Search Results (143)

Accurate intraoperative localization of deep-seated lesions remains a major challenge in minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. Current marking strategies—including ink tattooing and metallic clips—are limited by dye diffusion, or poor intraoperative visibility. To address these issues, we developed and evaluated four thermosensitive injectable hydrogel systems incorporating indocyanine green-human serum albumin (ICG-HSA) complexes: (1) hexanoyl glycol chitosan (HGC), (2) Pluronic F-127, (3) PCL–PEG–PCL, and (4) PLA–PEG–PLA. All hydrogel formulations exhibited sol–gel transitions at physiological temperatures, facilitating in situ dye entrapment and prolonged fluorescence retention. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed that HGC and Pluronic F-127 hydrogels retained signals for up to five and two days, respectively. In contrast, polyester-based hydrogels (PCL–PEG–PCL and PLA–PEG–PLA) preserved fluorescence for up to 21–30 days. PLA–PEG–PLA showed the highest signal-to-background ratios and sustained intensity, while PCL–PEG–PCL also achieved long-term retention. These findings suggest that thermosensitive hydrogels incorporating ICG-HSA complexes represent promising tissue marker platforms for real-time, minimally invasive, and long-term fluorescence-guided lesion tracking. Full article

The production of bionanocomposite films based on carboxymethyl derivatives of starch and cellulose with sodium montmorillonite (MMT-Na) as a filler was described. The developed films with high absorbency can be used in the preparation of adhesive dressings for wounds oozing as a result of abrasions or tattoos. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl starch (CMS), and potato starch were used as the raw materials for film manufacturing. Citric acid was used as a crosslinking agent and glycerol as a plasticizer. The following parameters were evaluated for the obtained films: solubility in water, swelling behavior, moisture absorption, and mechanical durability (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus). This study revealed that filler concentration has a significant influence on the stability, durability, and moisture absorption parameters of films. The best nanocomposite with a high absorption capacity was a two-component film CMS/CMC containing 5 pph of sodium montmorillonite and can be used as a base material for wound dressing, among other applications. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation and an equivalent circuit modeling of the skin–electrode impedance characteristics of three types of ultra-thin tattoo electrodes, all based on Parylene C nanofilms but with different active materials: Gold, Silver, and PEDOT:PSS. Their performance was compared to standard disposable Ag/AgCl electrodes. Impedance measurements were carried out on six human subjects under controlled conditions, assessing the frequency response in the range of 20 Hz to 1 kHz. For each subject, the impedance was recorded six times over one hour to investigate the stability and the temporal performance. The collected data were subsequently analyzed to model the electrical properties and interface behavior of each electrode type. The findings demonstrate that the tattoo electrodes offer impedance levels comparable to those of Ag/AgCl electrodes (in the order of tens of kΩ at 20 Hz), while providing additional benefits such as enhanced conformability, improved skin adhesion, and reduced skin irritation during use. Furthermore, the modeling of the skin–electrode interface through a more detailed equivalent circuit than the single time constant model enables a more detailed interface analysis and description, with fitting algorithm R² scores of about 0.999 and 0.979 for the impedance magnitude and impedance phase, respectively. The proposed equivalent circuit offers valuable insights for optimizing electrode design, supporting the potential of Parylene C-based tattoo electrodes as promising alternatives for next-generation wearable bioelectronic applications. Full article

Picosecond lasers are gaining increasing popularity in dermatology and aesthetic medicine due to their favorable safety profile and a wide range of therapeutic applications. While originally employed primarily for tattoo removal, their versatility has extended their use to the treatment of various aesthetic skin conditions, including hyperpigmentation, acne scars, stretch marks, and signs of photoaging. Owing to their ultra-short pulse duration, picosecond lasers effectively target pigment particles and stimulate dermal remodeling, offering patients a safe and effective solution to improve the appearance of their skin. The introduction of the picosecond laser into clinical dermatology practice marks a notable advancement in addressing a broad spectrum of skin problems. Full article

