Search Results (52)

As an important reserve resource for cultivated land, the improvement and fertility enhancement of saline-alkali land are key to alleviating the pressure on cultivated land and ensuring the sustainable utilization of land resources. Studying the regulatory effect of rotation patterns on the soil fertility of saline-alkali land is one of the core research contents in exploring low-cost and environmentally friendly comprehensive management strategies for saline-alkali land. This study focuses on Zhaoyuan County, a representative saline and alkaline area within the Songnen Plain. Utilizing remote sensing technology, crop information was systematically collected across 13 time periods spanning from 2008 to 2020. These data were employed to construct a comprehensive crop information change atlas. This atlas categorized crop rotation patterns based on crop combinations, rotation frequencies, and the number of consecutive years of planting. Using soil sampling data from 2008 and 2020, a soil fertility evaluation was conducted, and the changes in soil chemical properties and fertility under various crop rotation patterns were analyzed. The results of the study show that, during the study period, crop rotation patterns in Zhaoyuan County were dominated by paddy-upland rotations and upland crop rotations. Crop rotation patterns, categorized by crop combination, were dominated by soybean–maize–other crops rotation (S-M-O) and rice–soybean–maize–other crops rotation (R-S-M-O). The frequency of crop rotation is dominated by low- and medium-frequency crop rotation. Crop rotation significantly increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen content, and overall soil fertility in the study area, while simultaneously lowering soil pH levels. Crop rotation patterns with different crop combinations had significant effects on soil chemical properties, with smaller differences in the effects of different rotation frequencies and years of continuous cropping. Crop rotation patterns incorporating soybean demonstrate a significant positive regulatory impact on the soil fertility of saline-alkali land. Low-frequency crop rotation (with ≤5 crop changes) has a relatively better effect on improving soil fertility. This research provides important empirical support and decision-making references for establishing sustainable farming systems in ecologically fragile saline-alkali areas, ensuring regional food security, and promoting the long-term sustainable utilization of land resources. Full article

Existing rice harvesting models often lack depth or extensibility and are limited in their scope across the agriculture value chain, from crop planting to postharvest handling. A multi-agent system (MAS) offers flexibility and scalability and supports the simulation and modeling of complex real-world scenarios. This paper introduces a novel approach utilizing an MAS to simulate rice harvesting operations (including additional pre- and post-harvesting operations). Initially, a generic MAS was created, and it was then subsequently adapted to the agricultural context of rice farming in Central Japan. The localized MAS consists of agents such as weather, farm, rice centers, fields, crops and multiple agriculture machinery. Additionally, the introduced MAS environment is based on a discrete event simulation that enables communication across various independent agents. The system includes different harvesting schedule policies which determine the harvesting order for multiple paddy fields on specific days. The system was evaluated through two distinct experiments: (i) ‘Model Verification Simulation’, which successfully demonstrated the replication of actual historical farming practices, and (ii) ‘Operational Efficiency Simulation’, which compared the overall farm efficiency under different scheduling policies as well as different environmental conditions (e.g., rainfall). The simulation successfully generated a dataset containing traits and performance indicators that replicate the patterns observed in real-world data, while also approximating the operational behaviors and workflows of actual rice harvesting systems. Future studies could further evaluate the model’s robustness to confirm its practical applicability. Full article

