monitoring Framework Using Computer Vision (CV) Technology
by Numan Khan, Syed Farhan Alam Zaidi, Jaehun Yang, Chansik Park and Doyeop Lee
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082093 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3688
Abstract
Noncompliance with safety rules is a major cause of unsatisfactory performance in construction safety worldwide. Although some research efforts have focused on using computer vision (CV) methods for safety rule inspection, these methods are still in their early stages and cannot be effectively [...] Read more.
Noncompliance with safety rules is a major cause of unsatisfactory performance in construction safety worldwide. Although some research efforts have focused on using computer vision (CV) methods for safety rule inspection, these methods are still in their early stages and cannot be effectively applied on construction job sites. Therefore, it is necessary to present a feasible prototype and conduct a detailed analysis of safety rules to ensure compliance at the job site. This study aims to extend the validation of safety rule analysis through four case scenarios. The proposed structured classification of safety rules includes categorizing them based on project phases and work stages. The construction phase-related rules are divided into four groups: (1) before work, (2) with intervals, (3) during work, and (4) after work. To validate the proposed framework, this research developed prototypes for each group’s scenarios using deep learning algorithms, a storage database to record compliance with safety rules, and an Android application for edge computing, which is required in the “before work” and “after work” groups. The findings of this study could contribute to the development of a compact CV-based safety monitoring system to enhance the current safety management process in the construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies and Approaches for Construction Safety Management)
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31 pages, 9118 KiB  
Article
Promoting Social Equity and Building Resilience through Value-Inclusive Design
by Eric Harris, Anna Franz and Sabine O’Hara
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082081 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 9202
Abstract
Urban design and architecture have inadvertently contributed to the bifurcation of societies divided into haves and have-nots, thus undermining social equity, restricting opportunity, and resulting in poverty next to overabundance and waste. Global population growth and urban migration pressures compound the problem. The [...] Read more.
Urban design and architecture have inadvertently contributed to the bifurcation of societies divided into haves and have-nots, thus undermining social equity, restricting opportunity, and resulting in poverty next to overabundance and waste. Global population growth and urban migration pressures compound the problem. The call for social equity and justice is, therefore, urgent from a social perspective and an environmental one. This study explores a concept we call ‘value-inclusive design’ and its potential for transformation toward ‘judicial equity’. Our value-inclusive design method proposes neighborhood interactions and co-design as a way to create welcoming spaces that preserve natural resources, support economic sustainability, and improve architectural design to foster health and wellbeing for people and the environment. This article discusses the potential of our value-inclusive design model in contributing to judicial equity by applying it to an international student competition called the ‘Global Greenhouse Challenge #3’, launched by Wageningen University and Research. By viewing the results of the Global Greenhouse challenge through the lens of value-inclusive design, we find that the model has merit and provides a useful theoretical framework for promoting social equity in urban planning and design. We conclude that by applying the model, its constructs can enhance design approaches that seek to improve the quality of life of residents while building resilience and shifting agency through co-design. The model can, thus, be a means for driving continuous improvement in architectural design and applying it in an educational setting such as the Global Greenhouse Challenge student competition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Trends in Urban Planning for Building Urban Resilience)
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24 pages, 1395 KiB  
Article
Risk Analysis in Implementing Building Energy Performance Projects: Hybrid DANP-VIKOR Model Analysis—A Case Study in Iran
by Hossein Naderi, Mohammad Hossein Heydari and Majid Parchami Jalal
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082066 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1632
Abstract
Building energy performance contracts have emerged as a highly effective strategy for reducing energy consumption in both developed and developing markets. These projects inherently involve risks, and a comprehensive risk analysis can greatly enhance their successful implementation, especially in emerging markets. This research [...] Read more.
Building energy performance contracts have emerged as a highly effective strategy for reducing energy consumption in both developed and developing markets. These projects inherently involve risks, and a comprehensive risk analysis can greatly enhance their successful implementation, especially in emerging markets. This research aims to analyze risks associated with building energy performance projects, considering their interrelationships, prioritization, and the ranking of optimal project types based on the analyzed risks. Given its position as the largest electrical energy consumer in the Middle East and its status as an emerging market, Iran was selected as the case study for conducting the risk analysis. Thirteen risk factors were classified into four distinct risk groups, and their relationships and priority weights were determined using a hybrid DANP approach. Subsequently, the VIKOR method was employed to rank the most-advantageous project types based on their risk priorities. The findings of this research identified project lifecycle risks as the highest-priority risks, while external risks were determined to be the most-influential among all identified risks. Moreover, the implementation of packaged public projects was identified as the most-favorable alternative for promoting building energy performance projects in Iran and similar emerging markets. By providing a comprehensive understanding of risks, this study offers valuable insights that can aid emerging and developing markets in successfully implementing energy performance projects and improving overall energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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20 pages, 6897 KiB  
Review
Roles of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Enhancing Construction Processes and Sustainable Communities
by Kayode O. Kazeem, Timothy O. Olawumi and Temidayo Osunsanmi
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082061 - 13 Aug 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 10116
Abstract
Machine Learning (ML), a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), is gaining popularity in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector. This systematic study aims to investigate the roles of AI and ML in improving construction processes and developing more sustainable communities. This study [...] Read more.
