Search Results (1,692)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica Spin.) are the most significant pollinating insects, playing a vital role in maintaining biodiversity. In healthy colonies, the reproductive success of the queen and the genetic contribution of drones are essential for long-term survival, directly affecting brood production, genetic diversity, and environmental adaptability. While the physiological and behavioral impacts of chemical pesticides on worker bees are relatively well documented, the risks to reproductive bees (queens and drones) remain poorly understood. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the effects of the widely used neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on the key developmental and physiological parameters in reproductive bees, including survival, pupation rate, eclosion rate, hormone titers, and detoxification enzyme activities. Our finding reveals that thiamethoxam exerts sublethal effects on larvae, significantly impairing the fitness of reproductive bees. Specifically, exposure altered juvenile hormone III, ecdysone titer, and acetylcholinesterase activity in reproductive larvae, with these effects showing a negative correlation with pesticide concentration. Notably, CYP450 activity exhibits a biphasic dose–response, with an initial elevation followed by a decline after reaching peak levels. These results demonstrate that thiamethoxam adversely affects the growth and development of reproductive bees, potentially compromising colony stability. By elucidating these sublethal effects, our study provides critical insights for mitigating pesticide-related threats to honeybee health. Our findings may help to scientifically and rationally avoid the potential risks of chemical pesticides to honeybees. Full article

Cervical cancer (CC), which continues to be a major public health concern that causes cancer deaths among women worldwide, is mostly caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study suggests a dual-delay model of HPV-C infection dynamics that takes into account both cancerous delay and the immune response delay. We identify disease-free and diseased equilibria, investigate their local asymptotic stability, and show that the system is non-negative and bounded. We prove the global asymptotic stability of the equilibria by building Lyapunov functions and using the basic reproduction number $R_0$, and look into the existence of Hopf bifurcations. Additionally, we use forward sensitivity analysis to determine important control parameters. Lastly, the theoretical results were confirmed by numerical simulations. The study demonstrates that time delays play a crucial role in viral transmission and carcinogenesis. The process from HPV infection to the formation of cervical cancer is more correctly simulated by this model, which offers a theoretical mathematical basis for researching the pathophysiology of cervical cancer and developing clinical prevention and control measures. Full article

A new, primarily endogenous syndrome affecting pigs from birth to fattening is associated with inflammation and necrosis of the tail, ears, teats, coronary band, heels, and claws. This disease negatively impacts the health, performance, and welfare of the animals. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the syndrome in typical herds in France and to investigate the associations between SINS, age and sex of the piglets and parameters of reproductive performance of the herds. Data from 2377 suckling piglets aged 1 to 4 days from 16 French farms were evaluated. SINS signs were found in 85.5% of the piglets. There were striking differences between farms, ranging from 68.5% to 95.6% affected piglets. The heels and coronary bands were the most commonly affected areas, at 61.4% and 58.6%, respectively. Alterations at the tail, ears, face, or teats were observed in 46% of the piglets. At least 3 body parts were affected per litter, and all examined body parts were affected on farms. The number of piglets born was significantly reduced in SINS. Screening was easy to implement and required only reasonable time management. It was also integrated into the zootechnical measures on the farms. The SINS lesion scoring system for piglets at birth appears to be a relevant indicator of animal health and welfare, as well as farm economic efficiency. Full article

Introduction: Sperm morphology is a fundamental parameter in the evaluation of male infertility, offering critical insights into reproductive health. However, traditional manual assessments under microscopy are limited by operator dependency and subjective interpretation caused by biological variation. To overcome these limitations, there is a need for accurate and fully automated classification systems. Objectives: This study aims to develop a two-stage, fully automated sperm morphology classification framework that can accurately identify a wide spectrum of abnormalities. The framework is designed to reduce subjectivity, minimize misclassification between visually similar categories, and provide more reliable diagnostic support in reproductive healthcare. Methods: A novel two-stage deep learning-based framework is proposed utilizing images from three staining-specific versions of a comprehensive 18-class dataset. In the first stage, sperm images are categorized into two principal groups: (1) head and neck region abnormalities, and (2) normal morphology together with tail-related abnormalities. In the second stage, a customized ensemble model—integrating four distinct deep learning architectures, including DeepMind’s NFNet-F4 and vision transformer (ViT) variants—is employed for detailed abnormality classification. Unlike conventional majority voting, a structured multi-stage voting strategy is introduced to enhance decision reliability. Results: The proposed framework consistently outperforms single-model baselines, achieving accuracies of 69.43%, 71.34%, and 68.41% across the three staining protocols. These results correspond to a statistically significant 4.38% improvement over prior approaches in the literature. Moreover, the two-stage system substantially reduces misclassification among visually similar categories, demonstrating enhanced ability to detect subtle morphological variations. Conclusions: The proposed two-stage, ensemble-based framework provides a robust and accurate solution for automated sperm morphology classification. By combining hierarchical classification with structured decision fusion, the method advances beyond traditional and single-model approaches, offering a reliable and scalable tool for clinical decision-making in male fertility assessment. Full article

