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18 pages, 1265 KB  
Article
Genomic Variants, Transcriptomic Profile, Ultrasonographic Findings, and Antioxidant and Immunological Biomarkers Linked to Pregnancy Toxemia Susceptibility in Goats
by Ahmed El-Sayed, Mohamed Marzok, Huda A. Alqahtani, Amin Tahoun, Adel I. Almubarak, Rasha Yassin Elkhidr, Zakriya Al Mohamed, Elshymaa A. Abdelnaby, Hussein Babiker, Hanan M. Alharbi, Khairiah M. Alwutayd and Ahmed Ateya
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090891 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 548
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia (PT) represents a significant metabolic disorder affecting small ruminants that causes substantial economic losses due to reduced productivity, reproductive failure, and high mortality. This study investigated the clinical, ultrasonographic, hematobiochemical, oxidative stress, and immunological profiles, as well as the gene expression [...] Read more.
Pregnancy toxemia (PT) represents a significant metabolic disorder affecting small ruminants that causes substantial economic losses due to reduced productivity, reproductive failure, and high mortality. This study investigated the clinical, ultrasonographic, hematobiochemical, oxidative stress, and immunological profiles, as well as the gene expression and nucleotide sequence variations, associated with PT susceptibility in Shami goats. Fifty late-pregnant does (33 healthy and 17 PT-affected) were examined. Clinical evaluation, complete blood count, biochemical analysis, cytokine profiling, antioxidant assays, hepatic ultrasonography, quantitative real-time PCR of immune (IL6, IL8), antioxidant (SOD3, HMOX1), and lipogenic (ACACA, FASN) genes, and PCR-DNA sequencing were performed. PT does exhibit significant hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, elevated liver and kidney function biomarkers, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress (↑ MDA, ↓ GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT), increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, IL6, TNFα), and reduced IL10. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of IL6 and IL8 and downregulation of SOD3, HMOX1, ACACA, and FASN in PT does. Sequencing identified multiple synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs significantly associated with PT. Ultrasonography indicated hepatic fatty infiltration. Discriminant analysis using SNPs achieved 100% classification accuracy between healthy and PT does. These findings suggested that combined clinical, biochemical, oxidative, immunological, and genetic markers could enhance early PT diagnosis and may provide a basis for future studies aimed at selective breeding for improved resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Markers in Ruminant Reproduction)
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22 pages, 2837 KB  
Article
Ginger-Derived Compounds Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Trypanosoma evansi Infection: An Integrated In Vivo and In Silico Study
by Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Yasin Tipu, Muti ur Rehman Khan, Haroon Akbar, Aftab Ahmad Anjum and Muhammad Ovais Omer
Oxygen 2025, 5(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5030019 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is an etiological agent of surra, and it causes significant economic losses in livestock. Rising trypanocide resistance demands alternatives that control parasitemia while mitigating oxidative and genotoxic damage. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is an etiological agent of surra, and it causes significant economic losses in livestock. Rising trypanocide resistance demands alternatives that control parasitemia while mitigating oxidative and genotoxic damage. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore both the in vivo and in silico potential of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) as a novel phytotherapy to counter growing resistance against conventional trypanocides. Methods: Methanolic extract of Z. officinale (MZ) was orally administered at dosages of 200 mg/kg (MZ 200), 400 mg/kg (MZ 400), and 800 mg/kg (MZ 800) on a daily basis to the experimentally infected mice and compared against treated control (TC) and untreated control (UC) groups. After the infection, different parameters such as parasitemia counts, body weight changes, and the survival of infected mice were monitored for up to 7 days post-infection, while hematobiochemical parameters, oxidative stress profiles (catalase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase), and genotoxicity in brain tissues were compared at the end of the trial. Moreover, computational tools were used to predict the affinities of key bioactive compounds with twenty-one essential proteins of T. evansi. Results: The findings showed that the administration of MZ significantly (p < 0.05) reduced parasitemia and improved the survival rates in the experimentally infected mice in a dose-dependent manner. Noteworthy, significant (p < 0.05) improvements in hematological parameters and liver enzyme profiles were also recorded in MZ-treated groups. Compared to the untreated control, MZ-treated groups showed a significant amelioration in oxidative stress and genotoxicity in brain tissue in a dose-dependent fashion. The current study’s findings suggest that MZ potentially inhibits various essential proteins of T. evansi, including adenosine transporter-1, casein kinase, leucyl-tRNA synthetase, and multidrug resistance E protein. Among its constituents, 6-Isoshogaol and 6-Gingerol showed the most stable interactions in the molecular dynamics simulation. Conclusions: MZ efficiently reduced parasitemia, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity, and increased the survival rate in infected mice, suggesting it as a promising natural trypanicidal agent. Full article
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21 pages, 1201 KB  
Article
Seasonal and Dietary Effects on the Hematobiochemical Parameters of Creole Goats in the Peruvian Andes
by Aníbal Rodríguez-Vargas, Emmanuel Alexander Sessarego, Katherine Castañeda-Palomino, Huziel Ormachea, Fritz Trillo, Víctor Temoche-Socola, José Antonio Ruiz-Chamorro and Juancarlos Alejandro Cruz
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080687 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1120
Abstract
Creole goats have adapted to the harsh Andean environment, yet the physiological impacts of high-altitude production systems remain underexplored. This study assessed seasonal and dietary influences on the hematological and biochemical profiles of 45 Creole goats in the Peruvian Andes. The animals were [...] Read more.
Creole goats have adapted to the harsh Andean environment, yet the physiological impacts of high-altitude production systems remain underexplored. This study assessed seasonal and dietary influences on the hematological and biochemical profiles of 45 Creole goats in the Peruvian Andes. The animals were assigned to three diets: D1 (grazing), D2 (grazing + 2000 g hay), and D3 (grazing + 400 g concentrate), across rainy and dry seasons. Biweekly blood sampling measured urea, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, ALP, ALT, WBCL, NeuP, LymP, HGB, and MCV. Season exerted the strongest influence (p < 0.001), with modest dietary effects and a consistent effect of sampling time. Urea, total protein, and albumin increased during the rainy season, though only urea responded significantly to diet. Leukocytosis rose in the dry season and with higher-protein diets, suggesting heightened immune activation under environmental stress. Hemoglobin peaked in the rainy season and early sampling, indicating better oxygenation. MCV and body weight were higher in the dry season, with weight unaffected by diet. These results underscore the complex interplay of environmental and nutritional factors in shaping goat physiology at high altitudes, emphasizing the importance of dynamic modeling in sustainable Andean livestock systems. Full article
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11 pages, 492 KB  
Article
Investigation of Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 Concentrations as Biomarkers in Dogs with Neurological Distemper
by Alper Erturk, Aliye Sagkan Ozturk and Atakan Ozturk
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050499 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 707
Abstract
Canine distemper, caused by Morbillivirus canis, is a highly morbid and lethal disease characterized by multiple systemic and neurological signs. In recent years, biomarkers, such as Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1, have been investigated in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. However, the role of these [...] Read more.
