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A comprehensive understanding of the evolution and phase transitions of hydrometeors during the development of tropical cyclones (TCs) is essential for advancing research on the mechanisms of TC intensity change. In this study, utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model, we simulate the evolution of Super Typhoon Nangka (No. 1511), explore the relationship between the TC intensity variations and the internal hydrometeor distribution, and examine the secondary circulation characteristics. The results indicate that the total content of hydrometeor particles increased during the intensification of Typhoon Nangka. Ice-phase particles expanded outward radially as the typhoon intensified, while liquid-phase particles contracted inward. Ice-phase hydrometeor distributions varied in conjunction with TC intensity variations, whereas liquid-phase hydrometeor variations were closely related to the complex dynamic–thermodynamic–microphysical processes within the typhoon. The spatial pattern of the secondary circulation exhibits high consistency with the distribution of hydrometeor particles. Low-level radial inflow, upper-level radial outflow, and middle-level vertical updrafts played dominant roles in regulating the distribution and transport of particles at different stages. The intensification of Typhoon Nangka was primarily driven by water vapor convergence and the latent heat released by ascending liquid-phase particles near the eyewall, while the stagnation of its intensification was mainly attributed to the resistance exerted by descending ice-phase particles from upper levels and the heat consumption associated with their melting. These findings provide a foundation for better understanding how hydrometeors modulate TC intensity variations and offer valuable insights into energy conversion mechanisms during hydrometeor phase transitions under the influence of secondary circulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Typhoon/Hurricane Dynamics and Prediction (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 1035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pasteurized Milk Serves as a Passive Surveillance Tool for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Dairy Cattle

by Abhinay Gontu, Manoj K. Sekhwal, Anastacia Diaz Huemme, Lingling Li, Sophia Kutsaya, Michael Ling, Nidhi Kajal Doshi, Maurice Byukusenge and Ruth H. Nissly

Viruses 2025, 17(10), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101318 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

The emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle across multiple U.S. states in early 2024 marks a major shift in the virus’s host range and epidemiological profile. Traditionally limited to bird species, the ongoing detection of H5N1 in cattle, a mammalian host not previously considered vulnerable, raises urgent animal and human health concerns about zoonoses and mammalian adaptation. We assessed the feasibility of using commercially available pasteurized milk as a sentinel matrix for the molecular detection and genetic characterization of H5N1 HPAIV. Our aim was to determine whether retail milk could serve as a practical tool for virological monitoring and to evaluate the use of full-length genome segment amplification for extracting genomic sequence information from this highly processed matrix. Our results link HPAIV sequences in store-bought milk to the cattle outbreak and highlight both the potential and the limitations of retail milk as a surveillance window. Together, these findings provide evidence that influenza A virus RNA can be repeatedly detected in retail milk in patterns linked to specific supply chains, with genomic data confirming close relationships with the viruses circulating in cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Influenza)

17 pages, 630 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of Grinding Media Material and Proportion on the Cyanide Gold Extraction Process

by Guiqiang Niu, Yunfeng Shao, Qingfei Xiao, Mengtao Wang, Saizhen Jin, Guobin Wang and Yijun Cao

Minerals 2025, 15(10), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101031 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Laboratory and industrial tests were conducted to study the impact of grinding media material on key indicators such as grinding product particle size, sodium cyanide consumption, gold recovery rate, unit power consumption, and ball consumption. Laboratory test results indicate that the reasonable mixing of ceramic and steel balls can achieve an increase of more than 2.8% in the fineness of the grinding product (−0.038 mm), an increase of 0.3% in the gold recovery rate, and a decrease of 1.3 kg/t in the consumption of sodium cyanide. Industrial trial studies indicate that, compared to the traditional steel ball scheme, using a ceramic ball to steel ball mass ratio of 3:1 under conditions of processing 50,000 tons of gold concentrate annually can save a total of 1.31 million yuan in annual ball consumption, electricity consumption, and cyanide consumption costs. Additionally, the improved recovery rate generates an additional economic benefit of 3.63 million yuan, resulting in an annual comprehensive economic benefit increase of 4.94 million yuan. In summary, in gold cyanide leaching grinding, the mixture ratio between ceramic balls and steel balls demonstrates significant potential for energy conservation, cost reduction, and efficiency enhancement, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for subsequent process optimization and green gold extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Comminution: From Crushing to Grinding Optimization)