Skin is the largest organ of the human body and holds the functions of sensing, protecting, and regulating. Since ancient times, people have decorated their skin by painting themselves, cutting, and using accessories to express their personality and aesthetic consciousness as a kind of artistic expression, one that shows the development and change of aesthetic consciousness. However, there are concerns regarding the inconvenience, high time cost, and negative body perception with traditional tattoos. In addition, the trend of skin decoration has gradually withdrawn due to a lack of intelligent interaction. In response to these problems, we proposed a wearable electronic skin tattoo that offers a novel means of communication and emotional expression for individuals with communication impairments, WABEIT. The tattoo uses skin-friendly PDMS as the base material, combines multi-mode sensing components such as silver wire circuit, a programmable Surface-Mounted Device (SMD), a thin-film-pressure sensor, and a heart rate sensor, and combines the embedded development board Arduino Nano for intelligent interaction, forming a wearable electronic interactive tattoo capable of sensing the environment, human–computer interaction, and the changeable performance of intelligent perception. The sensor is also equipped with a mobile power supply to support portability. The advantages of WABEIT are as follows: first, it avoids the pain, allergy, and long production process of traditional tattoos. Second, the patterns can adapt to different needs and generate feedback for users, which can effectively express personal emotions. Thirdly, the facility of removal reduces social discrimination and occupational constraints, which is especially suitable for East Asia. Experimental results indicate that the device exhibits a high sensitivity in signal response, a wide variety of pattern changes, and reliable interactive capabilities. The study demonstrates that the proposed design philosophy and implementation strategy can be generalized to the interactive design of other wearable devices, thereby providing novel insights and methodologies for human–computer interaction, electronic devices, and sensor applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of tattoos has risen globally in recent decades, ranging from 10% to 29%. Although rare, melanomas arising within tattoos are challenging for dermatologists due to the complexities in clinical and dermoscopic evaluation. In this article, we report two cases of melanoma on tattoos, review the reported cases in the literature, and examine the role of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in improving the diagnosis of melanoma on tattooed skin. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search on Medline/Pubmed for the period from the inception of the databases to 31 October 2024, using the Mesh major topics ‘melanoma’ AND ‘tattoo’ OR ‘tattoo skin tumor’. Out of the 268 citations identified by our search, 37 studies met the eligibility criteria. Results: In total, 43 cases of melanoma arising on tattooed skin were identified, to which we add our 2 cases, bringing the total to 45. The most common locations were the upper limbs (53%) and trunk (38%), predominantly arisen on black and blue tattoos. Of 40 cases with known depth of invasion, 4 were in situ and 36 invasive, with a mean Breslow thickness of 2.7 mm. Seven patients had a positive sentinel lymph node. Of 16 cases with an available horizontal diameter, 12 melanomas had a diameter of ≥1 cm. Conclusions: The limited cases of ‘’melanoma on tattoos” reported in the literature suggest a coincidental association rather than a direct causal link. Nevertheless, increased awareness among patients and tattoo artists about potential risks and preventive measures may enhance the management of melanocytic lesions in tattooed individuals. Lastly, integrating reflectance confocal microscopy with dermoscopy increases the overall diagnostic accuracy for melanoma, enhancing the identification of pigmented and non-pigmented skin lesions. Full article

Tattoo inks contain varying amounts of metal nanoparticles (NPs) < 100 nm that, due to their unique physicochemical properties, may have specific biological uptake and cause skin or systemic toxicities. The toxic effects of certified reference standards of metal NPs and samples of commercially available tattoo inks were investigated using an in vitro system and a novel human ex vivo model. In vitro toxicity was evaluated using vitality assays on human skin cells (HaCaT cell line, primary fibroblasts, and keratinocytes). No toxicity was observed for Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂ NPs, whereas CuO NPs showed dose-dependent toxicity on HaCaT and primary fibroblasts. Fibroblasts and keratinocytes were also sensitive to high concentrations of ZnO NPs. Reference standards and ink samples were then injected ex vivo into human skin explants using tattoo needles. Histological analysis showed pigment distribution deep in the dermis and close to dermal vessels, suggesting possible systemic diffusion. The presence of an inflammatory infiltrate was also observed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased apoptosis and expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 in explants specifically tattooed with the reference standard or red ink. Taken together, the results suggest that the tattooing technique leads to exposure to toxic metal NPs and skin damage. Full article

COVID-19 antibody detection is dependent on highly specialized, time-consuming techniques, such as PCR separation, DNA amplification, and other methods such as spectrophotometric absorption. For these reasons, specialized technical training is necessary because individual diagnostic treatment is difficult. We have attempted to perform rapid sensing with a detection time of only 30 s. Additionally, we used a wearable multi-layer graphene oxide nanocolloid synthetic skin tattoo probe assay for influenza and COVID-19 virus detection with an electrochemical antigen–antibody redox ionic titration circuit. Cyclic voltametric−2 V~2.0 V potential windows were used. The diagnostic detection limit was determined using stripping anodic and cathodic amplifiers, and the working probe was fabricated with a graphene molecule structure with a virus antigen-immobilized amplifier. With redox potential strength obtained within −1.0 V~−1.3 V ionic activity, anodic and cathodic current linearly increased in the phosphate-buffered saline 5 mL electrolyte. The results indicate that instant detection was enabled via individual and wearable tattoo sensors. Full article