Canine distemper, caused by Morbillivirus canis, is a highly morbid and lethal disease characterized by multiple systemic and neurological signs. In recent years, biomarkers, such as Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1, have been investigated in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. However, the role of these biomarkers in neurological distemper has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare blood serum Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 concentrations between the neurological distemper and control group, and to evaluate the correlations of these biomarkers with hematobiochemical parameters in dogs with neurological distemper. Nineteen owned dogs (13 diagnosed with neurological distemper and 6 controls) were included in the study. Hematobiochemical analyses were performed in all dogs, and Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 concentrations were measured using ELISA. Serum concentrations of Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 were markedly elevated in dogs with neurological distemper compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A negative correlation between Galectin-3 and monocytes (p < 0.05) and a positive correlation between Galectin-3 and platelet and platelecrit levels (p < 0.05) were observed. There was negative correlation with Cardiotrophin-1 and lymphocyte percentage (p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with Cardiotrophin-1 and granulocyte percentage (p < 0.01). Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 may serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and understanding of neurological distemper pathogenesis. Elevated serum concentrations of these biomarkers may indicate underlying neuroinflammation. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological distemper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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12 pages, 1670 KB  
Article
Interaction of Heavy Metals (Cadmium and Selenium) in an Experimental Study on Goldfish: Hematobiochemical Changes and Oxidative Stress
by Yasaman Aghaei Hashtjin, Mahdieh Raeeszadeh and Ali Parsa Khanghah
J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15020057 - 16 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 949
Abstract
Background: Heavy metal interactions within aquatic ecosystems significantly affect fish physiology. This study evaluated the protective role of selenium against cadmium-induced hematological, biochemical, and electrophoretic alterations in goldfish. Methods: A total of 120 goldfish individuals were divided into four groups: control, cadmium chloride-treated [...] Read more.
Background: Heavy metal interactions within aquatic ecosystems significantly affect fish physiology. This study evaluated the protective role of selenium against cadmium-induced hematological, biochemical, and electrophoretic alterations in goldfish. Methods: A total of 120 goldfish individuals were divided into four groups: control, cadmium chloride-treated (2.8 mg/L), sodium selenite-treated (2 mg/L), and a combined cadmium and selenium-treated group. After 14 days, blood samples were collected and analyzed for hematological parameters, biochemical markers, and serum protein electrophoresis. Results: Cadmium exposure led to significant reductions in red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) (p < 0.001). Selenium supplementation alleviated these declines and improved overall hematological function. Additionally, cadmium exposure decreased albumin and total protein levels while elevating aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, indicating liver damage. Selenium co-treatment reduced cadmium accumulation and mitigated liver toxicity. Elevated urea and creatinine levels in cadmium-exposed fish were also significantly lowered in the combined treatment group (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, selenium supplementation enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms by increasing catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, effectively counteracting cadmium-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: Sodium selenite at a dose of 2 mg/L effectively mitigated the toxic effects of cadmium chloride on hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress markers in goldfish, demonstrating its protective potential against heavy metal toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Toxicology and Animal Health: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 258 KB  
Article
Dietary Schizochytrium sp. Meal Enhances the Fatty Acid Profile in Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) Fillets with No Effect on Growth Performance and Health Status
by André D. Nobre, Renata V. Mendonça, Ana Beatriz de S. Farias, Fernando Y. Yamamoto and Ligia U. Gonçalves
Animals 2025, 15(5), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050712 - 2 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1650
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of dietary supplementation with Schizochytrium sp. meal, a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, and fatty acid composition of juvenile pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). Two diets were used: a test diet [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the impact of dietary supplementation with Schizochytrium sp. meal, a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, and fatty acid composition of juvenile pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). Two diets were used: a test diet (5%SZ) and a control diet (0 SZ). Juvenile pirarucu (561.3 ± 13.4 g; 47.5 ± 7.1 cm) were kept in recirculating aquaculture tanks and fed three times daily for 12 weeks. No significant differences in growth performance or adverse effects on hemato-biochemical parameters were found, except for hemoglobin and total protein. The fatty acid profile of the fillets from the fish fed the 5 SZ diet mirrored that of the Schizochytrium sp. meal, with increased levels of palmitic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and decreased levels of linoleic and linolenic acids. The inclusion of Schizochytrium sp. meal reduced monounsaturated fatty acids from 39.6% to 32.0% and increased highly unsaturated fatty acids from 3.05% to 11.9% of total lipids. The DHA content was 9.45 times higher in the fillets of the fish fed 5 SZ, improving the n-3/n-6 ratio from 0.26 to 1.19. In conclusion, adding 5% Schizochytrium sp. meal enhances the nutritional quality of pirarucu fillets by increasing DHA and the n-3/n-6 ratio. Full article
9 pages, 3519 KB  
Case Report
Systemic Scytalidium Infection with Hyperbetaglobulinemia in a Giant Schnauzer
by Andrea Grassi, Maria Elena Turba, Marianna Pantoli, Fabio Gentilini, Emanuela Olivieri, Cristian Salogni, Simona Nardoni, Matteo Gambini and Francesca Mancianti
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020136 - 11 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909
Abstract
Scytalidiosis in humans primarily causes feet and nail infections, with systemic infections rarely reported. In dogs, only one systemic infection of Scytalidium spp. has been reported to date. A 3-year-old giant schnauzer presented with loss of appetite, lethargy, and hind limb lameness. A [...] Read more.