15 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessArticle

The MuRQoL-He—Hebrew Adaptation of the Music Related Quality of Life Questionnaire Among Adults Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

by Zahi Tubul, Zvi Tubul-Lavy and Gila Tubul-Lavy

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15050127 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Purpose: The present study aimed to describe the adaptation and validation process of the MuRQoL (Music Related Quality of Life questionnaire) from English to Hebrew and to describe normative data from a cohort of adults with normal hearing versus those with hearing aids or cochlear implants. Methods: After thoroughly translating and adapting to Hebrew, the participants completed the questionnaire online. We calculated the Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega scores for all scales and subscales. The construct validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the “known group” method. A total of 310 adults participated in this study. Fifty-four participants were deaf or hard of hearing, and 256 had normal hearing. Results: Internal consistency of the MuRQoL-He scales and subscales demonstrated good-to-excellent reliability. The goodness-of-fit indices for the frequency and importance scales were within acceptable standards. We found a significant difference in the frequency scale, where the normal-hearing group scores were significantly higher than those of the deaf and hard-of-hearing groups. Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the MuRQoL-He have been confirmed, indicating that it is suitable for guiding music rehabilitation for Hebrew-speaking deaf and hard-of-hearing adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Beyond Words: Advancements in Music Perception and Enjoyment for the Hearing-Impaired Population)

17 pages, 1671 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Soft Computing Approach to Ensuring Data Integrity in IoT-Enabled Healthcare Using Hesitant Fuzzy Sets

by Waeal J. Obidallah

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10520; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910520 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the latest advancement in the Internet of Things (IoT). Researchers are increasingly drawn to its vast potential applications in secure healthcare systems. The growing use of internet-connected medical device sensors has significantly transformed healthcare, necessitating the development of robust methodologies to assess their integrity. As access to computer networks continues to expand, these sensors have become vulnerable to a wide range of security threats, thereby compromising their integrity. To prevent such lapses, it is essential to understand the complexities of the operational environment and to systematically identify technical vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a unified hesitant fuzzy-based healthcare system for assessing IoMT sensor integrity. The approach integrates the hesitant fuzzy Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the hesitant fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In this study, a hesitant fuzzy ANP is employed to construct a comprehensive network that illustrates the interrelationships among various integrity criteria. This network incorporates expert input and accounts for inherent uncertainties. The research also offers sensitivity analysis and comparative evaluations to show that the suggested method can analyse many medical device sensors. The unified hesitant fuzzy-based healthcare system presented here offers a systematic and valuable tool for informed decision-making in healthcare. It strengthens both the integrity and security of healthcare systems amid the rapidly evolving landscape of medical technology. Healthcare stakeholders and beyond can significantly benefit from adopting this integrated fuzzy-based approach as they navigate the challenges of modern healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence)

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21 pages, 7081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Fracture Characteristics and Mechanism of Used Drip Irrigation Tape Under Different Stretching Speeds

by Haiyang Liu, Haipeng Lan, Xirui Yang, Kun Li, Zhanjun Hu, Shengyou Chu, Shuya Li, Long Ouyang, Tian Zhang, Hong Zhang and Peiyu Chen

Agriculture 2025, 15(19), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15192038 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

The crushing of used drip irrigation tape is a crucial step in the recycling and reuse of drip irrigation tapes. Incomplete crushing and low efficiency are among the main factors restricting its reprocessing. Investigating the fracture characteristics and the mechanism of fracture during the crushing process is key to solving this problem. Therefore, this study constructs a stretching fracture platform to investigate the influence of stretching speed on the fracture characteristics and reveals the fracture mechanism by analyzing fracture morphology, force-displacement curves, fracture energy, and microstructure. The results show that as the speed increases, the limit strain decreased from 117.7% to 38.7%, and the fracture location always occurs at the junction between the necked and non-necked area, the fracture mode transitions from ductile fracture to brittle fracture, the deformation mode shifts from being dominated by elastoplastic deformation to being dominated by elastic deformation, and the mechanical response curve changes from five stages to three stages. When the stretching speed increases from 60 mm/s to 70 mm/s, a jump phenomenon is observed in macroscopic and microscopic. As the speed increases, the total energy absorbed by the drip irrigation tape decreases from 1.29 × 10⁻² J/mm³ to 0.39 × 10⁻² J/mm³. Brittle fracture primarily absorbs energy for the disintegration and fracture of lamellae in the spherulites at the fracture surface. Ductile fracture primarily absorbs energy for the extension of the fibrous structure, and the mechanical properties of the necked area are strengthened, which leads to the fracture location always occurring at the junction between the necked and non-necked area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

