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Veterinary Sciences
Special Issues
Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases
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Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2025 | Viewed by 9213

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Wentao Li

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2. The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: virology; ASFV; viral entry; emerging viruses; virus discovery; infectious diseases; coronavirus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yifei Lang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 11130, China
Interests: coronavirus-receptor interaction and cross-host transmission research

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pigs are one of the most widely reared livestock in the world for meat, and the success of contemporary swine farming depends significantly on safeguarding them from viral infections such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), porcine circovirus (PCV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and other swine viruses. This Special Issue will explore various aspects of these viruses, especially focused on the field of diagnosis, epidemiology, and vaccine development against swine viral diseases. Submissions can include, but are not limited to:

  • Vaccine development for swine viral diseases.
  • Epidemiology studies on swine viruses.
  • Diagnostic methods for swine viral diseases.
  • Isolation and characterization of swine viruses.

Prof. Dr. Wentao Li
Dr. Yifei Lang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Veterinary Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • swine viral diseases
  • vaccine development
  • diagnosis
  • epidemiology
  • pathogenesis

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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13 pages, 4759 KiB  
Article
Molecular Epidemic Characteristics and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Henan, China
by Zhifeng Peng, Huifang Lv, Han Zhang, Li Zhao, Huawei Li, Yanyu He, Kangdi Zhao, Hongxing Qiao, Yuzhen Song and Chuanzhou Bian
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040343 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 303
Abstract
The widespread distribution and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) seriously threatens the swine industry worldwide. This study investigates the molecular epidemiology of PCV2 in Henan Province (2020–2023) through PCR screening (385 samples) and whole-genome sequencing (34 strains). The overall detection [...] Read more.
The widespread distribution and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) seriously threatens the swine industry worldwide. This study investigates the molecular epidemiology of PCV2 in Henan Province (2020–2023) through PCR screening (385 samples) and whole-genome sequencing (34 strains). The overall detection rate was 71.17% (274/385), with annual rates of 81.16% (112/138) in 2020, 72.41% (84/116) in 2021, 62.50% (55/88) in 2022, and 53.49% (23/43) in 2023, indicating a declining trend. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the dominance of the PCV2d genotype, comprising 82.4% (28/34) of sequenced strains. Evolutionary analysis identified strong negative selection pressure on ORF2, with an elevated substitution rate of 1.098 × 10−3 ssy. These findings provide critical insights into the predominance and adaptive evolution of PCV2d, and significantly improve our understanding of its genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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11 pages, 2102 KiB  
Article
STEAP3 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Regulating Fatty Acid and Lipid Droplet Synthesis
by Chenyang Yuan, Kaifeng Guan and Gaiping Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020147 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease that impacts swine health worldwide. Lipid metabolism plays a vital role in energy production and is regulated by various genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection [...] Read more.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease that impacts swine health worldwide. Lipid metabolism plays a vital role in energy production and is regulated by various genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection significantly reduced the protein expression of STEAP3. The overexpression of STEAP3 can notably inhibit PRRSV replication. Additionally, we utilized transcriptomics and metabolomics to examine the effects of STEAP3 on PRRSV replication, identifying important pathways associated with energy metabolism and lipogenesis. We subsequently found that STEAP3 can suppress PRRSV replication by regulating fatty acid synthesis and enhancing lipid droplet formation. Overall, these findings indicate that STEAP3 could be a potential target for developing strategies to manage PRRSV infection by modulating lipid metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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16 pages, 2346 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of a Pool of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Eight Antigens of African Swine Fever Virus in a Mouse Model
by Jingshan Huang, Tianqi Gao, Zhanhao Lu, Dailang Zhong, Mingzhi Li, Hua-Ji Qiu, Yongfeng Li, Hongxia Wu and Yuan Sun
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020140 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 694