Scytalidiosis in humans primarily causes feet and nail infections, with systemic infections rarely reported. In dogs, only one systemic infection of Scytalidium spp. has been reported to date. A 3-year-old giant schnauzer presented with loss of appetite, lethargy, and hind limb lameness. A complete clinical examination was performed, along with hematobiochemical tests, radiography, CT, MRI, and cytological and microbiological analyses of it enlarged lymph nodes. Hyperglobulinemia, vertebral osteolysis, and generalized lymphadenomegaly were diagnosed. Cytopathological and molecular investigations confirmed Scytalidium. Although treated with itraconazole, the dog’s condition worsened after a premature discontinuation of therapy, leading to euthanasia. A post-mortem and histopathological examination revealed widespread infection. This case highlights the need to consider fungal infections in cases of elevated β-2 protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Animals, 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 3408 KB  
Article
Molecular Characterization, Oxidative Stress-Mediated Genotoxicity, and Hemato-Biochemical Changes in Domestic Water Buffaloes Naturally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi Under Field Conditions
by Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Yasin Tipu, Muti ur Rehman Khan, Haroon Akbar, Aftab Ahmad Anjum and Muhammad Ovais Omer
Pathogens 2025, 14(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14010066 - 13 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1433
Abstract
(1) Background: Surra is a debilitating disease of wild and domestic animals caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), resulting in significant mortality and production losses in the affected animals. This study is the first to assess the genetic relationships of T. [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Surra is a debilitating disease of wild and domestic animals caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), resulting in significant mortality and production losses in the affected animals. This study is the first to assess the genetic relationships of T. evansi in naturally affected buffaloes from Multan district, Pakistan, using ITS-1 primers and evaluating the effects of parasitemia and oxidative stress on DNA damage and hematobiochemical changes in infected buffaloes. (2) Methods: Blood samples were collected from 167 buffaloes using a multi-stage cluster sampling strategy, and trypomastigote identification was performed through microscopy and PCR targeting RoTat 1.2 and ITS-1 primers. Molecular characterization involved ITS-1 via neighbor-joining analysis. The impact of parasitemia loads was correlated with oxidative stress markers, genotoxicity, and hematobiochemical parameters using Pearson correlation and multivariable regression models. (3) Results: Field-stained thin blood film microscopy and molecular identification revealed 8.98% and 10.18% infection rates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-1 region sequences of the identified isolates showed close genetic associations with Indian isolates. The mean trypomastigote count observed in the infected buffaloes was 5.15 × 106 (±5.3 × 102)/µL of blood. The parasitemia loads were significantly correlated with the alterations in oxidative stress markers, DNA damage, and changes in hematobiochemical parameters. Infected animals exhibited significant (p < 0.05) alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, including catalase, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde concentrations. Noteworthily, a comet assay revealed a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher mean genetic damage index in the infected buffaloes (0.7 ± 0.04) compared with the healthy ones (0.196 ± 0.004). Alongside significant (p < 0.05) reductions in red cell indices, a marked elevation in leukocyte counts and serum hepatic enzyme levels was recorded in the affected buffaloes. (4) Conclusion: T. evansi isolates of buffaloes from Multan, Pakistan, have genetic similarities to Indian isolates. This study also revealed that higher parasitemia loads induce genotoxicity in the infected animals through oxidative stress and cause hematobiochemical alterations under natural field conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Pathology and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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21 pages, 5263 KB  
Article
Determination of Heavy Metals and Hemato-Biochemical Profiling of Bagre marinus and Bagarius bagarius in Jhelum River
by Muneeba Shaheen, Sana Ullah, Muhammad Bilal, Ahmed Muneeb, Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen and Caterina Faggio
Water 2024, 16(24), 3603; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243603 - 14 Dec 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1643
Abstract
Heavy metals enter river basins through industrial effluents, agricultural wastes, surface run-offs, and other human activities, negatively impacting aquatic and terrestrial life by bioaccumulating in the food chain. This problem is on a continuous rise in under-developed and developing countries, such as in [...] Read more.