18 pages, 7697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Cell Metabolism and Changes in Berry Shape of Shine Muscat Grapevines Under the Influence of Different Treatments with the Plant Growth Regulators Gibberellin A3 and N-(2-Chloro-4-Pyridyl)-N′-Phenylurea

by Jiangbing Chen, Yanfei Guo, Haichao Hu, Congling Fang, Liru Wang, Lingling Hu, Zhihao Lin, Danyidie Zhang, Zhongyi Yang and Yueyan Wu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101160 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Plant growth regulators Gibberellin A3 (GA₃) and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) are widely used in ‘Shine Muscat’ cultivation to regulate berry shape and size. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation of berry shape remain poorly understood. This study was designed to elucidate the cytological processes and molecular basis through which GA₃ and CPPU modulate berry morphology in ‘Shine Muscat’. The results showed that spraying GA₃ or CPPU alone increases the hormone levels of endogenous auxin (IAA) and GA₃ and reduces the levels of endogenous 6-benzyladenine (6-BA). GA₃ treatment resulted in the number of cells per unit area being significantly reduced and the cell transverse and longitudinal diameters being significantly increased. CPPU treatment increases the number of cells per unit area, cell transverse and longitudinal diameters. In the results of CKvsG2 and CKvsC2 transcriptome sequencing, 2793 and 1082 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. These DEGs are significantly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to plant hormones; the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway (ko03030) is significantly enriched. The Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) is down-regulated in response to GA₃ application and up-regulated in response to CPPU application. Transient overexpression of VvARR (OE-VvARR) in ‘Shine Muscat’ berry increased the number of berry cells and cell transverse and longitudinal diameters. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of VvARR (VIGS-VvARR) reduced the number of berry cells but increased cell transverse and longitudinal diameters. The OE-VvARR grape hormone levels of endogenous GA₃, 6-BA, and IAA were significantly increased. In VIGS-VvARR grape, the levels of endogenous IAA and 6-BA are significantly increased, but there is no significant difference in endogenous GA₃. These findings offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which GA₃ and CPPU govern berry development, corroborating the hypothesis that VvARR acts as a pivotal regulator mediating the effects of these plant growth regulators on berry cell morphology and, consequently, berry shape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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16 pages, 2193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microscopic Mechanism of Moisture Affecting Methane Adsorption and Desorption in Coal by Low-Field NMR Relaxation

by Qi Li, Lingyun Zhang, Jiaqing Cui, Guorui Feng, Zhiwei Zhai and Zhen Li

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3113; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103113 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Moisture in coal seams significantly impacts methane adsorption/desorption, yet its microscopic mechanism in intact coal remains poorly characterized due to methodological limitations. This study introduces a novel approach that integrates low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) with volumetric analysis to quantify, in real-time, the effect of moisture on methane dynamics in intact coal samples. The results quantitatively demonstrate that micropores (relative specific surface area > 700 m²/cm³) are the primary adsorption sites, accounting for over 95% of the stored gas. Moisture drastically reduces the adsorption capacity (by ~72% at 0.29 MPa and ~57% at 1.83 MPa) and inhibits the desorption process, evidenced by a strong linear decrease in desorption ratio (DR) (R² = 0.906) and a sharp exponential drop in the initial desorption rate (R² = 0.999) with increasing moisture content. The findings provide a mechanistic understanding that is crucial for optimizing coalbed methane (CBM) recovery and enhancing strategies for outburst prevention and methane emission mitigation. The results reveal distinct adsorption and desorption features of intact coal compared with coal powder, which can be useful in total methane utilization and mining safety enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes in Mining Safety and Disaster Prevention: From Gas Extraction to Fire/Dust Control)

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24 pages, 5442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Spun Waste Polystyrene/Steel Slag Composite Membrane for Water Desalination: Modelling and Photothermal Activity Evaluation

by Salma Tarek Ghaly, Usama Nour Eldemerdash and Ahmed H. El-Shazly

Membranes 2025, 15(10), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15100294 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Plastic waste and industrial residues like steel slag pose significant environmental challenges, with limited recycling solutions. This study investigates a sustainable approach by repurposing waste polystyrene and steel slag into composite membranes via electrospinning for membrane distillation applications. Steel slag incorporation enhanced membrane porosity, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability, with process optimization performed through response surface methodology by varying slag content (0–10 wt%), voltage (15–30 kV), and feed rate (0.18–10 mL·h⁻¹). Optimized membranes achieved a reduced fiber diameter (1.172 µm), high porosity (82.3%), and superior hydrophobicity (contact angle 102.2°). Mechanical performance improved with a 12% increase in tensile strength and a threefold rise in liquid entry pressure over pure polystyrene membranes, indicating greater durability and wetting resistance. In direct contact membrane distillation, water flux improved by 15% while maintaining salt rejection above 98%. Under photothermal membrane distillation, evaporation rates rose by 69% and solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency by 60% compared to standard PVDF membranes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of transforming waste materials into high-performance, durable membranes, offering a scalable and eco-friendly solution for sustainable desalination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Water Treatment)

