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20 pages, 6041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Phase-Preserving Focusing Technique for TOPS Mode SAR Raw Data Based on Conventional Processing Methods

by Adele Fusco, Antonio Pepe, Paolo Berardino, Claudio De Luca, Sabatino Buonanno and Riccardo Lanari

Sensors 2019, 19(15), 3321; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153321 - 29 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4910

Abstract

We present a new solution for the phase-preserving focusing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw data acquired through the Terrain Observation with Progressive Scan (TOPS) mode. The proposed algorithm consists of a first interpolation stage of the TOPS raw data, which takes into [...] Read more.

We present a new solution for the phase-preserving focusing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw data acquired through the Terrain Observation with Progressive Scan (TOPS) mode. The proposed algorithm consists of a first interpolation stage of the TOPS raw data, which takes into account the Doppler Centroid frequency variations due to the azimuth antenna steering function, and allows us to unfold the azimuth spectra of the TOPS raw data. Subsequently, the interpolated signals are processed by using conventional phase-preserving SAR focusing methods that exploit frequency domain and spectral analyses algorithms, which are extensively used to efficiently process Stripmap and ScanSAR data. Accordingly, the developed focusing approach is easy to implement. In particular, the presented focusing approach exploits one of the available frequency domain Stripmap processing techniques. The only modification is represented by the inclusion, within the 2D frequency domain focusing step, of a spurious azimuth chirp signal with a properly selected azimuthal rate. This allows us to efficiently carry out the TOPS azimuth focusing through the SPECAN method. Furthermore, an important aspect of this algorithm is the possibility to easily achieve a constant and tunable output azimuth pixel size without any additional computing time; this is a remarkable feature with respect to the full-aperture TOPS-mode algorithms available in the existing literature. Moreover, although tailored on Sentinel-1 (S1) raw data, the proposed algorithm can be easily extended to process data collected through the TOPS mode by different radar sensors. The presented experimental results have been obtained by processing real Sentinel-1 raw data and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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20 pages, 7091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interferometric SAR Phase Denoising Using Proximity-Based K-SVD Technique

by Chandrakanta Ojha, Adele Fusco and Innocenzo M. Pinto

Sensors 2019, 19(12), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122684 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3856

Abstract

This paper addresses the problem of interferometric noise reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry based on sparse and redundant representations over a trained dictionary. The idea is to use a Proximity-based K-SVD (ProK-SVD) algorithm on interferometric data for obtaining a suitable dictionary, [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the problem of interferometric noise reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry based on sparse and redundant representations over a trained dictionary. The idea is to use a Proximity-based K-SVD (ProK-SVD) algorithm on interferometric data for obtaining a suitable dictionary, in order to extract the phase image content effectively. We implemented this strategy on both simulated as well as real interferometric data for the validation of our approach. For synthetic data, three different training dictionaries have been compared, namely, a dictionary extracted from the data, a dictionary obtained by a uniform random distribution in

[- π, π]

, and a dictionary built from discrete cosine transform. Further, a similar strategy plan has been applied to real interferograms. We used interferometric data of various SAR sensors, including low resolution C-band ERS/ENVISAT, medium L-band ALOS, and high resolution X-band COSMO-SkyMed, all over an area of Mt. Etna, Italy. Both on simulated and real interferometric phase images, the proposed approach shows significant noise reduction within the fringe pattern, without any considerable loss of useful information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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18 pages, 3815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Change Detection in SAR Images Based on the ROF Model Semi-Implicit Denoising Method

by Xuemei Lou, Zhenhong Jia, Jie Yang and Nikola Kasabov

Sensors 2019, 19(5), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051179 - 7 Mar 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3590

Abstract

The explicit solution of the traditional ROF model in image denoising has the disadvantages of unstable results and requiring many iterations. To solve the problem, a new method, ROF model semi-implicit denoising, is proposed in this paper and applied to change detections of [...] Read more.

The explicit solution of the traditional ROF model in image denoising has the disadvantages of unstable results and requiring many iterations. To solve the problem, a new method, ROF model semi-implicit denoising, is proposed in this paper and applied to change detections of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. All remote sensing images used in this article have been calibrated by ENVI software. First, the ROF model semi-implicit denoising method is used to denoise the remote sensing images. Second, for the denoised images, difference images are obtained by the logarithmic ratio and mean ratio methods. The final difference image is obtained by principal component analysis fusion (PCA fusion) of the two difference images. Finally, the final difference image is clustered by fuzzy local information C-means clustering (FLICM) to obtain the change regions. The research results show that the proposed method has high detection accuracy and time operation efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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15 pages, 2720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Imaging for Small UAV-Borne FMCW SAR

by Xianyang Hu, Changzheng Ma, Ruizhi Hu and Tat Soon Yeo

Sensors 2019, 19(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010087 - 27 Dec 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4179

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle borne frequency modulated continuous wave synthetic aperture radars are attracting more and more attention due to their low cost and flexible operation capacity, including the ability to capture images at different elevation angles for precise target identification. However, small unmanned [...] Read more.