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. There is an urgent demand for effective and safe vaccines to address this threat. This study reports the generation and evaluation of a [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. There is an urgent demand for effective and safe vaccines to address this threat. This study reports the generation and evaluation of a recombinant Lactococcus lactis pool, each strain expressing one of eight ASFV antigens (F317L, H171R, D117L, E120R, B602L, CD2v, p54, and p72). We evaluated the immune responses in mice through oral gavage and intramuscular immunization to the recombinant L. lactis pool. The results show that the mice immunized via intramuscular injection induced high-level serum IgG antibodies within 7 d post-primary immunization, which was maintained over an extended period. Additionally, there was a marked increase in the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels in the sera. In contrast, the mice immunized via oral gavage did not induce obvious serum IgG antibodies. However, they experienced a transient peak of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in fecal samples within 7 d post-primary immunization, which subsequently decreased to levels that were statistically similar to those in the control group. In addition, this study also found that the multi-antigen cocktail vaccination was safe for mice. This study provides a reference for the development and immunization of ASF vaccines with L. lactis as live carriers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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20 pages, 10411 KiB  
Article
Paeoniflorin Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Replication by Inhibiting Autophagy and Targeting AKT/mTOR Signaling
by Zhengchang Wu, Luchen Yu, Yueqing Hu, Wenbin Bao and Shenglong Wu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020117 - 2 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2637
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen that leads to great economic losses to the swine industry. Paeoniflorin (PF), a novel plant extract, has been reported to have antiviral properties. However, the role of paeoniflorin in regulating PCV2 replication remains unclear. [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen that leads to great economic losses to the swine industry. Paeoniflorin (PF), a novel plant extract, has been reported to have antiviral properties. However, the role of paeoniflorin in regulating PCV2 replication remains unclear. Here, we used the CCK8 assay to demonstrate that PF within safe concentrations (0–275 mM) significantly inhibits PCV2 replication in a dose-dependent manner in porcine kidney cells. Subsequently, comparative transcriptome and functional verification revealed that PF probably inherits PCV2 replication via targeting AKT/mTOR signaling. Further experimental data show that the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly relevant to autophagy. Thus, experimental data from Western blot, qPCR, and the indirect immunofluorescence test indicate that PF inhibits PCV2 replication by inhibiting autophagy by targeting the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Together, our results provide insight into the mechanism of paeoniflorin in regulating PCV2 replication and offer new ideas for the treatment of PCV2 infection in pigs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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14 pages, 2281 KiB  
Article
Development and Efficacy Evaluation of a Novel Nanoparticle-Based Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Serological Studies of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
by Fengyan Liang, Wenyue Qiao, Mengjia Zhang, Zhangtiantian Hu, Shan Zhao, Qigui Yan, Wentao Li and Yifei Lang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020101 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 956
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major pathogen that causes serious economic losses to the swine industry. To aid PEDV clinical diagnosis and vaccine development, sensitive and precise serological methods are demanded for rapid detection of (neutralizing) antibodies. Aiming for the development [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major pathogen that causes serious economic losses to the swine industry. To aid PEDV clinical diagnosis and vaccine development, sensitive and precise serological methods are demanded for rapid detection of (neutralizing) antibodies. Aiming for the development of a novel virus-free hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the N-terminal region of the PEDV S1 subunit, encompassing the sialic acid-binding motif, was first expressed as an Fc-fusion protein with a C-terminal Spy Tag (S10A-Spy). The S10A-Spy protein was then presented on SpyCatcher-mi3 nanoparticles, forming virus-like particles designated S10A-NPs. Electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed its topology, and the hemagglutination assay showed that S10A-NPs can efficiently agglutinate red blood cells. The HI assay based on S10A-NPs was then validated with PEDV-positive and -negative samples. The results showed that the HI assay had high specificity for the detection of PEDV antibodies. Next, a total of 253 clinical serum samples were subjected to the HI testing along with virus neutralization (VN) assay. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with VN was 0.959, and the kappa value was 0.759. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the HI titers of the samples tested exhibited high consistency with the VN titers. Taken together, a novel virus-free HI assay based on the multivalent display of a chimeric PEDV spike protein upon self-assembling nanoparticles was established, providing a new approach for PEDV serological diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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19 pages, 3863 KiB  
Article
Development and Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Strip and a Magnetic Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Antigen
by Sirui Tao, Yu Duan, Yinhe Zha, Xiaxia Tong, Yulong He, Huapeng Feng and Jianhong Shu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010040 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 951