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11 pages, 2731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polishing Inner Surface of Dies with a Beam of Fast Argon Atoms

by Alexander S. Metel, Marina A. Volosova, Enver S. Mustafaev, Yury A. Melnik and Sergey N. Grigoriev

Plasma 2025, 8(4), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma8040038 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

The removal of defective surface layers can substantially improve the quality of various products. It can be carried out using beams of accelerated ions or fast argon atoms. However, it is difficult to process the inner surface of narrow channels. In the present work, a narrow beam of fast argon atoms is used to sputter and polish the inner surface of drawing dies with 5.7 mm wide working channels. Due to the high angle of incidence to the channel walls, sputtering with fast argon atoms decreased their roughness to Ra ~ 0.004 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Plasma Sciences 2025)

16 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessReview

Diverse Biological Processes Contribute to Transforming Growth Factor β-Mediated Cancer Drug Resistance

by James P. Heiserman and Rosemary J. Akhurst

Cells 2025, 14(19), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14191518 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Therapy resistance is a major obstacle to cancer treatment, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling has emerged as a major instigator across many cancer types and therapeutic regimens. Solid tumors overexpress TGF-β ligands, and canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways drive molecular changes in most cell types within the tumor to hijack therapeutic responses. Cancer therapies further stimulate TGF-β release to potentiate this problem. Molecular mechanisms of TGF-β action supporting resistance include upregulation of drug efflux pumps, enhanced DNA Damage Repair, elaboration of stiffened extracellular matrix, and decreased neoantigen presentation. TGF-β also activates pro-survival pathways, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, B-cell lymphoma-2 expression, and AKT-mTOR signaling. TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation leads to tumor heterogeneity and acquisition of stem-like states. In the tumor microenvironment, TGF-β induces extracellular matrix production, contractility, and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines by cancer-associated fibroblasts that contribute to drug resistance. TGF-β also blunts cytotoxic T and NK cell activities and stimulates recruitment and differentiation of immunosuppressive cells, including T-regulatory cells, M2 macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The importance of TGF-β signaling in development of drug resistance cannot be understated and should be further explored mechanistically to identify novel molecular approaches and combinatorial drug dosing strategies to prevent drug-resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Signaling)

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22 pages, 66496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Evaluation of Composite Recyclability Using Visible-Light Microscopy and Image Processing Techniques

by Róża Dzierżak, Jolanta Sobczak, Gaweł Żyła and Jacek Fal

Materials 2025, 18(19), 4519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194519 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Composites are essential materials in a wide range of industrial and medical applications due to their unique functional properties. One of the main issues of composites arises at their end-of-life stage, especially in terms of the recyclability process and its quantitative evaluation. In this study, we present a quantitative methodology for assessing the quality of composite recycling, using a paraffin-based microcomposite with the addition of tungsten particles (at one concentration 50 wt.%) as an example. Our approach combines visible-light microscopy with digital image processing techniques to obtain quantitative metrics related to recycling efficiency. The tools utilized—recognized as relatively common and uncomplicated for use in various scientific fields—have shown that the value of average particle density significantly decreased from a primary value of 43.30% to 8.30%. Consequently, the presented results confirm the usefulness of the method for the quantitative assessment of the quality of the recycling process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization and Applications)

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16 pages, 1550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimising Multimodal Image Registration Techniques: A Comprehensive Study of Non-Rigid and Affine Methods for PET/CT Integration

by Babar Ali, Mansour M. Alqahtani, Essam M. Alkhybari, Ali H. D. Alshehri, Mohammad Sayed and Tamoor Ali