Unmanned aerial vehicle borne frequency modulated continuous wave synthetic aperture radars are attracting more and more attention due to their low cost and flexible operation capacity, including the ability to capture images at different elevation angles for precise target identification. However, small unmanned aerial vehicles suffer from large trajectory deviation and severe range-azimuth coupling due to their simple navigational control and susceptibility to air turbulence. In this paper, we utilize the squint minimization technique to reduce this coupling while simultaneously eliminating intra-pulse motion-induced effects with an additional spectrum scaling. After which, the modified range doppler algorithm is derived for second order range compression and block-wise range cell migration correction. Raw data-based motion compensation is carried out with a doppler tracker. Squinted azimuth dependent phase gradient algorithm is employed to deal with azimuth dependent parameters and inexact deramping, with minimum entropy-based autofocusing algorithms. Finally, azimuth nonlinear chirp scaling is used for azimuth compression. Simulation and real data experiment results presented verify the effectiveness of the above signal processing approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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12 pages, 7300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Orthogonal Waveform Separation Scheme for Airborne MIMO-SAR Systems

by Jie Wang, Ke-Hong Zhu, Li-Na Wang, Xing-Dong Liang and Long-Yong Chen

Sensors 2018, 18(10), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103580 - 22 Oct 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3527

Abstract

In recent years, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, which can promote the performance of 3D imaging, high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing, and multi-baseline interferometry, have received considerable attention. Several papers on MIMO-SAR have been published, but the research of such systems [...] Read more.

In recent years, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, which can promote the performance of 3D imaging, high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing, and multi-baseline interferometry, have received considerable attention. Several papers on MIMO-SAR have been published, but the research of such systems is seriously limited. This is mainly because the superposed echoes of the multiple transmitted orthogonal waveforms cannot be separated perfectly. The imperfect separation will introduce ambiguous energy and degrade SAR images dramatically. In this paper, a novel orthogonal waveform separation scheme based on echo-compression is proposed for airborne MIMO-SAR systems. Specifically, apart from the simultaneous transmissions, the transmitters are required to radiate several times alone in a synthetic aperture to sense their private inner-aperture channels. Since the channel responses at the neighboring azimuth positions are relevant, the energy of the solely radiated orthogonal waveforms in the superposed echoes will be concentrated. To this end, the echoes of the multiple transmitted orthogonal waveforms can be separated by cancelling the peaks. In addition, the cleaned echoes, along with original superposed one, can be used to reconstruct the unambiguous echoes. The proposed scheme is validated by simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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12 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Scheme for MIMO-SAR Systems Using Rotational Orbital Angular Momentum

by Xiangxi Bu, Zhuo Zhang, Xingdong Liang, Longyong Chen, Haibo Tang, Zheng Zeng and Jie Wang

Sensors 2018, 18(10), 3511; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103511 - 18 Oct 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3412

Abstract

The vortex electromagnetic (EM) wave with orbital angular momentum (OAM) brings a new degree of freedom for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, although to date, its application to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) SAR has not yet been widely reported. In this paper, an orbital [...] Read more.

The vortex electromagnetic (EM) wave with orbital angular momentum (OAM) brings a new degree of freedom for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, although to date, its application to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) SAR has not yet been widely reported. In this paper, an orbital angular momentum (OAM)-based MIMO-SAR system is proposed. The rotational Doppler Effect (RDE) of vortex EM waves offers a novel scheme for an OAM-based MIMO-SAR system. By transmitting the rotational vortex EM waves, echoes of different OAM modes can be discriminated by a bandpass filter in the range-Doppler domain. The performance of the proposed scheme is independent of the time-variant channel responses, and the wider beam width of the vortex EM waves delivers, for the same antenna aperture size, better performance in terms of swath width and azimuth resolution, in contrast to the plane EM waves. Moreover, the spatial diversity of vortex EM waves shows great potential to enhance the MIMO-SAR system applications, which involve high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing, 3-D imaging, and radar-communication integration. The proposed scheme is verified by proof-of-concept experiments. This work presents a new application of vortex EM waves, which facilitates the development of new-generation and forthcoming SAR systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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16 pages, 5922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Stationary Platform Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Maneuvering Target Imaging Based on Phase Retrieval

by Hongyin Shi, Saixue Xia, Qi Qin, Ting Yang and Zhijun Qiao

Sensors 2018, 18(10), 3333; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103333 - 5 Oct 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3420

Abstract

As a powerful signal processing tool for imaging moving targets, placing radar on a non-stationary platform (such as an aerostat) is a future direction of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) systems. However, more phase errors are introduced into the received signal due to [...] Read more.