Returning straw and green manure to the field is a vital agronomic practice for improving crop yields and ensuring food security. However, the existing research primarily focuses on drylands and low-fertility paddy fields. A systematic discussion of the yield-increasing mechanisms and soil response patterns of medium- and long-term organic fertilization in subtropical, high-organic-matter paddy fields is lacking. This study conducted a six-year field experiment (2019–2024) in a typical high-fertility rice production area, where the initial organic matter content of the 0–20 cm topsoil layer was 44.56 g kg⁻¹. Four treatments were established: PK (no nitrogen, only phosphorus and potassium fertilizer), NPK (conventional nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), NPKM (NPK + full-amount winter milk vetch return), and NPKS (NPK + full-amount rice straw return). We collected 0–20 cm topsoil samples during key rice growth stages to monitor the dynamic changes in nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The rice SPAD, LAI, plant height, and tiller number were also measured during the growth period. After the six-year rice harvest, we determined the properties of the topsoil, including its organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, available phosphorus and potassium, and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen. The results showed that, compared to NPK, the organic matter content of the topsoil (0–20 cm) increased by 6.36% and 5.16% (annual average increase of 1.06% and 0.86%, lower than in low-fertility areas) in the NPKS and NPKM treatments, respectively; the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content increased by 16.59%, 8.81%, and 10.37% (NPKS) and 6.70%, 5.12%, and 11.62% (NPKM), respectively; the available phosphorus content increased by 21.87% and 8.42%, respectively; the available potassium content increased by 47.38% and 11.56%, respectively; and the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content increased by 3.24% and 2.34%, respectively. However, the pH decreased by 0.07 in the NPKS treatment while it increased by 0.17 in the NPKM treatment, respectively, compared to the PK treatment. NPKS and NPKM improved key rice growth indicators such as the SPAD, LAI, plant height, and tillering. In particular, the tillering of the NPKS treatment showed a sustained advantage at maturity, increasing by up to 13.64% compared to NPK, which also led to an increase in the effective panicle number. Compared to NPK, NPKS and NPKM increased the average yield by 9.52% and 8.83% over the six years, respectively, with NPKM having the highest yield in the first three years (2019–2021) and NPKS having the highest yield from the fourth year (2022–2024) onwards. These results confirm that inputting organic materials such as straw and green manure can improve soil fertility and rice productivity, even in rice systems with high organic matter levels. Future research should prioritize the long-term monitoring of carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions to comprehensively assess these practices’ sustainability. Full article

This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of returned water in paddy fields at different scales and the rules of its reuse in China’s Ganfu Plain Irrigation District through multiscale (field, lateral canal, main canal, small watershed) observations, thereby optimizing water resource management and improving water use efficiency. Subsequent investigations during the 2021–2022 double-cropping rice seasons revealed that the tillering stage emerged as a critical drainage period, with 49.5% and 52.2% of total drainage occurring during this phase in early and late rice, respectively. Multiscale drainage heterogeneity displayed distinct patterns, with early rice following a “decrease-increase” trend while late rice exhibited “decrease-peak-decline” dynamics. Smaller scales (field and lateral canal) produced 37.1% higher drainage than larger scales (main canal and small watershed) during the reviving stage. In contrast, post-jointing-booting stages showed 103.6% higher drainage at larger scales. Return flow utilization peaked at the field-lateral canal scales, while dynamic regulation of Fangxi Lake’s storage capacity achieved 60% reuse efficiency at the watershed scale. We propose an integrated optimization strategy combining tillering-stage irrigation/drainage control, multiscale hydraulic interception (control gates and pond weirs), and dynamic watershed storage scheduling. This framework provides theoretical and practical insights for enhancing water use efficiency and mitigating non-point source pollution in plain irrigation districts. Full article

To explore the characteristics of soil microbial community structure diversity for different planting patterns in paddy fields, and to screen out the planting patterns suitable for the promotion of double-cropping rice areas in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, five typical planting patterns were set up in this study. The five patterns are Chinese milk vetch–early rice–late rice (CRR, CK), Chinese milk vetch–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (CRI), rapeseed–early rice–late rice (RRR), rapeseed–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (RRI) and potato–early rice–late rice (PRR). The variation characteristics of soil microbial community structure diversity and the correlation between soil environmental factors and soil microbial community structure diversity under the triple-cropping system in the double-cropping rice area of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were studied by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that after two years of experiment, the pH values of each treatment increased, and the rapeseed–early rice–late rice (RRR) model performed better. The soil organic matter and total nitrogen content of the milk vetch–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (CRI) model was the highest, which increased by 7.89~35.02% and 6.59~26.80% compared with other treatments. The content of soil available phosphorus and available potassium in the potato–early rice–late rice (PRR) model was higher than that in other treatments, which was increased by 29.48% and 126.49% compared with the control. The Chinese milk vetch–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (CRI) and rapeseed–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (RRI) models were beneficial to increasing soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. Chinese milk vetch–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (CRI) and rapeseed–early rice–late rice (RRR) patterns were beneficial for improving the microbial diversity index. Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria are the top three dominant phyla in terms of the relative abundance of soil bacteria, and the top three dominant fungi are Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucor. The Chinese milk vetch–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (CRI) and rapeseed–early rice–sweet potato || late soybean (RRI) patterns increased the relative abundance of soil Actinobacteria and Ascomycota. The contents of ammonium nitrogen, total organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting soil microbial community structure. The findings can provide references for screening out the planting patterns suitable for the promotion of double-cropping rice areas in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Full article