Machine Learning (ML), a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), is gaining popularity in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector. This systematic study aims to investigate the roles of AI and ML in improving construction processes and developing more sustainable communities. This study intends to determine the various roles played by AI and ML in the development of sustainable communities and construction practices via an in-depth assessment of the current literature. Furthermore, it intends to predict future research trends and practical applications of AI and ML in the built environment. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, this study highlights the roles that AI and ML technologies play in building sustainable communities, both indoors and out. In the interior environment, they contribute to energy management by optimizing energy usage, finding inefficiencies, and recommending modifications to minimize consumption. This contributes to reducing the environmental effect of energy generation. Similarly, AI and ML technologies aid in addressing environmental challenges. They can monitor air quality, noise levels, and waste management systems to quickly discover and minimize pollution sources. Likewise, AI and ML applications in construction processes enhance planning, scheduling, and facility management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Technologies in Construction: Present Status and Future Trends)
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18 pages, 5563 KiB  
Article
Comparing Mechanical Characterization of Carbon, Kevlar, and Hybrid-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete under Quasistatic and Dynamic Loadings
by Yeou-Fong Li, Kun-Han Yang, Pei-Yao Hsu, Jin-Yuan Syu, Shea-Jue Wang, Wen-Shyong Kuo and Ying-Kuan Tsai
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082044 - 10 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2149
Abstract
Concrete is a brittle material due to its poor tensile strength; consequently, concrete tends to crack or peel under an applied external load. Previous studies have investigated the effect of incorporating fiber into concrete, which can improve its tensile strength. In this study, [...] Read more.
Concrete is a brittle material due to its poor tensile strength; consequently, concrete tends to crack or peel under an applied external load. Previous studies have investigated the effect of incorporating fiber into concrete, which can improve its tensile strength. In this study, the static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of three types of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) were examined: carbon-fiber-reinforced concrete (CFRC); Kevlar-fiber-reinforced concrete (KFRC); and a combination of both, known as carbon/Kevlar-hybrid-fiber-reinforced concrete (HFRC). This study created concrete specimens by pneumatically dispersing carbon and Kevlar fibers and mixing them with cement to comprise 1% of the weight. The mixture was then combined with aggregates and water to form the concrete specimens. When compared with the benchmark concrete specimens, it was found that the compressive strength of the CFRC, KFRC, and HFRC specimens increased by about 19% to 50%, the bending strength increase by about 8% to 32%, and the splitting strength increased by about 4% to 36%. Specifically, the HFRC made with the 24 mm carbon and Kevlar fibers displayed the most significant mechanical strength in a static state. Furthermore, the HFRC showed superior resistance to impact compared to the benchmark concrete specimens across various impact energies, with the 24 mm carbon and Kevlar fiber HFRC showing the highest resistance. The inclusion of fibers in the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test demonstrated a notable increase in the maximum strength, particularly in the case of the 12 mm carbon fiber combined with the 24 mm Kevlar fiber in the HFRC specimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cement Composite Materials)
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22 pages, 21338 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Approach to Assess the Sensitivity of a Smart Concrete
by Shaban Shahzad, Ahmed Toumi, Jean-Paul Balayssac and Anaclet Turatsinze
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082034 - 9 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2016
Abstract
Structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructure is a critical concern for timely repair and maintenance. This study provides an innovative approach utilizing smart concrete integrated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to enhance electrical conductivity. The smart concrete’s self-sensing capability is assessed through fractional [...] Read more.
Structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructure is a critical concern for timely repair and maintenance. This study provides an innovative approach utilizing smart concrete integrated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to enhance electrical conductivity. The smart concrete’s self-sensing capability is assessed through fractional change in electrical resistance (FCR) measured using a four-probe technique. Four-point bending and compressive tests explore the material’s response to cyclic and monotonic loads. Additionally, the impact of saturation levels on self-sensing sensitivity is investigated through compressive tests on varying saturation degrees. Remarkably, a substantial correlation between crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) and FCR is observed during cyclic bending tests, where FCR increases significantly (from 0.019% to 154%) as CMOD rises from 0.004 mm to 0.55 mm. Digital image correlation (DIC) further validates CMOD measurements and their correlation with FCR. Moreover, this study reveals that amplitude of loading and degree of saturation have a significant effect on the self-sensing of the smart concrete. In saturated conditions, the self-sensing response of the material is insensitive to the mechanical strain, while with reduction in the saturation degree, a quasi-linear response is observed. To assess the sensitivity of the smart concrete, stress and strain sensitivities were evaluated, revealing a noteworthy enhancement of approximately 33% and 50% in stress and strain sensitivity, respectively, as saturation levels decreased. The self-sensing response of the material is very sensitive to the mechanical strain during monotonic loading and damage. These findings indicate the potential of smart concrete as a promising tool for comprehensive, real-time structural health monitoring for infrastructure during its entire life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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29 pages, 25581 KiB  
Article
Perception of Color in Architecture and Urban Space
by Anna Jaglarz
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2000; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082000 - 5 Aug 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 19374
Abstract
The various colors and color combinations in an urban environment are perceived and experienced individually. The article indicates the important role of color in shaping architecture and urban space. The paper discusses the theories of color harmony as an aesthetic principle in architectural [...] Read more.