Heavy metals enter river basins through industrial effluents, agricultural wastes, surface run-offs, and other human activities, negatively impacting aquatic and terrestrial life by bioaccumulating in the food chain. This problem is on a continuous rise in under-developed and developing countries, such as in Pakistan. Therefore, the current study was aimed to determine concentrations of heavy metals, essential trace elements, and macrominerals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Mg, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ca, and As) in the water, sediments, and tissues (gills, liver, and muscles) of Bagarius bagarius and Bagre marinus in the Jhelum River, Pakistan. The hematological and biochemical profiles of these fish across two sampling sites (Jhelum Bridge Khushab, upstream, and Langarwala Pull—downstream) were also evaluated. Results showed greater bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish downstream, correlating with higher concentrations of these metals in water and sediments downstream. In the case of B. marinus, the highest concentration observed was 16.59 mg/g (Ca), and the lowest concentration was 9.51 mg/g (Fe). In the case of B. bagarius, the highest concentration observed was 17.47 mg/g (Ca), and the lowest concentration was 7.95 mg/g (Mg). Increased activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed downstream. Hematological changes included increased white blood cells (WBCs) and decreased red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, hemoglobin (Hb), platelets (Plt), and hematocrit (Hct). A significant correlation was observed among heavy metals across the water, sediment, and different tissues of B. marinus and B. bagarius. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) for both species along both sampling sites illustrated the relationship between fish tissues and metals. The current study concluded that the fish accumulated a significantly higher concentration of heavy metals downstream, which might be linked with dumping of the domestic wastes and industrial and agricultural runoff, adversely affecting both fish and human health. Full article
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17 pages, 3585 KB  
Article
Immunological Responses, Expression of Immune-Related Genes, and Disease Resistance of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed Diets Supplied with Capsicum (Capsicum annuum) Oleoresin
by Sevdan Yilmaz, Osman Nezih Kenanoğlu, Sebahattin Ergün, Ekrem Şanver Çelik, Mert Gürkan, Elsayed Eldeeb Mehana and Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233402 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1354
Abstract
A 45-day feeding study was carried out to assess the immune-stimulatory effects of capsicum oleoresin when added to rainbow trout diets. A total of 450 fish (mean weight: 155.20 ± 1.96 g) were distributed into 400 L tanks (30 fish/tank) across five experimental [...] Read more.