Agriculture in the Indian Sundarbans deltaic region primarily depends on a rice-based monocropping system during the rainy season, with the subsequent season often remaining fallow. To mitigate this issue, a series of experiments using zero tillage and straw mulching (ZTSM) potato cultivation were conducted over eight consecutive years (2017–2024) across various islands in the Sundarbans Delta, West Bengal, aimed to intensify the cropping system and ensure the betterment of the land use pattern using climate-smart agricultural practices. In the initial two years, the experiments concentrated on assessing different potato cultivars and nutrient dosages under zero tillage and paddy straw mulching conditions. During the subsequent years, the focus shifted to field demonstrations under diverse climatic conditions. The research included the application of different macronutrients and growth regulators, in combination with different depths of straw mulching. In the final years of the study, the intervention was dedicated solely to the horizontal expansion of cultivated land. These initiatives aimed to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainable land use in the polders, promoting climate-resilient farming practices. From the sets of experiments, we standardized the sustainable nutrient management strategies and selection of appropriate potato cultivars vis-à-vis depth of straw mulching and, finally, the overall best agronomic practices for the region. The adoption of the ZTSM potato cultivation system demonstrated considerable success, as evidenced by the remarkable increase in the number of farmers employing this sustainable agricultural practice. The number of farmers practicing zero tillage potato cultivation surged from 23 in the initial year to over 1100, covering an area of more than 15 ha, highlighting the effectiveness of the technology. The analysis of the estimated adoption also showed that more than 90% adoption is likely to be achieved within a decade. This potential expansion underscores the benefits of the ZTSM potato cultivation system in improving soil health, conserving water, and reducing labour and costs. As more farmers recognize the advantages of zero tillage potato mulching, this approach is poised to play a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture, enhancing productivity while promoting environmental stewardship. Full article

Hydrochar (HC) incorporation affects soil nitrogen (N) transformation, which could further affect the N leaching loss. We conducted a soil lysimeter experiment to evaluate the responses in terms of N leaching and rice yield to HC applied at a low (0.5%) or high (1.5%) rate, while considering three N inputs, i.e., 240, 192, and 144 kg/ha (named N240, N192, and N144, respectively). The results showed that the rice grain yield was highest (124.3 g/pot) for N192, while being significantly reduced to the minimum yield achieved in the study (110.3 g/pot) for N144. Interestingly, for the N input 144 kg/ha, HC application increased the rice grain yield by 6.9–8.0%, which was equivalent to that of N240. NH₄⁺-N leaching occurred mainly during the first 4 weeks of the rice season, and HC did not influence NH₄⁺-N leaching for both the N inputs, 192 and 240 kg/ha. However, compared to N144, N144 + HC1.5% recorded a significantly higher NH₄⁺-N leaching loss of 34.6%. This suggests that the application of a high amount of HC increases the NH₄⁺-N leaching risk when the N input is low. HC application resulted in 10.2–45.3% more NO₃⁻-N leaching loss when the three N inputs were applied, the effect of which was significant in regard to the applications involving a 20 and 40% N reduction, but this occurred only with the applied treatments involving 1.5% HC. Moreover, we found that organic N was the main form of leachate N (>80%). More specifically, N144 + HC recorded 7.8–8.3% lower organic N leaching than N192. Based on the effects of HC on the rice grain yield and N leaching, we recommend applications involving a 40% N reduction (N144) with a lower amount of HC (HC 0.5%) to ensure high crop production and to protect the water environment. Full article