As a powerful signal processing tool for imaging moving targets, placing radar on a non-stationary platform (such as an aerostat) is a future direction of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) systems. However, more phase errors are introduced into the received signal due to the instability of the radar platform, making it difficult for popular algorithms to accurately perform motion compensation, which leads to severe effects in the resultant ISAR images. Moreover, maneuvering targets may have complex motion whose motion parameters are unknown to radar systems. To overcome the issue of non-stationary platform ISAR autofocus imaging, a high-resolution imaging method based on the phase retrieval principle is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the spatial geometric and echo models of the ISAR maneuvering target, we can deduce that the radial motion of the radar platform or the vibration does not affect the modulus of the ISAR echo signal, which provides a theoretical basis for the phase recovery theory for the ISAR imaging. Then, we propose an oversampling smoothness (OSS) phase retrieval algorithm with prior information, namely, the phase of the blurred image obtained by the classical imaging algorithm replaces the initial random phase in the original OSS algorithm. In addition, the size of the support domain of the OSS algorithm is set with respect to the blurred target image. Experimental simulation shows that compared with classical imaging methods, the proposed method can obtain the resultant motion-compensated ISAR image without estimating the radar platform and maneuvering target motion parameters, wherein the fictitious target is perfectly focused. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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19 pages, 6022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Effects of InSAR Temporal Decorrelation and Its Implications for Land Cover Classification: The Case of the Ocean-Reclaimed Lands of the Shanghai Megacity

by Guanyu Ma, Qing Zhao, Qiang Wang and Min Liu

Sensors 2018, 18(9), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092939 - 4 Sep 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

In this work, we focused on the ocean-reclaimed lands of the Shanghai coastal region and we evidenced how, over these areas, the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence maps exhibit peculiar behavior. In particular, by analyzing a sequence of Sentinel-1 SAR InSAR coherence [...] Read more.

In this work, we focused on the ocean-reclaimed lands of the Shanghai coastal region and we evidenced how, over these areas, the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence maps exhibit peculiar behavior. In particular, by analyzing a sequence of Sentinel-1 SAR InSAR coherence maps, we found a significant coherence loss over time in correspondence to the ocean-reclaimed platforms that are substantially different from the coherence loss experienced in naturally-formed regions with the same type of land cover. We have verified whether this is due to the engineering geological conditions or the soil consolidation subsidence in ocean-reclaimed region. In this work, we combine the information coming from InSAR coherence maps and the retrieved temporal decorrelation model with that obtained by using optical Sentinel-2 data, and we performed land cover classification analyses in the zone of the Pudong International Airport. To estimate the accuracy of utilizing InSAR coherence information for land cover classification, in particular, we have analyzed what causes the difference of the InSAR coherence loss with the same type of land cover. The presented results show that the coherence models can be useful to distinguish roads and buildings, thus enhancing the accuracy of land cover classification compared with that allowable by using only Sentinel-2 data. In particular, the accuracy of classification increases from 75% to 86%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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27 pages, 1051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Compressed Sensing Based Ground Moving Target Indication for Dual-Channel SAR System

by Jing Liu, Xiaoqing Tian, Jiayuan Jiang and Kaiyu Huang

Sensors 2018, 18(7), 2377; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072377 - 21 Jul 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4095

Abstract

The dual-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system is widely applied in the field of ground moving-target indication (GMTI). With the increase of the imaging resolution, the resulting substantial raw data samples increase the transmission and storage burden. We tackle the problem by adopting [...] Read more.