A 45-day feeding study was carried out to assess the immune-stimulatory effects of capsicum oleoresin when added to rainbow trout diets. A total of 450 fish (mean weight: 155.20 ± 1.96 g) were distributed into 400 L tanks (30 fish/tank) across five experimental groups: control (CT, 0%), C7 (0.7%), C14 (1.4%), C21 (2.1%), and C28 (2.8%). Each group consisted of three replicate tanks. At the end of this period, hemato-biochemical parameters, innate immune responses, and immune-related gene expression levels were evaluated, and a histological examination of head kidney and liver sections was conducted. Finally, fish in all groups were challenged with Lactococcus garvieae and observed for an additional 20 days. The results revealed that oleoresin supplementation enhanced the immune responses of the treated fish, which was evidenced by the increased globulin, total protein, respiratory burst activity, and total immunoglobulin levels. The highest expression levels of the il-8, il-1β, TGF-β, and SAA genes was noticed in the C7 group, as compared with the results for the other groups. The IgT gene expression levels were higher in all experimental groups than in the CT group, and this increase was at the highest level in the C28 group. Following the bacterial challenge, all experimental groups displayed higher survival rates compared to that of the CT group. These values were 75.93, 72.22, 46.30, 33.33, and 29.63% in the C7, C14, C21, C28, and CT groups, respectively, with the C7 group displaying the highest survival rate among the groups. The histological examination of liver and head kidney tissues revealed that higher doses (in the C21 and C28 groups) showed an increase in cytoplasmic vacuolization, which causes adverse effects on fish health. However, the C7 group displayed normal histological structure in both tissues. Taken together, the most favorable immune responses were achieved in the C7 group, suggesting that 0.7% oleoresin could be applied to rainbow trout to boost immunity and protect the fish from diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Aquatic Animal Health Through Feed Additives)
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13 pages, 580 KB  
Review
Nutritional Value of Oregano-Based Products and Its Effect on Rabbit Performance and Health
by Ayman Abd El-Aziz, Ahmed Elfadadny, Mahmoud Abo Ghanima, Damiano Cavallini, Isa Fusaro, Melania Giammarco, Giovanni Buonaiuto and Karim El-Sabrout
Animals 2024, 14(20), 3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14203021 - 18 Oct 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3242
Abstract
Antimicrobials long been used to enhance the performance and immunity of rabbits, typically by adding them to feed or drinking water to prevent illness. However, increasing consumer concerns about antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have led to a shift toward natural, eco-friendly, non-antibiotic feed supplements that [...] Read more.
Antimicrobials long been used to enhance the performance and immunity of rabbits, typically by adding them to feed or drinking water to prevent illness. However, increasing consumer concerns about antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have led to a shift toward natural, eco-friendly, non-antibiotic feed supplements that can improve rabbit health and productivity. Recently, aromatic herbs and their extracts have gained considerable attention as natural antioxidants with growth-promoting and health-boosting properties. Essential oils and secondary metabolites play a central role in these effects, with Origanum vulgare (oregano) emerging as a standout option. Compared to synthetic alternatives, oregano is a natural, residue-free feed supplement with fewer harmful side effects. Its key bioactive components, thymol and carvacrol, have been shown to deliver significant benefits when incorporated into rabbit diets, particularly in improving production performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity. Supplementing rabbit diets and drinking water with oregano essential oil (OEO) has been found to enhance growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat quality, while also lowering cholesterol levels and boosting antioxidant activity. Despite these promising results, research on the use of oregano in rabbit farming remains limited. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the potential effect of oregano supplements, on growth parameters, carcass and meat quality, hemato-biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, immunity response, gut health, and gene expression in rabbits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Gut Health and Immunity in Monogastric Animals)
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22 pages, 2349 KB  
Article
Effect of Dietary Benzoic Acid and Oregano Essential Oil as a Substitute for an Anti-Coccidial Agent on Growth Performance and Physiological and Immunological Responses in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Eimeria Species
by Joycy Seiba Khukhodziinai, Pradip Kumar Das, Joydip Mukherjee, Dipak Banerjee, Prabal Ranjan Ghosh, Anil Kumar Das, Indranil Samanta, Ruma Jas, Samiran Mondal and Amlan Kumar Patra
Animals 2024, 14(20), 3008; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14203008 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2506
Abstract
To overcome the antimicrobial residues in food, benzoic acid (BA) and oregano essential oil (OEO) are used in the broiler chicken industry. Independently, both exerted anticoccidial and antimicrobial actions and improved growth performance in broiler chickens. Their effect may be multiplied when they [...] Read more.