From May 2019 to May 2022, a field experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of paddy–upland rotations on rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions in winter paddy fields. Four types of rotation pattern, rice–oilseed rape, rice–radish, rice–faba bean, and rice–fallow (flooded), were investigated and the N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions in situ and rice yield were determined. The results showed that the paddy–upland rotation mode required fertilization during the winter cropping season. Compared with the rice–fallow (flooded) mode, the flux rate and annual cumulative emissions of N₂O were significantly higher in the paddy–upland rotation modes. The rice–radish mode had the highest flux rate and annual cumulative emissions of N₂O. When the soil in each paddy–upland rotation mode was exposed to air in winter, the soil redox potential increased and reducing substances were oxidized. Compared with the rice–fallow (flooded) mode, the flux rate and annual cumulative emissions of CH₄ significantly decreased in the paddy–upland rotation modes, with the rice–radish mode producing the lowest flux rate and annual cumulative emissions of CH₄. Fertilization and crop planting were conducted in winter, and the soil moisture was low. Compared with the rice–fallow (flooded) mode, the flux rate of CO₂ of the paddy–upland rotation modes increased significantly. The flux rate of CO₂ in the rice–oilseed rape mode was the highest. Furthermore, the N₂O and CH₄ emissions produced during the rice season and annually were significantly positively correlated with those in the winter season, indicating that the winter season had a significant effect on greenhouse gas emissions from winter paddy fields. Because of the significantly higher annual cumulative emissions of CH₄ and the significantly lower rice yield in the rice–fallow (flooded) mode than in the paddy–upland rotation modes, this mode’s global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) during the rice season are significantly higher than those of the paddy–upland rotation modes. Full article

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have the characteristics of environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and high toxicity, and their environmental behavior has attracted the attention in the process of sewage resource utilization in recent years. In this study, four kinds of irrigation water sources (the primary treated water of rural domestic sewage (RDS) R1, the secondary treated water of RDS R2, the ecological pond purified water R3 and river water (CK) and three kinds of water level regulations (low-, medium- and high-water level regulation of W1, W2, and W3) were set to study the migration law of 22 kinds of PPCPs in rural domestic reclaimed water (RDRW), paddy soil and rice plants. Five rice plant and soil samples were, respectively, taken from each treatment using the five-point sampling method in this study. The samples were pretreated using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. After pretreatment, PPCPs were quantitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The objective of the research was to explore the distribution patterns in soil-crop system, further evaluating the ecological risks of PPCPs in soil and rice plants under the regulation of RDRW irrigation. The results showed that 21 kinds of PPCPs were detected in RDRW and CK, among which the concentration of ofloxacin (OFL) was the highest. Fifteen kinds of PPCPs were detected in paddy soil and rice grain, among which atenolol (ATE) content was relatively higher. Compared with CK, the total content of PPCPs in the soil surface layer (0–20 cm) was the highest under RDRW irrigation. The impacts of different water level regulations on the PPCPs content between soil profile and rice grain were not significant. In addition, the reduction rate of 15 PPCPs in soil under RDRW irrigation was greater than 85%, and the bio-concentration factor (BCF) of PPCPs in rice grain was less than 0.1. The ecological risk assessment showed that ibuprofen (IBU) was a high-risk substance pollutant, triclocarban (TRIC) was a medium-risk pollutant, ofloxacin (OFL) was a low-risk pollutant, while the other PPCPs were all risk-free pollutants under RDRW irrigation. Therefore, R3 water sources can be selected for direct agricultural irrigation, while direct irrigation of R1 and R2 water sources should be avoided. Full article

Paddy fields are the main agricultural source of greenhouse gas methane (CH₄) emissions. To enhance rice yield, various fertilization practices have been employed in rice paddies. However, the key microbial and abiotic factors driving CH₄ emissions under different fertilization practices in paddy fields remain largely uncharted. This study conducted field experiments in a traditional double-cropping rice area in South China, utilizing five different fertilization practices to investigate the key factors influencing CH₄ emissions. High-throughput sequencing and PICRUSt2 functional prediction were employed to investigate the contributions of soil physicochemical properties, CH₄-metabolizing microorganisms (methanogens and methanotrophs), and key genes (mcrA and pmoA) on CH₄ emissions. The results showed that CH₄ emission fluxes exhibited seasonal variations, with consistent patterns of change observed across all treatments for both early- and late-season rice. Compared to the no-fertilization (NF) treatment, cumulative CH₄ emissions were lower in early-season rice with green manure (GM) and straw returning (SR) treatments, as well as in late-season rice with GM treatment, while rice yields were maintained at higher levels. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that potential methanogens were primarily distributed among four orders: Methanobacteriales, Methanocellales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinales. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the relative abundance of the CH₄-related key gene mcrA and these microorganisms. Functional analysis indicated that these potential methanogens primarily produce methane through the acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways. Aerobic CH₄-oxidizing bacteria, predominantly from the genus Methylocystis, were detected in all the treatments, while the CH₄ anaerobic-oxidizing archaea ANME-1b was only detected in chemical fertilization (CF) and cow manure (CM) treatments. Our random forest analysis revealed that the relative abundance of two methanogens (Methanocellales and Methanosarcinales) and two environmental factors (pH and DOC) had significant impacts on the cumulative CH₄ emissions. The variance decomposition analysis highlighted the CH₄-metabolizing microorganisms explained 50% of the variance in the cumulative CH₄ emissions, suggesting that they are the key microbial factors driving CH₄ emissions. These findings provide guidance for the development of rational measures to reduce CH₄ emissions in paddy fields. Full article