Many people with BPD (borderline personality disorder) experience emotional dysregulation and thus engage in NSSI (non-suicidal self-injury), potentially in the pursuit of emotional regulation. However, research is lacking on whether body modifications (piercings, tattoos, etc.) are linked to BPD in a similar way to NSSI. In the current study, we hypothesized (1) that body modifications are associated with BPD symptoms, (2) that emotional regulation and self-expression motivations for body modifications specifically account for variance in BPD symptoms, and (3) that NSSI craving correlates with body modification craving. Participants (N = 199, ages 18–67, located in the USA) were surveyed on BPD symptomatology, NSSI craving, emotional regulation abilities, and the presence of body modifications. The extent of tattooing (number of tattoos and percentage of body surface covered) was not significantly associated with BPD symptomatology, but the number of piercings was. Individuals with higher BPD symptomatology were not more likely to report emotional regulation and self-expression as motivations for obtaining body modifications. NSSI craving scores were significantly positively correlated with body modification craving scores. Body modification may be an alternative method of emotional regulation to NSSI in individuals with BPD, which clinicians may want to consider when treating those with BPD and NSSI. Full article

The widespread adoption of tattoos and permanent makeup across all social classes and age groups globally has led to an increase in reports of subsequent health problems. This article presents a systematic review aimed at investigating the potential health risks associated with body modifications (tattoos and permanent makeup), highlighting the need for further research and public education to bridge the gap in knowledge and ensure informed decision-making. A literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases for the period between 2014 and 2024. Several significant potential health risks associated with tattoos and permanent makeup were identified: disruption of the skin microbiome, inflammatory processes and infections, allergic reactions and oncological risks, toxicity of tattoo inks, insufficient hygiene, and inadequate aftercare. Despite the prevalence of tattoos, public awareness of the possible associated complications and health risks is low. There is a need for systematic identification and assessment of health and safety risks related to body modification services, as well as the introduction of guidelines to ensure that all necessary measures are taken to prevent health hazards for both clients and professionals performing these procedures. Full article

Introduction: The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is a rare condition caused by an immune response associated with over-reactivity of the immune system, triggered by adjuvants. The most common adjuvants are aluminium salts but can also be bioimplants or infectious agents. It may lead to the development of various autoimmunologic diseases. Case Report: In the following article, we present the case of a 26-year-old woman who developed SLE likely induced by ASIA syndrome after the aesthetic medicine procedures. The patient was admitted because of arthralgia and fever. She also presented with a butterfly-shaped erythema on her face and erythematous and infiltrative skin lesions on the posterior surface of the thighs and buttocks. We performed numerous diagnostic tests, including laboratory tests, immunological tests, imaging diagnostics such as chest X-ray and USG of the abdomen and joints, and the biopsy of the skin lesion on the left thigh. The results of the diagnostic process led us to diagnose SLE. The patient fulfilled the ACR/EULAR 2019 classification criteria of the SLE. Laboratory results also led to the diagnosis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Due to exposure to numerous adjuvants like tattoo ink, hyaluronic acid, and piercing and the development of the delayed inflammatory reaction (DIR) to hyaluronic acid (HAF), the patient also fulfilled the criteria of ASIA. In the treatment process we applied antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, hydroxychloroquine, and cyclosporine. The treatment resulted in an improvement in the general condition, resolution of swelling and joint pain, and improvement in skin lesions. Conclusions: ASIA syndrome after bioimplantation is still underdiagnosed, probably due to ignorance or diagnostic difficulties, as symptoms are uncharacteristic and there is no immunological marker for this syndrome. In addition, as in the presented case, it can develop several years after the procedure, and it is difficult for both patient and physician to become aware of the connection. Early diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach and may require immunosuppressive treatment in specific cases. Full article

Background: The identification of victims in mass disasters is a challenging task, particularly when forensic teams must address fragmented human remains. Objectives: This article reports two necropsy cases from the 2019 collapse of the Brumadinho mine tailing dam, the largest humanitarian disaster in Brazilian history. Results: In both cases, identification was achieved through comparative anthropological analysis of complex tattoos. Positive identification was based on the presence of multiple coincident points between postmortem (PM) and antemortem (AM) photographic records of the tattoo designs, along with the absence of exclusionary elements. Conclusion: The authors propose that the comparative analysis of PM and AM tattoos should be more widely adopted as a low-cost, rapid identification method, particularly in complex forensic scenarios such as mass disasters and other challenging cases in the medical and forensic anthropology context. Full article