To overcome the antimicrobial residues in food, benzoic acid (BA) and oregano essential oil (OEO) are used in the broiler chicken industry. Independently, both exerted anticoccidial and antimicrobial actions and improved growth performance in broiler chickens. Their effect may be multiplied when they are used in combination. This present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of dietary BA and OEO alone or in combination as a substitute for a commercial coccidiostatic drug on growth performance and physiological and immunological responses in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria species. A total of 252 unsexed 1-day-old broiler chicks were equally allotted to 36 pens, each pen containing seven chicks. The pens were randomly assigned to six treatments with six pens (replicates) for each treatment (n = 6)—(i) negative control, (ii) positive control, coccidia-challenged and non-treated, (iii) supplemented with salinomycin (an anti-coccidial drug) at 60 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged, (iv) supplemented with BA at 500 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged, (v) supplemented with OEOat 500 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged (OEO), and (vi) supplemented with BA at 500 mg/kg of feed and OEO at 500 mg/kg of feed and coccidia-challenged (B&O). The liver enzymes and thyroxine and creatinine levels were not affected (p > 0.05) both in coccidia-challenged and supplemented chickens. The BA and OEO applied separately or in combination (B&O) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced gut pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) and Eimeria spp., and concurrently enhanced (p > 0.05) the Lactobacillus population with better body weight gain, improved feed utilization, and superior hematological values. It also up-regulated (p > 0.05) the interferon-γ gene expression and down-regulated (p < 0.05) the interleukin-10 and Toll-like receptor-4 gene expression to protect the chickens from inflammatory reactions, which were not demonstrated in salinomycin-treated birds. The B&O supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the immune system by enhancing Eimeria-specific immunoglobulin Y titer and lymphocyte proliferation response. This study suggests that the combined application of OEO and BA can substitute for a commercial anti-coccidial agent (salinomycin) in controlling coccidiosis as well as improving growth performance, gut health, and immune responses in broiler chickens with a means of antimicrobial-resistant free food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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7 pages, 1403 KB  
Case Report
Double Cervical Adjacent Hydrated Nucleus Pulposus Extrusion (HNPE) in a Yorkshire Terrier
by Domenico Fugazzotto, Marco Tabbì, Pilar Lorena Lozano, Giuseppe Barillaro, Francesco Macrì and Simone Minato
Animals 2024, 14(19), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192889 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1739
Abstract
A 9-year-old Yorkshire terrier was brought to the emergency department for inability to maintain the correct station with acute onset. Neurological examination showed a non-ambulatory tetraparesis, spontaneous proprioceptive deficit in all limbs, and decreased flexor reflex in the forelimbs. The neurological symptoms suggested [...] Read more.
A 9-year-old Yorkshire terrier was brought to the emergency department for inability to maintain the correct station with acute onset. Neurological examination showed a non-ambulatory tetraparesis, spontaneous proprioceptive deficit in all limbs, and decreased flexor reflex in the forelimbs. The neurological symptoms suggested a cranial cervical spinal cord with suspicion of spinal shock. The clinical differential diagnoses included degenerative (intervertebral disc extrusion), vascular, inflammatory, or neoplastic disease. No pathological findings were evident in the hematobiochemical tests or in the radiograph examination. MRI examination of the cervical spine showed the presence of two adjacent hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusions at C3-C4 and C4-C5 tracts. Treatment included analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy; movement restriction was initially necessary, followed by physiotherapy. Follow-up at 4 weeks showed complete recovery. A telephone follow-up after 3 months with the owner confirmed the absence of symptoms. This article reports the first double cervical HNPE case in a dog, adding the possibility that the disease may present in this form and the success of conservative treatment as described in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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17 pages, 310 KB  
Article
Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Blood Parameters, and Cecal Bacteria of Broilers
by Md G. Akib, Al Rifat, Chondhon Bormon, Amitush Dutta, Mohammad Shamsul Ataher, Mahmoud Azzam, Mohammed Hamdy Farouk, Razib Das, Md Abul Kalam Azad and Shad Mahfuz
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080374 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7123
Abstract
The effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) on the growth, meat quality, carcass characteristics, hematobiochemical profile, and cecal bacteria of broiler chicken was investigated in this research trial. In this study, 192-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were assigned in [...] Read more.
The effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) on the growth, meat quality, carcass characteristics, hematobiochemical profile, and cecal bacteria of broiler chicken was investigated in this research trial. In this study, 192-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design to three groups: control, antibiotic, and MLP. A standard basal diet was given to the control group, while the antibiotic group received 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline, and the MLP group received 100 mg/kg M. oleifera leaf powder supplemented basal diet. Each group was further divided into eight replicates consisting of eight birds each, and the trial ran for 35 days. Among the groups, the MLP-fed broilers achieved the highest final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI). Notably, the FCR for the whole experimental period was lower in the MLP group, indicating a more efficient use of feed for growth. Supplementation of MLP with basal diet significantly increased (p < 0.05) the weight of thighs and drumsticks relative to live weight %, while the spleen and abdominal fat weight (% of live weight) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Adding MLP to the diet improved the meat quality of broilers, as indicated by the highest pH of meat at 45 min and the lowest cooking loss (%) observed in this group. MLP exhibited hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects, with the lowest total cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to non-supplemented groups. The hematological profile revealed that the MLP group exhibited the highest RBC count and Hb level, while also showing the lowest H/L ratio. Moringa supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) modulated the cecal bacterial population, reducing pathogenic E. coli and Shigella spp. while increasing beneficial Lactobacillus spp. and the total aerobic plate count (TAPC). In conclusion, Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) can be used as a natural feed supplement for promoting the growth, meat quality, healthy blood, and sound health of broilers. Full article
12 pages, 8960 KB  
Article
Retrospective Study of 25 Cases of Acorn Intoxication Colitis in Horses between 2011 and 2018 and Factors Associated with Non-Survival
by Tanguy Hermange, Basile Ruault and Anne Couroucé
Animals 2024, 14(4), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040599 - 12 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1704
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe clinical data associated with acorn intoxication and to find variables associated with survival. Data from horses presented at CISCO-ONIRIS from 2011 to 2018 with a diagnosis of acorn intoxication were included. Diagnosis was based on [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to describe clinical data associated with acorn intoxication and to find variables associated with survival. Data from horses presented at CISCO-ONIRIS from 2011 to 2018 with a diagnosis of acorn intoxication were included. Diagnosis was based on the following: season, the presence of acorns in the environment, clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters suggestive of a digestive/renal disease, the co-morbidity of companion animals, and post-mortem findings. Statistical analysis was completed using Student’s t-test for mean comparisons and a Chi-square test for group comparisons (p < 0.05). A total of 25 horses were included, and seasonality suggests that the intoxication may vary from year to year. Clinical signs associated with acorn intoxication were signs of circulatory shock (lethargy, tachycardia, abnormal mucous membrane, tachypnea), digestive signs (diarrhea, ileus, colic), and abnormal temperature. Clinical pathological findings included increased hematocrit, WBC, creatinine, BUN, GGT, AST, CK and decreased albumin. Overall, 44% (11/25) of horses survived. The majority (13/14) of non-survivors died, or were euthanized, during the first 48 h. Findings significantly associated with non-survival were age, heart rate, hemorrhagic diarrhea, ileus, hematocrit, creatinine, blood lactate, and thickness of the colon wall at ultrasonography. This study provides equine practitioners with valuable prognostic information in cases of acorn intoxication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pasture-Associated Poisoning in Grazing Animals)
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