Timely and accurate mapping of rice distribution is crucial to estimate yield, optimize agriculture spatial patterns, and ensure global food security. Feature selection (FS) methods have significantly improved computational efficiency by reducing redundancy in spectral and temporal feature sets, playing a vital role in identifying and mapping paddy rice. However, the optimal feature sets selected by existing methods suffer from issues such as information redundancy or local optimality, limiting their accuracy in rice identification. Moreover, the effects of these FS methods on rice recognition in various machine learning classifiers and regions with different climatic conditions and planting structures is still unclear. To overcome these limitations, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the potential applications of major FS methods, including the wrapper method, embedded method, and filter method for rice mapping. A novel hierarchical lustering sequential forward selection (HCSFS) method for precisely extracting the optimal feature set for rice identification is proposed. The accuracy of the HCSFS and other FS methods for rice identification was tested with nine common machine learning classifiers. The results indicated that, among the three FS methods, the wrapper method achieved the best rice mapping performance, followed by the embedded method, and lastly, the filter method. The new HCSFS significantly reduced redundant features compared with eleven typical FS methods, demonstrating higher precision and stability, with user accuracy and producer accuracy exceeding 0.9548 and 0.9487, respectively. Additionally, the spatial distribution of rice maps generated using the optimal feature set selected by HCSFS closely aligned with actual planting patterns, markedly outperforming existing rice products. This research confirms the effectiveness and transferability of the HCSFS method for rice mapping across different climates and cultivation structures, suggesting its enormous potential for classifying other crops using time-series remote sensing images. Full article

Provisioning services are essential components of ecosystem services. Food production is usually a driver of land use change, which has the effect on altering the provisioning services of ecosystems. As one of the main areas of food production in China, the provisioning services of the Songhua River Basin (SHRB) should be taken seriously. In view of this, it is urgent to carry out a study on the assessment of provisioning services in the SHRB to provide data support and scientific reference for the optimization of the spatial pattern of land use in the basin, the sustainable development of agriculture, and the formulation of differentiated protection policies. In this study, based on the equivalent factor method for the unit area value and spatial autocorrelation with the Moran’s I, we assessed the provisioning services values (PSV) of the SHRB every ten years during the period of 2000–2020 under different land use types and analyzed the relationships between different PSV and the production of four different food types, including rice, wheat, corn, and soja. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the area of paddy fields in the SHRB increased and then decreased, while the area of dry lands continued to increase. The land use transfer matrix showed a significant expansion of paddy fields (+0.55 × 10⁴ km²), shrinkage of grassland (−0.72 × 10⁴ km²), and loss of water body (−0.43 × 10⁴ km²) in the SHRB from 2000 to 2020; (2) The PSV in the SHRB showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2020, growing by 16.73 × 10¹⁰ RMB, with the growth in 2010–2020 being greater than in 2000–2010. The order of increase in each type of PSV was: water supply > food supply > raw material supply; (3) Spatially, the increase in PSV per unit and total PSV in the SHRB was lesser in the center and greater in the east and west. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of various PSV showed that the value of unit area food supply was higher in the central and eastern plains, while the raw material supply and water supply were higher in the western and eastern hilly areas. (4) In terms of spatial correlation, the distribution of soja production with the total PSV, food supply, raw materials supply, and water supply services values were positively spatially correlated. However, the production of rice, wheat, and corn with the total PSV, food supply, and raw materials supply services values were negatively spatially correlated. Cluster analysis revealed that changing the crop cultivation structure could protect the ecosystem and increase the value of ecosystem services. Full article