The dual-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system is widely applied in the field of ground moving-target indication (GMTI). With the increase of the imaging resolution, the resulting substantial raw data samples increase the transmission and storage burden. We tackle the problem by adopting the joint sparsity model 1 (JSM-1) in distributed compressed sensing (DCS) to exploit the correlation between the two channels of the dual-channel SAR system. We propose a novel algorithm, namely the hierarchical variational Bayesian based distributed compressed sensing (HVB-DCS) algorithm for the JSM-1 model, which decouples the common component from the innovation components by applying variational Bayesian approximation. Using the proposed HVB-DCS algorithm in the dual-channel SAR based GMTI (SAR-GMTI) system, we can jointly reconstruct the dual-channel signals, and simultaneously detect the moving targets and stationary clutter, which enables sampling at a further lower rate in azimuth as well as improves the reconstruction accuracy. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed HVB-DCS algorithm is capable of detecting multiple moving targets while suppressing the clutter at a much lower data rate in azimuth compared with the compressed sensing (CS) and range-Doppler (RD) algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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12 pages, 2469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Atmospheric Effects on Interferograms Using DEM Errors of Fixed Ground Points

by Takashi Nonaka, Tomohito Asaka and Keishi Iwashita

Sensors 2018, 18(7), 2336; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072336 - 18 Jul 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3146

Abstract

High-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are widely used for disaster monitoring. To extract damaged areas automatically, it is essential to understand the relationships among the sensor specifications, acquisition conditions, and land cover. Our previous studies developed a method for estimating the phase [...] Read more.

High-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are widely used for disaster monitoring. To extract damaged areas automatically, it is essential to understand the relationships among the sensor specifications, acquisition conditions, and land cover. Our previous studies developed a method for estimating the phase noise of interferograms using several pairs of TerraSAR-X series (TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X) datasets. Atmospheric disturbance data are also necessary to interpret the interferograms; therefore, the purpose of this study is to estimate the atmospheric effects by focusing on the difference in digital elevation model (DEM) errors between repeat-pass (two interferometric SAR images acquired at different times) and single-pass (two interferometric SAR images acquired simultaneously) interferometry. Single-pass DEM errors are reduced due to the lack of temporal decorrelation and atmospheric disturbances. At a study site in the city of Tsukuba, a quantitative analysis of DEM errors at fixed ground objects shows that the atmospheric effects are estimated to contribute 75% to 80% of the total phase noise in interferograms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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22 pages, 9357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inversion of Rice Biophysical Parameters Using Simulated Compact Polarimetric SAR C-Band Data

by Xianyu Guo, Kun Li, Yun Shao, Zhiyong Wang, Hongyu Li, Zhi Yang, Long Liu and Shuli Wang

Sensors 2018, 18(7), 2271; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072271 - 13 Jul 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5123

Abstract

Timely and accurate estimation of rice parameters plays a significant role in rice monitoring and yield forecasting for ensuring food security. Compact-polarimetric (CP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a good compromise between the dual- and quad-polarized SARs, is an important part of the new [...] Read more.

Timely and accurate estimation of rice parameters plays a significant role in rice monitoring and yield forecasting for ensuring food security. Compact-polarimetric (CP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a good compromise between the dual- and quad-polarized SARs, is an important part of the new generation of Earth observation systems. In this paper, the ability of CP SAR data to retrieve rice biophysical parameters was explored using a modified water cloud model. The results showed that S₁ was superior to other CP variables in rice height inversion with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.92 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 5.81 cm. RL was the most suitable for inverting the volumetric water content of the rice canopy, with an R² of 0.95 and a RMSE of 0.31 kg/m³. The m-χ decomposition produced the highest accuracies for the ear biomass: R² was 0.89 and RMSE was 0.17 kg/m². The highest accuracy of leaf area index (LAI) retrieval was obtained for RH (right circular transmit and horizontal linear receive) with an R² of 0.79 and a RMSE of 0.33. This study illustrated the capability of CP SAR data with respect to retrieval of rice biophysical parameters, especially for height, volumetric water content of the rice canopy, and ear biomass, and this mode may offer the best option for rice-monitoring applications because of swath coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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13 pages, 3396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deceptive Jamming Detection for SAR Based on Cross-Track Interferometry

by Qingqing Feng, Huaping Xu, Zhefeng Wu and Wei Liu

Sensors 2018, 18(7), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072265 - 13 Jul 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4530

Abstract

Deceptive jamming against synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can create false targets or deceptive scenes in the image effectively. Based on the difference in interferometric phase between the target and deceptive jamming signals, a novel method for detecting deceptive jamming using cross-track interferometry is [...] Read more.