Wearable technology has advanced significantly, offering real-time monitoring of athletes’ physiological parameters and optimizing training and recovery strategies. Recent developments focus on biosensor devices capable of monitoring biochemical parameters in addition to physiological ones. These devices employ noninvasive methods such as sweat analysis, which reveals critical biomarkers like glucose, lactate, electrolytes, pH, and cortisol. These biomarkers provide valuable insights into an athlete’s energy use, hydration status, muscle function, and stress levels. Current technologies utilize both electrochemical and colorimetric methods for sweat analysis, with electrochemical methods providing higher precision despite potential signal interference. Wearable devices such as epidermal patches, temporary tattoos, and fabric-based sensors are preferred for their flexibility and unobtrusive nature compared to more rigid conventional wearables. Such devices leverage advanced materials and transmit real-time data to computers, tablets, or smartphones. These data would aid coaches and sports medical personnel in monitoring athletes’ health, optimizing diets, and developing training plans to enhance performance and reduce injuries. Full article

Tattoos have been a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout history. Now, the demand for tattoo removal for aesthetic or practical reasons is growing rapidly. This study outlines the results of field investigations into the chemical and biological removal of tattoo inks (Hexadecachlorinate copper phthalocyanine—C₃₂Cl₁₆CuN₈—CAS no° 1328-53-6). FTIR, Py-GC/MS, and NMR analyses yielded intriguing profiles pertaining to the primary chemical constituents, along with others of an ambiguous nature. A bioremoval protocol was developed on a pork rind surface to simulate human tattooing. Two previously studied microbial strains were included in this analysis: (i) a bacterial culture of Pseudomonas stutzeri 5190 DSMZ viable cells and (ii) a fungal culture of Alternaria infectoria strain NIS4, the latter already isolated and identified. A combination of physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses, along with microscopic observations, was conducted. In our experimental conditions, inocula from environmental samples (soil and compost) were capable of inducing changes in even trace organic matter (glycerin and additives in pigments) used as a binder in emulsifiers in tattoo inks. Furthermore, the two microbial strains demonstrated promising potential for removing green tattoo ink. Finally, wastewater effluents containing green ink were recovered via electrochemical treatment, and the environmental impact in terms of the CO₂ equivalent of our experiments was assessed. The results are promising and warrant further investigation into the innovative biological and chemical removal of tattoo inks from human skin and wastewater, respectively. Full article

Background: Patients’ compliance to inhalation therapy is usually sub-optimal in young asthmatics. Adolescents poorly compliant to regular anti-asthma treatments and those with tattoos (and the associated attitude) can share some personality traits and maladaptive behaviors. This relationship has not been investigated. Objective: To assess if “extended” tattoos can predict long-term compliance to regular therapy of adolescents with mild-to-moderate asthma. Methods: A 12-month retrospective observational investigation was conducted on non-smoker asthmatic adolescents of both genders. Patients assuming <70% of prescribed vilanterol/fluticasone furoate o.d. were defined as “non-compliant”. Tattoo surfaces were defined as “mild” or “extended” if they were < or ≥400 cm², respectively. The relationship between tattoos and compliance on the evolution of resources consumption at 6 and 12 months was assessed by generalized estimating equation (GEE) models at the first and second semester of the treatment period. Results: It was found that 13.2% of compliant adolescents had mild tattoos, while 47.2% of non-compliant adolescents had mild-to-extended tattoos (odds ratio (OR) 6.91, 95% CI 2.49 to 19.17, p < 0.001). The mean annual adherence to treatment was 57.8% ± 10.1 SD expected doses in non-compliant subjects with “mild tattoos” (54.8 cm² ± 36.9 SD), but 38.6% ± 11.4 SD expected doses in those with “extended tattoos” (568.4 cm² ± 111.6 SD, p < 0.001). Total cost proved to be a linear trend from the lowest values of compliant patients with no/mild tattoos (EUR 65.22 at 6 months and EUR 33.63 at 12 months) to the highest values of non-compliant adolescents with extended tattoos (EUR 330.75 at 6 months and EUR 297.34 at 12 months). Conclusions: Tattoo extension might be used as a reliable predictor of poor compliance and higher health care costs in adolescents with mild-to-moderate asthma. Patients characterized by poor compliance to a long-term therapeutic strategy and tattooing attitude likely share some aspects of their personality profile. Full article