The various colors and color combinations in an urban environment are perceived and experienced individually. The article indicates the important role of color in shaping architecture and urban space. The paper discusses the theories of color harmony as an aesthetic principle in architectural design. The results of the research have proven the significant role of color as an element of the composition of urban space affecting the observer. This translates into the importance of color in architectural design, taking into account the difficulty and ambiguity in predicting color aesthetics; the impact of color on humans; and its cognitive, emotional and behavioral effects. The information and conclusions obtained as a result of the literature studies and the results of the survey gave the basis for determining various color strategies in shaping architecture and the effects that we can achieve in urban space thanks to a well-thought-out, conscious use of colors. The research findings also indicate that it is necessary to supplement architectural education programs with broadly understood knowledge about color and its impact on humans. The implemented activities are a response to current ideas and directions in designing and teaching architectural design outlined and suggested as part of the New European Bauhaus initiative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New European Bauhaus (NEB) in Architecture, Construction and Urbanism)
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21 pages, 5113 KiB  
Article
Towards a Healthy Architecture: A New Paradigm in the Design and Construction of Buildings
by Santiago Quesada-García, Pablo Valero-Flores and María Lozano-Gómez
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082001 - 5 Aug 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7102
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has catalysed a new awareness of what living and working spaces should look like from a different perspective, and healthier cities and architecture have arisen because of inescapable public demand. Society has become clearly aware that there are still [...] Read more.
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has catalysed a new awareness of what living and working spaces should look like from a different perspective, and healthier cities and architecture have arisen because of inescapable public demand. Society has become clearly aware that there are still unhealthy concentrations within its environment. Spaces in cities are still being built that can favour the spread of diseases, in addition to using harmful construction materials. Living spaces must not only be sustainable, functional, and aesthetically beautiful but also comfortable, safe, and accessible, and, above all, they must be healthy. Healthy architecture has emerged as a new paradigm. This is the subject area of this work. This paper describes and develops the nature of this concept and proposes a novel definition of healthy architecture, aiming to compile state-of-the-art knowledge with a qualitative empirical and multi-method process, using case studies. This article provides a global perspective on new approaches and proposes a Decalogue with the basic principles that an environment or building must comply with in order to be healthy. The main contribution is to establish the basis for the creation of a new healthy architecture epistemology, focussing on cognitive, emotional, and physiological stimuli. This paper can help health professionals, designers, and architects, as well as companies and public administrations, to follow an innovative path in the planning of healthier cities and buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Adaptability of Residential Planning and Design to World-Changing Events)
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24 pages, 3284 KiB  
Review
A Review of Studies on Heat Transfer in Buildings with Radiant Cooling Systems
by Rong Hu, Shilin Sun, Jincan Liang, Zhiping Zhou and Yingde Yin
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081994 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3650
Abstract
Due to their benefits in interior thermal comfort, energy saving, and noise reduction, radiant cooling systems have received wide attention. Radiant cooling systems can be viewed as a part of buildings’ maintenance structure and a component of cooling systems, depending on their construction. [...] Read more.
Due to their benefits in interior thermal comfort, energy saving, and noise reduction, radiant cooling systems have received wide attention. Radiant cooling systems can be viewed as a part of buildings’ maintenance structure and a component of cooling systems, depending on their construction. This article reviews studies on heat exchange in rooms utilizing radiant cooling systems, including research on conduction in radiant system structures, system cooling loads, cooling capacity, heat transfer coefficients of cooling surfaces, buildings’ thermal performance, and radiant system control strategy, with the goal of maximizing the benefits of energy conservation. Few studies have examined how radiant cooling systems interact with the indoor environment; instead, earlier research has focused on the thermal performance of radiant cooling systems themselves. Although several investigations have noted variations between the operating dynamics of radiant systems and conventional air conditioning systems, the cause has not yet been identified and quantified. According to heat transfer theory, the authors suggest that additional research on the performance of radiant systems should consider the thermal properties of inactive surfaces and that buildings’ thermal inertia should be used to coordinate radiant system operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Energy Performance in Buildings)
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