Deceptive jamming against synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can create false targets or deceptive scenes in the image effectively. Based on the difference in interferometric phase between the target and deceptive jamming signals, a novel method for detecting deceptive jamming using cross-track interferometry is proposed, where the echoes with deceptive jamming are received by two SAR antennas simultaneously and the false targets are identified through SAR interferometry. Since the derived false phase is close to a constant in interferogram, it is extracted through phase filtering and frequency detection. Finally, the false targets in the SAR image are obtained according to the detected false part in the interferogram. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulation results based on the TanDEM-X system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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21 pages, 8849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Nonlocal Mean Filter for PolSAR Data with Shape-Adaptive Patches Matching

by Peng Shen, Changcheng Wang, Han Gao and Jianjun Zhu

Sensors 2018, 18(7), 2215; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072215 - 10 Jul 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3449

Abstract

The traditional nonlocal filters for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images are based on square patches matching to obtain homogeneous pixels in a large search window. However, it is still difficult for the regular patches to work well in the complex textured areas, [...] Read more.

The traditional nonlocal filters for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images are based on square patches matching to obtain homogeneous pixels in a large search window. However, it is still difficult for the regular patches to work well in the complex textured areas, even when the patch size has a small enough setting (e.g., 3 × 3 windows). Therefore, this paper proposes an adaptive nonlocal mean filter with shape-adaptive patches matching (ANLM) for PolSAR images. Mainly, the shape-adaptive (SA) matching patches are constructed by combining the polarimetric likelihood ratio test for coherency matrices (PolLRT-CM) and the region growing (RG), which is called PolLRT-CMRG. It is used to distinguish the homogeneous and heterogeneous pixels in textured areas effectively. Then, to enhance the filtering effect, it is necessary to take the adaptive threshold selection of similarity test (Simi-Test) into consideration. The simulated, low spatial resolution SAR580-Convair and high spatial resolution ESAR PolSAR image datasets are selected for experiments. We make a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis for the filtered results. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed ANLM filter has better performance in speckle suppression and detail preservation than that of the traditional local and nonlocal filters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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17 pages, 19843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Highway Stability in Permafrost Regions with X-band Temporary Scatterers Stacking InSAR

by Keren Dai, Guoxiang Liu, Zhenhong Li, Deying Ma, Xiaowen Wang, Bo Zhang, Jia Tang and Guangyu Li

Sensors 2018, 18(6), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061876 - 8 Jun 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 5668

Abstract

Interferograms with short wavelength (e.g., X-band) are usually prone to temporal decorrelation in permafrost regions, leading to the unavailability of sufficient high-coherence interferograms for performing conventional time series InSAR analysis. This paper proposes the utilization of temporary scatterers for the stacking InSAR method, [...] Read more.

Interferograms with short wavelength (e.g., X-band) are usually prone to temporal decorrelation in permafrost regions, leading to the unavailability of sufficient high-coherence interferograms for performing conventional time series InSAR analysis. This paper proposes the utilization of temporary scatterers for the stacking InSAR method, thus enabling extraction of subsidence in a permafrost region with limited SAR images and limited high-coherence interferograms. Such method is termed as the temporary scatterers stacking InSAR (TSS-InSAR). Taking the Gonghe-Yushu highway (about 30 km), part of G214 National Highway in Qinghai province (in a permafrost region), as a case study, this TSS-InSAR approach was demonstrated in detail and implemented. With 10 TerraSAR-X images acquired during the period from May 2015 to August 2015, the subsidence along this highway was extracted. In this case the lack of a consistent number of SAR acquisitions limits the possibility to perform other conventional time series InSAR analysis. The results show that the middle part of this highway is in the thermokarst and seasonal frozen soil area, and its accumulated subsidence reach up to 10 cm in 110 days. The thawing phenomena is still the main reason for the instability of highway. The results demonstrate that the TSS-InSAR method can effectively extract the subsidence information in a challenging scenario with limited X-band SAR images and limited high-coherence interferograms, where other time series InSAR-based techniques cannot be applied in a simple way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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11 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Estimation of SAR Signal Based on SVD for the Nyquist Folding Receiver

by Tao Li, Qian Zhu and Zengping Chen

Sensors 2018, 18(6), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061768 - 1 Jun 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3782

Abstract

The Nyquist Folding Receiver (NYFR) is a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver structure that can realize wideband signal monitoring with fewer components. The NYFR induces a Nyquist zone (NZ)-dependent sinusoidal frequency modulation (SFM) by a modulated local oscillator (LOS), and the intercepted linear frequency [...] Read more.