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main and primary causative agent of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). To date, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most commonly diagnostic methods for detecting PCV2 [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main and primary causative agent of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). To date, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most commonly diagnostic methods for detecting PCV2 antigens. However, these methods require specialized equipment and technical expertise and are suitable for laboratory use only. This study aims to develop an immunochromatographic strip and a magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay for the detection of PCV2 antigens. The recombinant protein was constructed using a prokaryotic expression system, and the polyclonal antibody was obtained by animal experiments. Polystyrene microspheres are used as solid phase carriers to covalently bind to the amino groups of proteins to form immunoprobes. Monodisperse beads are covalently bound to antigens or antibodies as solid phases to bind antibodies or antigens in the liquid phase in a superior manner, thereby capturing and separating antigens and antibodies in the liquid phase. The immunochromatographic strip is qualitative detection method, this method can detect PCV2a strain, PCV2b strain, and PCV2d strain. The immunochromatographic strip had minimum detection limits of 102.89TCID50/0.1 mL, 103.19TCID50/0.1 mL, and 103.49TCID50/0.1 mL for PCV2a/LG, PCV2b/SH, and PCV2d/JH. The results of testing PEDV (CV777 strain), PRV (HB2000 strain), CSFV (WH-09 strain), PRRS (JXA1-R strain), PPV (WH-1 strain), and ASFV (SD strain) were negative. The agreement between the immunochromatographic strip and the ELISA kit was 93.33% (140/150) and the Kappa was 0.866 (Kappa > 0.81). On the premise of ensuring sensitivity, the most important feature of the immunochromatographic strip is that this method can save time when testing; results can be obtained within 5 to 10 min. Magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay is quantitative detection method; this method can detect PCV2 Cap proteins in swine serum, the linear range of this method was 0.25 ng/mL to 32 ng/mL and R2 of the standard curve was 0.9993. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.051 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.068 ng/mL. The agreement between the magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay and the ELISA kit (test PCV2 Cap proteins) was 97.14% (68/70). This method took less than 30 min to achieve results, which is less than the ELISA kit. The results of this study show that immunochromatographic strip and magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay for PCV2 antigens had great sensitivity and specificity, which lays the foundation for PCV2 clinical detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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16 pages, 8049 KiB  
Article
TLR Agonist Immunoadjuvants Provide Effective Protection Against PCV2 and PRV Infections in a Bivalent Subunit Vaccine for PCV2 and PRV
by Fulai Yu, Wei Xiang, Weiye Ou, Yang Li, Xinbiao Shu and Xiaoliang Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010025 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 985
Abstract
Diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) significantly affect the economy of pig farms, particularly when combined infections lead to bacterial co-infections. Antigens from the pseudorabies variant strain gB and gD proteins and PCV2 (genotyped) Cap protein were [...] Read more.
Diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) significantly affect the economy of pig farms, particularly when combined infections lead to bacterial co-infections. Antigens from the pseudorabies variant strain gB and gD proteins and PCV2 (genotyped) Cap protein were mixed with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonist FLICd as adjuvants and formulated with a micro-hydrogel adjuvant into PCV2 and PRV bivalent subunit vaccines. Twenty pigs, aged 30–35 days, were divided into groups A (received bivalent subunit vaccine) and B (received bivalent subunit vaccines with recombinant FLICd adjuvant), as well as C (non-vaccinated challenge control) and D (blank control). Groups A and B showed no significant difference in average daily weight gain compared to the unvaccinated controls. Fourteen days post-second vaccination, groups A and B exhibited significantly higher levels of PRV and PCV2 antibodies than groups C and D. Group B showed significantly higher average titers of PRV-specific neutralizing antibodies than group A. Fourteen days post-second vaccination, a PRV (ZJM-1 strain) challenge test was conducted. The vaccinated group achieved 100% protection. Vaccination effectively reduced virus load post-challenge and shortened the PRV shedding period. Vaccination with PCV2 and PRV bivalent subunit vaccines effectively prevents the onset of PCV2-related diseases and infections by wild pseudorabies strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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9 pages, 1192 KiB  
Opinion
Getah Virus: A New Contaminant in Veterinary Vaccines
by Pin-Pin Chu, Sheng-Nan Chen, Xia Zhou, Zu-Zhang Wei and Shao-Lun Zhai
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020082 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 964
Abstract
Mycoplasma, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), avian leukosis virus (ALV), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), bovine polyomavirus (BPV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV) are considered common contaminants in live veterinary vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), fowlpox virus (FPV), infectious bursal [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), avian leukosis virus (ALV), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), bovine polyomavirus (BPV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV) are considered common contaminants in live veterinary vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), fowlpox virus (FPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In the past five years, Getah virus (GETV), an arbovirus affecting many farming mammals, was reported as a new contaminant in live PRRSV vaccines in two previous studies, which arouses our considerable interest. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to analyze and discuss the source, biological hazard, and genomic characteristics of these contaminating GETV strains further. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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