The age-dependent reproductive behavior of parasitoid females under mass-rearing conditions may influence the quality of the biocontrol agents produced. Therefore, this study assessed the egg allocation behavior of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) females at different ages under mass-rearing conditions. This parasitoid native to Southeast Asia is mass-reared on irradiated Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae at the Moscafrut Program facility in Mexico and is released in crop areas to suppress fruit fly pest species. Parasitoid females aged 5–10 days were used to assess quality control parameters, such as parasitized host mortality, parasitoid emergence, offspring sex ratio, and superparasitism. Anastrepha ludens puparia were checked and dissected 72 h after being exposed to female parasitoids to determine the number of scars on the puparium of first-instar parasitoids, respectively. Parasitized puparia were kept under lab conditions to assess adult emergence and offspring sex ratio. Host mortality, superparasitism, and parasitoid offspring sex ratio were affected by female age. The highest host mortality and superparasitism were caused by 5–7-day-old females, which also produced a significantly higher female-to-male offspring ratio with improved fitness-related parameters. The use of cages with females of these ages may improve the quality parameters of parasitoids and result in higher female-to-male offspring sex ratios. Furthermore, production costs could be lowered by reducing the quantity of hosts and rearing commodities. These findings are a useful contribution to improving the current method used for the mass rearing of D. longicaudata at the Moscafrut Program facility. Full article

Under refined management, high-yield cotton fields are approaching their maximum output. However, how to break this yield upper limit, specifically the source–sink relationship is still inadequately researched. This experiment was conducted to explore the interaction mechanism between yield formation and source–sink parameters (photosynthesis, nitrogen content, canopy structure and dry matter accumulation and distribution). The treatments consisted of a no cutting source and sink treatment (CK), cutting 1/2 leaves per plant (1/2L) and cutting 1/2 bolls per plant (1/2B) at the initial flowering stage (IFS), the flower and boll stage (FABS), and the full boll stage (FBS). The results showed that 1/2L treatment minimized yield losses to 2.3–5.9% by enhancing photosynthetic compensation, with FBS-1/2L showing the smallest reduction (2.3–2.9%) due to higher leaf N content and SPAD values, whereas, the 1/2B treatments resulted in significant yield losses attributable to fewer bolls, especially the FBS-1/2B treatments, which reduced yields by 35.7–41.9%, with a compensatory rate of only 8.1–14.3%. It is noteworthy that the compensation rates of IFS-1/2B and FABS-1/2B could reach 26.7–32.3% and 18.7–23.8% of their yields due to the higher leaf N content. In a word, the source damage can be buffered by physiological compensation, while the sink loss leads to yield collapse due to the irreversibility of reproductive development. Thus, the core regulator of high-yield cotton fields was sink strength. Accordingly, optimizing the sink quality was performed through moderate boll thinning at the IFS, enhancing water and fertilizer supply at the FABS and strengthening sink organ protection at the FBS in order to realize a breakthrough in yield limit. Full article

Protein-rich microalgae have been increasingly recognized as viable alternatives to fish meal (FM) in aquaculture diets. In this study, we evaluated the effects of partial or total replacement of FM with the microalga Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina, SM) on the growth performance, reproductive parameters, and transcriptomic profile of zebrafish. Six isoproteic, isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated with increasing levels of SM (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g kg⁻¹ feed) replacing FM. Fish were randomly assigned to six groups (five replicates each) and fed for 60 days. The diet containing 50 g kg⁻¹ SM resulted in the highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency, as well as increased gonadosomatic index, eggs per female, fertilization rate, and hatching rate compared to the results for the control group (0 g kg⁻¹ SM). RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis identified 2299 differentially expressed genes in the SM50 group, mainly associated with muscle development and energy metabolism. These findings offer new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms and underscore the potential of Spirulina as a sustainable alternative for cultured fish nutrition. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of red and blue laser irradiation on the development and reproduction of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)) under controlled laboratory conditions, aiming to explore its potential for non-chemical pest control. Larvae were exposed to laser light at different wavelengths and intensities, and key biological parameters—including egg hatching, larval duration, pupation, adult emergence, and oviposition—were assessed. Red laser light slightly delayed egg hatching but had minimal effects on subsequent developmental stages. In contrast, blue laser irradiation significantly prolonged the larval period and reduced pupation rates. Combined red–blue treatments produced similar inhibitory effects to blue light alone, suggesting that blue wavelengths were the primary factor driving developmental delays. These findings demonstrate that blue and red–blue laser irradiation can effectively interfere with the life cycle of O. furnacalis, offering a promising approach for sustainable, light-based pest management strategies. Full article