The Nyquist Folding Receiver (NYFR) is a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver structure that can realize wideband signal monitoring with fewer components. The NYFR induces a Nyquist zone (NZ)-dependent sinusoidal frequency modulation (SFM) by a modulated local oscillator (LOS), and the intercepted linear frequency modulated (LFM) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal will be converted into an LFM/SFM hybrid modulated signal. In this paper, a parameter estimation algorithm is proposed for the complicated NYFR output signal. According to the NYFR prior information, a chirp singular value ratio (CSVR) spectrum method based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed to estimate the chirp rate directly before estimating the NZ index. Then, a fast search algorithm based on golden section method for the CSVR spectrum is analyzed, which can obviously reduce the computational complexity. The simulation shows that the presented algorithm can accurately estimate the parameters of the LFM/SFM hybrid modulated output signal by the NYFR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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15 pages, 6197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transmitting Pulse Encoding for Beyond-PRT Retransmitting Deception Jamming Detection in Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

by Ruijia Wang, Sun Bing, Xing Wang and Siyi Cheng

Sensors 2018, 18(5), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051666 - 22 May 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4289

Abstract

Retransmitting deception jamming (RDJ) degrades and misleads the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image interpretation by forming false targets. The beyond-Pulse Repetition Time (PRT) RDJ enlarges the effective jamming area without constraining the jammer location to reduce the spaceborne SAR working effectiveness. In order [...] Read more.

Retransmitting deception jamming (RDJ) degrades and misleads the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image interpretation by forming false targets. The beyond-Pulse Repetition Time (PRT) RDJ enlarges the effective jamming area without constraining the jammer location to reduce the spaceborne SAR working effectiveness. In order to detect the beyond-PRT RDJ and enhance the working efficiency in electronic countermeasure environment, the transmitting pulse encoding method for use in spaceborne SAR is proposed based on the geometry and signal models of beyond-PRT RDJ. Optimum binary codes with maximum number of detection windows are determined by the encoding procedure. The detected area is found to be proportional to the code length and the encoding efficiencies of even and odd codes are analyzed. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the transmitting pulse encoding method for beyond-PRT RDJ detection in spaceborne SAR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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16 pages, 16522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Satellite Missions for Multi-Temporal SAR Interferometry

by Fabio Bovenga, Antonella Belmonte, Alberto Refice, Guido Pasquariello, Raffaele Nutricato, Davide O. Nitti and Maria T. Chiaradia

Sensors 2018, 18(5), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051359 - 27 Apr 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4539

Abstract

Multi-temporal InSAR (MTI) applications pose challenges related to the availability of coherent scattering from the ground surface, the complexity of the ground deformations, atmospheric artifacts, and visibility problems related to ground elevation. Nowadays, several satellite missions are available providing interferometric SAR data at [...] Read more.

Multi-temporal InSAR (MTI) applications pose challenges related to the availability of coherent scattering from the ground surface, the complexity of the ground deformations, atmospheric artifacts, and visibility problems related to ground elevation. Nowadays, several satellite missions are available providing interferometric SAR data at different wavelengths, spatial resolutions, and revisit time. A new and interesting opportunity is provided by Sentinel-1, which has a spatial resolution comparable to that of previous ESA C-band sensors, and revisit times improved by up to 6 days. According to these different SAR space-borne missions, the present work discusses current and future opportunities of MTI applications in terms of ground instability monitoring. Issues related to coherent target detection, mean velocity precision, and product geo-location are addressed through a simple theoretical model assuming backscattering mechanisms related to point scatterers. The paper also presents an example of a multi-sensor ground instability investigation over Lesina Marina, a village in Southern Italy lying over a gypsum diapir, where a hydration process, involving the underlying anhydride, causes a smooth uplift and the formation of scattered sinkholes. More than 20 years of MTI SAR data have been processed, coming from both legacy ERS and ENVISAT missions, and latest-generation RADARSAT-2, COSMO-SkyMed, and Sentinel-1A sensors. Results confirm the presence of a rather steady uplift process, with limited to null variations throughout the whole monitored time-period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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14 pages, 4128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raw Data-Based Motion Compensation for High-Resolution Sliding Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar

by Ning Li, Shilin Niu, Zhengwei Guo, Yabo Liu and Jiaqi Chen

Sensors 2018, 18(3), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030842 - 12 Mar 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4561

Abstract

For accurate motion compensation (MOCO) in airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, a high-precision inertial navigation system (INS) is required. However, an INS is not always precise enough or is sometimes not even included in airborne SAR systems. In this paper, a new, [...] Read more.

