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Applied Sciences
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Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry
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Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical and Molecular Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2021) | Viewed by 23191

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Delgado

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
Interests: separation methods; miniaturised extraction techniques; chromatography; agro-alimentary analysis; endocrine disruptors; plastic migrants; pesticides; green chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bárbara Socas Rodríguez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n°., 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Interests: miniaturised extraction techniques; chromatography; mass spectrometry; food analysis; endocrine disruptors; green chemistry; supercritical fluids

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to announce the next Applied Sciences Special Issue entitled “Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry”, which will compile the most relevant applications of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in the field of analytical chemistry.

The current trends in analytical chemistry advocate the development of sustainable methodologies which have a minimal impact on environment and reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. In fact, the application of low-toxicity or nontoxic solvents such as DES and, most recently, natural DES (NADES) has become one of the most important actions. This new generation of green materials is constituted by at least two components, a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) that, when combined, produce a new substance with higher volatility than that of the initial reagents. DES and NADES presents variable and unique properties that make them excellent materials to be applied in many fields, including analytical chemistry. They have been used not only as solvents in sample preparation, but also as stationary phases and sensors components or as additives in mobile phases.

The aim of this publication is to present the most recent applications of DES and NADES in the area of analytical chemistry, as well as provide a wide and accurate overview of the recent advances and future trends in the field.

This Special Issue is supported by the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society.

Dr. Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Delgado
Dr. Bárbara Socas Rodríguez
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sustainable chemistry
  • deep eutectic solvents
  • extractions
  • analytical techniques
  • green solvents

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2382 KiB  
Article
A Sustainable Approach for Extracting Non-Extractable Phenolic Compounds from Mangosteen Peel Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents
by Merichel Plaza, Gloria Domínguez-Rodríguez, Cristina Sahelices and María Luisa Marina
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5625; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125625 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4065
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel is a potential source of phenolic compounds with beneficial properties. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have been considered an environmentally friendly and cheap alternative to conventional organic solvents. In this work, a green extraction methodology was developed [...] Read more.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel is a potential source of phenolic compounds with beneficial properties. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have been considered an environmentally friendly and cheap alternative to conventional organic solvents. In this work, a green extraction methodology was developed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and NaDES for the extraction of antioxidant non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs) from mangosteen peel. To select the best NaDES to extract NEPs from mangosteen peel, seven NaDES were studied. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents were determined for the extracts. The molecular weights for the NEPs present in those extracts were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. Experimental results showed that choline chloride–lactic acid (1:2) was the NaDES allowing the highest antioxidant proanthocyanidin content in the extracts. A Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the main parameters in UAE with NaDES: water percentage, ultrasound amplitude, and extraction time. The optimal extraction conditions were 18.8% (v/v) water, 60% ultrasound amplitude, and 15 min as the extraction time. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the NEP extracts obtained under optimal extraction conditions was evaluated. Results indicated for the first time that the use of NaDES in combination with UAE could be a sustainable alternative for the extraction of antioxidant NEPs from mangosteen peel for important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and cosmetic fields, as the extracts presented low cytotoxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry)
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9 pages, 1951 KiB  
Communication
Deliquescence Behavior of Deep Eutectic Solvents
by Henrik Palmelund, Jukka Rantanen and Korbinian Löbmann
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041601 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3314
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are formed by a hydrogen bond donor and an acceptor. The hydrogen bond interactions between these two components significantly depress the melting temperature of the mixture. DESs have been used as an alternative for organic solvents in various branches [...] Read more.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are formed by a hydrogen bond donor and an acceptor. The hydrogen bond interactions between these two components significantly depress the melting temperature of the mixture. DESs have been used as an alternative for organic solvents in various branches of the chemical industry. Many DESs are very hygroscopic and water is known to change the properties of DESs, but there has neven been a systematic study performed on the deliquesence behavior of DESs. Therefore, this study investigated the thermal and deliquescent behavior of four DESs. The DES mixtures were stored in desiccators at different relative humidities (RH) to investigate the critical RH (RH0) for deliquescence. It was found that, due to the formation of a eutonic mixture, the RH0 to induce deliquescence for a given DES mixture was lower compared to the individual components comprising the DES. The results showed that, even though all investigated DESs had eutectic melting temperatures above room temperature, but due to the low RH0, they were able to appear liquid at room temperature under ambient conditions. The eutonic and eutectic compositions were identified at different compositions for the DESs. The results emphasize that great care must be taken to control the process and storage conditions for DESs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry)
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Review

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22 pages, 7157 KiB  
Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources and Agricultural By-Products
by Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez, Monica Vanessa Torres-Cornejo, Gerardo Álvarez-Rivera and Jose A. Mendiola
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4897; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114897 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 89 | Viewed by 11148
Abstract
In this work, a review about the applicability of eutectic solvents, mainly deep eutectic solvents (DES) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products has been carried out. These alternative solvents have shown not only to [...] Read more.
In this work, a review about the applicability of eutectic solvents, mainly deep eutectic solvents (DES) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural products has been carried out. These alternative solvents have shown not only to have high extraction yields but also to be environmentally friendly, exhibiting very low or almost no toxicity, compared to conventional organic solvents. The last trends and main extraction methods that have been most widely used in studies using these emerging solvents have been reviewed, as well as the varied natural sources in which they have been used, including agro-food by-products. Besides the toxicity, biodegradability of these solvents is reviewed. Likewise, different reported bioactivity tests have been included, in which extracts obtained with these ecological solvents have been tested from antioxidant activity analysis to in vivo studies with rats, through in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry)
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24 pages, 1080 KiB  
Review
Recent Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Environmental Analysis
by Ruth Rodríguez-Ramos, Álvaro Santana-Mayor, Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez and Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4779; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114779 - 23 May 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
The incessant generation of toxic waste and the growing concern over the environment have led the scientific community to delve into the search for more sustainable systems. In this regard, the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has become one of the main [...] Read more.
The incessant generation of toxic waste and the growing concern over the environment have led the scientific community to delve into the search for more sustainable systems. In this regard, the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has become one of the main strategies in green chemistry. These solvents have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional toxic solvents and even to the well-known ionic liquids. Their unique properties, components availability, and easy preparation, among others, have led to a new trend within the scientific community and industry, based on the use of these up-and-coming solvents not only in science but also in quotidian life. Among the areas that have benefited from the advantages of DESs is analytical chemistry, in which they have been largely used for sample preparation, including the extraction and determination of organic and inorganic compounds from environmental samples. The considerable number of applications developed in the last year in this field and the increasing generation of new data necessitate the continuous updating of the literature. This review pretends to compile the most relevant applications of DESs in environmental analysis and critically discuss them to provide a global vision about the advantages and drawbacks/limitations of these neoteric solvents in the area of environmental analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Analytical Chemistry)
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