Diagnostics 2025, 15(19), 2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15192484 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Multimodal image registration plays a critical role in modern medical imaging, enabling the integration of complementary modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). This study compares the performance of three widely used image registration techniques—Demons Image Registration with Modality Transformation, Free-Form Deformation using the Medical Image Registration Toolbox (MIRT), and MATLAB Intensity-Based Registration—in terms of improving PET/CT image alignment. Methods: A total of 100 matched PET/CT image slices from a clinical scanner were analysed. Preprocessing techniques, including histogram equalisation and contrast enhancement (via imadjust and adapthisteq), were applied to minimise intensity discrepancies. Each registration method was evaluated under varying parameter conditions with regard to sigma fluid (range 4–8), histogram bins (100 to 256), and interpolation methods (linear and cubic). Performance was assessed using quantitative metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), and standard deviation (STD). Results: Demons registration achieved optimal performance at a sigma fluid value of 6, with an RMSE of 0.1529, and demonstrated superior computational efficiency. The MIRT showed better adaptability to complex anatomical deformations, with an RMSE of 0.1725. MATLAB Intensity-Based Registration, when combined with contrast enhancement, yielded the highest accuracy (RMSE = 0.1317 at alpha = 6). Preprocessing improved registration accuracy, reducing the RMSE by up to 16%. Conclusions: Each registration technique has distinct advantages: the Demons algorithm is ideal for time-sensitive tasks, the MIRT is suited to precision-driven applications, and MATLAB-based methods offer flexible processing for large datasets. This study provides a foundational framework for optimising PET/CT image registration in both research and clinical environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics in Oncology Research)

12 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Inulin Supplementation and Electron Beam Irradiation Assisted with Pregelatinization Process on the Quality of Pisang Awak Banana Powder

by Bootsrapa Leelawat, Samatarn Thongwattananun, Nutwasa Jaroenjun and Surasak Sajjabut

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10517; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910517 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Unripe Pisang Awak banana is rich in resistant starch and dietary fiber, which are recognized for supporting digestive health and bowel regularity, yet its limited solubility restricts its application in instant beverages. This study aimed to improve the functional quality of Pisang Awak banana powder (PABP) through drum drying, electron beam irradiation, and inulin supplementation. PABP was produced by tray or drum drying and irradiated at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kGy. Drum-dried powder treated with 8 kGy was identified as optimal and further fortified with inulin at 0–10% (w/w). Compared with tray drying, drum drying with irradiation markedly accelerated rehydration and enhanced solubility. Incorporation of 10% inulin produced the best overall performance, yielding faster reconstitution, greater solubility at 80–90 °C, and lower viscosity values across all pasting parameters. Collectively, the combination of drum drying, irradiation, and inulin addition yielded a banana powder with improved reconstitution and reduced gelation upon cooling. This optimized formulation demonstrates potential as a model for starch-based instant powders, while also contributing to the sustainable utilization of local banana resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Powders: Advanced Techniques, Properties and Industrial Applications)

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15 pages, 494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Climate Change on Wheat Production in Egypt Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach

by Mohamed Alboghdady, Salwa Abbas, Mohamed Khairy Alashry, Yuncai Hu and Salah El-Hendawy

Land 2025, 14(10), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14101962 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Egypt, the world’s second-largest wheat importer, has been working hard to narrow the gap between its domestic wheat production and consumption. However, these efforts have been hampered by water scarcity and the negative impact of climate change on wheat production. This study seeks to analyze the influence of climatic and technical factors on wheat production in Egypt over the long and short term. Using Egypt-specific data from 1961 to 2022 and employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Granger-causality, the study examines the impact of factors such as harvested area, fertilizers, technology, CO₂ emissions, seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns (winter and spring) on wheat production in Egypt. The empirical results indicate that the harvested area, level of technology, and average winter temperature significantly and positively impact wheat production. Precisely, a 1% increase in these factors leads to a 1.08%, 1.49%, and 6.89% increase in wheat production, respectively. Conversely, a 1% rise in CO₂ emissions, average spring temperature, and precipitation reduced wheat production by 1.76%, 0.52%, and 0.054%, respectively. The Granger causality results indicate a bidirectional causal relationship between wheat production and harvested area. Furthermore, the technology level exhibits a significant causal influence on wheat production, cultivated area, and CO₂ emissions, highlighting its pivotal role in both the wheat production process and its environmental impact. In conclusion, this study is crucial for Egypt’s future food security. By identifying the key climatic and non-climatic factors that impact wheat production, policymakers can gain valuable insights to address climate change and resource limitations. Improving domestic production through technological advancements, effective resource utilization, and climate-resilient practices will ensure a sustainable food supply for Egypt’s expanding population in the face of global uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation Strategies of Sustainable Agriculture to Climate Change and Land Use)

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