For accurate motion compensation (MOCO) in airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, a high-precision inertial navigation system (INS) is required. However, an INS is not always precise enough or is sometimes not even included in airborne SAR systems. In this paper, a new, raw, data-based range-invariant motion compensation approach, which can effectively extract the displacements in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction, is proposed for high-resolution sliding spotlight SAR mode. In this approach, the sub-aperture radial accelerations of the airborne platform are estimated via a well-developed weighted total least square (WTLS) method considering the time-varying beam direction. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by two airborne sliding spotlight C band SAR raw datasets containing different types of terrain, with a high spatial resolution of about 0.15 m in azimuth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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15 pages, 4119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Sidelobe Reduction Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Sidelobe Correction Using D-SVA for Squint SAR Images

by Min Liu, Zhou Li and Lu Liu

Sensors 2018, 18(3), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030783 - 5 Mar 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5535

Abstract

Sidelobe reduction is a very primary task for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Various methods have been proposed for broadside SAR, which can suppress the sidelobes effectively while maintaining high image resolution at the same time. Alternatively, squint SAR, especially highly squint SAR, [...] Read more.

Sidelobe reduction is a very primary task for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Various methods have been proposed for broadside SAR, which can suppress the sidelobes effectively while maintaining high image resolution at the same time. Alternatively, squint SAR, especially highly squint SAR, has emerged as an important tool that provides more mobility and flexibility and has become a focus of recent research studies. One of the research challenges for squint SAR is how to resolve the severe range-azimuth coupling of echo signals. Unlike broadside SAR images, the range and azimuth sidelobes of the squint SAR images no longer locate on the principal axes with high probability. Thus the spatially variant apodization (SVA) filters could hardly get all the sidelobe information, and hence the sidelobe reduction process is not optimal. In this paper, we present an improved algorithm called double spatially variant apodization (D-SVA) for better sidelobe suppression. Satisfactory sidelobe reduction results are achieved with the proposed algorithm by comparing the squint SAR images to the broadside SAR images. Simulation results also demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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19 pages, 4766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multichannel High Resolution Wide Swath SAR Imaging for Hypersonic Air Vehicle with Curved Trajectory

by Rui Zhou, Jinping Sun, Yuxin Hu and Yaolong Qi

Sensors 2018, 18(2), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020411 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4513

Abstract

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) equipped on the hypersonic air vehicle in near space has many advantages over the conventional airborne SAR. However, its high-speed maneuvering characteristics with curved trajectory result in serious range migration, and exacerbate the contradiction between the high resolution and [...] Read more.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) equipped on the hypersonic air vehicle in near space has many advantages over the conventional airborne SAR. However, its high-speed maneuvering characteristics with curved trajectory result in serious range migration, and exacerbate the contradiction between the high resolution and wide swath. To solve this problem, this paper establishes the imaging geometrical model matched with the flight trajectory of the hypersonic platform and the multichannel azimuth sampling model based on the displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) technology. Furthermore, based on the multichannel signal reconstruction theory, a more efficient spectrum reconstruction model using discrete Fourier transform is proposed to obtain the azimuth uniform sampling data. Due to the high complexity of the slant range model, it is difficult to deduce the processing algorithm for SAR imaging. Thus, an approximate range model is derived based on the minimax criterion, and the optimal second-order approximate coefficients of cosine function are obtained using the two-population coevolutionary algorithm. On this basis, aiming at the problem that the traditional Omega-K algorithm cannot compensate the residual phase with the difficulty of Stolt mapping along the range frequency axis, this paper proposes an Exact Transfer Function (ETF) algorithm for SAR imaging, and presents a method of range division to achieve wide swath imaging. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the ETF imaging algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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10319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accurate Analysis of Target Characteristic in Bistatic SAR Images: A Dihedral Corner Reflectors Case

by Dongyang Ao, Yuanhao Li, Cheng Hu and Weiming Tian

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010024 - 22 Dec 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9562

Abstract

The dihedral corner reflectors are the basic geometric structure of many targets and are the main contributions of radar cross section (RCS) in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In stealth technologies, the elaborate design of the dihedral corners with different opening angles [...] Read more.

The dihedral corner reflectors are the basic geometric structure of many targets and are the main contributions of radar cross section (RCS) in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In stealth technologies, the elaborate design of the dihedral corners with different opening angles is a useful approach to reduce the high RCS generated by multiple reflections. As bistatic synthetic aperture sensors have flexible geometric configurations and are sensitive to the dihedral corners with different opening angles, they specially fit for the stealth target detections. In this paper, the scattering characteristic of dihedral corner reflectors is accurately analyzed in bistatic synthetic aperture images. The variation of RCS with the changing opening angle is formulated and the method to design a proper bistatic radar for maximizing the detection capability is provided. Both the results of the theoretical analysis and the experiments show the bistatic SAR could detect the dihedral corners, under a certain bistatic angle which is related to the geometry of target structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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3650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Wavenumber Domain Imaging Algorithm for Ground-Based Arc Array SAR

by Zengshu Huang, Jinping Sun, Weixian Tan, Pingping Huang and Kuoye Han

Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2950; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122950 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) has become an important technique for remote sensing deformation monitoring. However, most of the existing GB-SAR systems realize synthetic aperture by exploiting two closely spaced horn antennas to move along a linear rail. In order to obtain higher [...] Read more.