The fixation time of alleles is a fundamental concept in population genetics, traditionally studied using the Wright–Fisher model and classical coalescent theory. However, these models often assume homogeneous environments and equal reproductive success among individuals, limiting their applicability to real-world populations where environmental heterogeneity plays a significant role. In this paper, we introduce a new forward-time model for estimating fixation time that incorporates environmental heterogeneity through the use of fractional calculus. By introducing a fractional parameter α, we capture the effects of heterogeneous environments on offspring production. To solve the resulting fractional differential equations, we develop a novel spectral method based on Eta-based functions, which are well-suited for approximating solutions to complex, high-variation systems. The proposed method reduces the problem to an optimization framework via the operational matrix of fractional derivatives. We demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of this approach through numerical examples and show that it consistently captures fixation dynamics across various scenarios. This work offers a robust and flexible framework for modeling evolutionary processes in heterogeneous environments. Full article

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the most common lifestyle and environmental risk factors for male infertility. Although smoking has been implicated in male fertility decline, the association between endocrine disruption and semen quality reduction remains underexplored in smokers. This study demonstrates the impact of reproductive hormones on the modulation of semen quality in infertile men. Methods: Eighty infertile men participated in this observational study. They were interviewed for environment and lifestyle factors, following which their semen and four reproductive hormones, viz, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and testosterone, were analyzed. A comparative analysis between non-smokers and smokers highlighted notable differences in hormone levels and semen quality. To explore the relationships between reproductive hormones and semen quality parameters, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Results: Smokers exhibited a lower percentage of live sperm (p = 0.0000) and a reduction in normal morphology. Furthermore, elevated levels of FSH, LH, and PRL were found among smokers (p = 0.0000). Notably, heightened levels of LH and PRL were linked to a decreased percentage of live sperm cells, while increased LH alone significantly impacted sperm concentration. FSH showed a negative correlation with both live sperm cells (r = −0.50) and total sperm count (r = −0.46). In contrast, testosterone levels demonstrated a positive association with normal sperm morphology (r = 0.47). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking disrupts the regulation of reproductive hormones, which further impacts semen quality. This study provides insights into the potential impact of smoking on semen quality through hormonal mechanisms. Full article

Background/Objectives: Low semen quality and male infertility are critical global health issues. Emerging research highlights that nutritional factors could play a significant role in determining reproductive outcomes. Understanding and optimizing these dietary influences, including the role of polyphenols, is crucial for developing targeted strategies to improve male fertility. We aimed to explore the relationship between the intake of different classes of polyphenols and semen quality indicators in a cohort of healthy young males. Methods: This is a secondary analysis involving 106 male individuals, aged 18–35 years, from the FERTINUTS trial. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day dietary records, and semen quality parameters were analyzed. Multivariable linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate the associations between dietary polyphenol consumption and semen quality indicators. Results: Our findings revealed both positive and negative associations between polyphenol consumption and sperm morphology parameters. A higher intake of total polyphenols was associated with a lower percentage of abnormalities in sperm heads but a higher rate of abnormalities in the principal piece. Similar results were observed for lignan and flavonoid intake. Additionally, a higher intake of flavonoids was also associated with a greater percentage of normal sperm forms. In contrast, a higher dietary intake of stilbenes was associated with a higher percentage of combined abnormalities. Conclusions: Higher intake of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids and lignans, was associated with improved sperm head morphology but also with increased tail abnormalities, although no associations with motility or vitality were observed. These results suggest that specific polyphenol classes may have both beneficial and adverse effects on sperm structure, warranting consideration of compound type and dosage in dietary recommendations. Further studies are needed to determine whether these morphological changes impact fertilization outcomes and reproductive potential. Full article