Mangrove swamp rice production (MSRP) refers to rice cultivation in former mangrove soils that have been anthropogenically modified for food production. The method utilizes the largest possible storage of fresh water to desalinate the soils and make them productive. However, temporal variability in rainfall patterns causes loss of efficiency in production, impacting crop growth and reducing productivity. To improve MSRP, it is necessary to identify the primary constraints associated with salinity, enhancing and maximizing freshwater storage efficiency and water productivity. This study provides a general description of the MSRP system in both the northern and southern regions of Guinea-Bissau, aiming at the identification of the main water management limitations. The description involves the use of typologies and the identification of zones with specific characteristics within the paddies. Furthermore, this review includes an analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of soils in relation to salinity issues, descriptions of agronomic management, rice varieties, and the significance of managing dikes and bunds to improve mangrove swamp rice water management. This study shows how the MSRPS is characterized by dynamism and complexity, involving a wide range of constraints associated with salinity features, cultural influences, and microclimatic conditions that are subject to temporal variations. Full article

Lilium growth is severely impeded by continuous cropping, and crop rotation is essential to reducing the detrimental effects of monocultures. Soil (0–20 cm) was collected in three Lilium cropping patterns in Longshan County, Hunan Province, including continuous Lilium cropping (Lilium), corn upland rotation with Lilium (Corn), and paddy rotation with Lilium (Rice). Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology, the fungal ribosomal DNA internal-transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was examined to evaluate the features of soil fungi communities among three cropping patterns. Crop rotation has an impact on soil properties and the microbial community. Rice soil has a significantly higher pH than Lilium and corn soil, while corn and rice soil have a greater total nitrogen and total phosphorus content than Lilium soil. Rotation cropping clearly shifted the fungi community diversity based on the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Ascomycota was the most prevalent phylum, with the highest levels in Lilium soil. Genetic analysis revealed that paddy rotation led to a clear reduction in or non-detection of eight potentially pathogenic fungal genera and a noticeable accumulation of eight beneficial fungal genera compared to Lilium continuous cropping. Fungi communities and their abundant taxa were correlated with soil pH and nutrients. Altogether, we propose that rice rotation, with its ability to mitigate soil acidification, reducing pathogenic and accumulating beneficial communities, may be an effective strategy for alleviating the continuous cropping barrier. Full article

In response to the limitations of traditional double rice cropping models, this study constructed five typical rice planting models in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, namely “Chinese milk vetch-early rice-late rice (CK/CRR), Chinese milk vetch—early rice—sweet potato || late soybean (CRI), rapeseed—early rice—late rice (RRR), rapeseed—early rice—sweet potato || late soybean (RRI) and potato—early rice—late rice (PRR)” to study the annual emission characteristics of greenhouse gases under different planting models. The results showed the following: (1) From the perspective of total yield in two years, the CRI treatment reached its maximum, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments by 9.30~20.29% in 2019 (p < 0.05); in 2020, except for the treatment of RRI, it was significantly higher than other treatments by 20.46~30.23% (p < 0.05). (2) The cumulative emission of CH₄ in the double rice treatment is generally higher than that in paddy-upland rotation treatment, while the cumulative emission of N₂O in the paddy-upland rotation treatment is higher than that in the double rice treatment, but the total amount is much lower than the cumulative emission of CH₄. Therefore, CH₄ emissions from rice fields still occupy most of the GHGs. (3) The global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) of different planting patterns in rice fields in 2020 were higher than those in 2019, and the GWP and GHGI of double rice cropping treatment is higher than that of paddy-upland rotation treatments. During the two years, the GWP of CRR treatment reached its maximum and was significantly higher than that of other treatments by 48.28~448.90% and 34.43~278.33% (p < 0.05). The GHGI of CRR was significantly higher than that of CRI and RRI by 3.57~5.4 and 1.4~3.5 times (p < 0.05). Based on the comprehensive performance of greenhouse gas emissions over the two experimental years, RRI and CRI have shown good emission reduction effects, which can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, are conducive to reducing global warming potential and greenhouse gas emission intensity and conform to the development trend of “carbon neutrality”. Therefore, considering high-yield, low-temperature chamber gas emissions, the Chinese milk vetch—early rice—sweet potato || late soybean model performs well and has the best comprehensive benefits. It is of great significance for optimizing the rice field planting mode in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Full article