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of chemicals used for their antimicrobial, surfactant, and antistatic properties. QACs are present in many consumer products, and people are regularly exposed to them. We have previously shown reproductive toxicity in mice exposed to the disinfectants alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). To assess the long-term reproductive impacts, a generational reproductive study was conducted. Sperm parameters were determined by CASA and epigenetic enzyme mRNA expression was determined by pathway-focused RT-PCR. Mice ambiently exposed to ADBAC+DDAC exhibited decreases in reproductive indices that persisted through the F1 generation. Male mice (F0) dosed with 120 mg/kg/day of ADBAC+DDAC exhibited decreased sperm concentration and motility that persisted through the F1 generation. Changes in the mRNA expression of chromatin-modifying enzymes in the testes were seen. Two histone acetyltransferases (Hat1 and Kat2b) were upregulated, and one lysine-specific demethylase (Kdm6b) was downregulated in the F0 generation. The DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 was downregulated in F1 males. These changes in chromatin-modifying enzymes are known to decrease fertility and could be a mechanism for ADBAC+DDAC reproductive toxicity. In all experiments, the F2 generation was similar to the controls, showing multi-generational but not trans-generational epigenetic inheritance. Full article

Obesity represents a significant global public health challenge, which not only elevates the risk of mortality but also increases the likelihood of chronic diseases. The ongoing obesity epidemic has led to a growing recognition of the detrimental effects of excessive adipose tissue accumulation on male reproductive health. Substantial evidence indicates that obesity adversely affects sperm quality, thereby impairing male fertility. Specifically, obesity is associated with compromised spermatogenesis, erectile dysfunction, and detrimental effects on offspring fertility parameters. These effects are mediated through various mechanisms, including alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, inflammation within the reproductive system, localized caloric excess in reproductive tissues, epigenetic modifications, disruptions in gut microbiota, and heightened oxidative stress levels. While the molecular alterations associated with obesity have been extensively documented, the precise mechanisms by which obesity influences male reproductive function remain inadequately understood. This article aimed to review the classification and distribution of adipose tissue in obesity, the impact of obesity on male fertility, and the potential mechanisms through which obesity affects male reproductive health, thereby offering insights into the prevention and treatment of obesity-related male fertility issues. Full article

The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) is a globally invasive pest that causes severe yield losses in tomato crops. Nanotechnology-based strategies offer promising alternatives to conventional insecticides. This study examines the physiological, biochemical, and demographic responses of T. absoluta following exposure to mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) applied to tomato leaves at concentrations of 0, 3, 30, and 300 mg L⁻¹. Comprehensive assessments were conducted, including digestive and detoxifying enzyme activities in the insect, neurotoxicity indicators, life table parameters, and antioxidant responses in the host plant. At 30 mg L⁻¹, MSNs significantly impaired larval development, fecundity, and survival of T. absoluta without inducing phytotoxicity. Tomato plants treated at this concentration exhibited enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, POD) and a reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating an active oxidative defense. These plant responses were significantly correlated with changes in insect fitness traits, suggesting a plant-mediated effect on pest physiology. Digestive enzyme disruption, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, and extended developmental periods contributed to suppressed population growth, as evidenced by reductions in the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R₀), and fecundity. At 300 mg L⁻¹, however, severe phytotoxicity and enzymatic collapse were observed in both plant and insect systems. These findings highlight moderate concentration of MSNs (30 mg L⁻¹) as a promising dose for sustainable and host-safe pest management, offering multi-targeted suppression of T. absoluta through combined plant and insect biochemical pathways. Full article

Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive pests of stored grains worldwide. Sublethal concentrations of insecticides are known to influence insect behavior, potentially disrupting critical processes such as mating. This study investigated the effects of λ-cyhalothrin at the lethal concentration (LC) values LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ and lateralization on the mating behavior patterns of S. zeamais males. Results showed that the exposure to sublethal concentrations of λ-cyhalothrin significantly altered the copulation success rate and key time-related parameters, including mate recognition and copulation duration, while the lateralization caused significant differences in mating time-related parameters within each tested group (control, LC_10, and LC₃₀). Additionally, the λ-cyhalothrin-treated groups showed prolonged mate recognition times and required more mounting attempts to achieve mating. These findings highlight the potential of sublethal insecticide applications to control S. zeamais populations by impairing reproduction. Full article