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) has become an important technique for remote sensing deformation monitoring. However, most of the existing GB-SAR systems realize synthetic aperture by exploiting two closely spaced horn antennas to move along a linear rail. In order to obtain higher data acquisition efficiency and a wider view angle, we introduce arc antenna array technology into the GB-SAR system, which realizes a novel kind of system: ground-based arc array SAR (GB-AA-SAR). In this paper, we analyze arc observation geometry and derive analytic expressions of sampling criteria. Then, we propose a novel wavenumber domain imaging algorithm for GB-AA-SAR, which can achieve high image reconstruction precision through numerical solutions in the wavenumber domain. The proposed algorithm can be applied in wide azimuth view angle scenarios, and the problem of azimuth mismatch caused by distance approximation in arc geometric efficient omega-k imaging can be solved successfully. Finally, we analyze the two-dimensional (2D) spatial resolution of GB-AA-SAR, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm through numerical simulation experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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17979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precise Aperture-Dependent Motion Compensation with Frequency Domain Fast Back-Projection Algorithm

by Man Zhang, Guanyong Wang and Lei Zhang

Sensors 2017, 17(11), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112454 - 26 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4419

Abstract

Precise azimuth-variant motion compensation (MOCO) is an essential and difficult task for high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. In conventional post-filtering approaches, residual azimuth-variant motion errors are generally compensated through a set of spatial post-filters, where the coarse-focused image is segmented into overlapped [...] Read more.

Precise azimuth-variant motion compensation (MOCO) is an essential and difficult task for high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. In conventional post-filtering approaches, residual azimuth-variant motion errors are generally compensated through a set of spatial post-filters, where the coarse-focused image is segmented into overlapped blocks concerning the azimuth-dependent residual errors. However, image domain post-filtering approaches, such as precise topography- and aperture-dependent motion compensation algorithm (PTA), have difficulty of robustness in declining, when strong motion errors are involved in the coarse-focused image. In this case, in order to capture the complete motion blurring function within each image block, both the block size and the overlapped part need necessary extension leading to degeneration of efficiency and robustness inevitably. Herein, a frequency domain fast back-projection algorithm (FDFBPA) is introduced to deal with strong azimuth-variant motion errors. FDFBPA disposes of the azimuth-variant motion errors based on a precise azimuth spectrum expression in the azimuth wavenumber domain. First, a wavenumber domain sub-aperture processing strategy is introduced to accelerate computation. After that, the azimuth wavenumber spectrum is partitioned into a set of wavenumber blocks, and each block is formed into a sub-aperture coarse resolution image via the back-projection integral. Then, the sub-aperture images are straightforwardly fused together in azimuth wavenumber domain to obtain a full resolution image. Moreover, chirp-Z transform (CZT) is also introduced to implement the sub-aperture back-projection integral, increasing the efficiency of the algorithm. By disusing the image domain post-filtering strategy, robustness of the proposed algorithm is improved. Both simulation and real-measured data experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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6393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast Terahertz Imaging Method Using Sparse Rotating Array

by Yanwen Jiang, Bin Deng, Yuliang Qin, Hongqiang Wang and Kang Liu

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102209 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4614

Abstract

For fast and standoff personal screening, a novel terahertz imaging scheme using a sparse rotating array is developed in this paper. A linearly sparse array is designed to move along a circular path with respect to an axis perpendicular to the imaging scenario. [...] Read more.

For fast and standoff personal screening, a novel terahertz imaging scheme using a sparse rotating array is developed in this paper. A linearly sparse array is designed to move along a circular path with respect to an axis perpendicular to the imaging scenario. For this new scheme, a modified imaging algorithm is proposed based on the frequency-domain reconstruction method in circular synthetic aperture radar. To achieve better imaging performance, an optimization method of the sparse array is also proposed, according to the distribution of the spectral support. Theoretical and numerical analysis of the point spread function (PSF) is provided to demonstrate the high-resolution imaging ability of the proposed scheme. Comprehensive simulations are carried out to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the array optimization method. Finally, the imaging results of a human-scattering model are also obtained to further demonstrate the good performance of this new imaging scheme and the effectiveness of the array optimization approach. This work can facilitate the design and practice of terahertz imaging systems for security inspection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Technology: New Perspectives Offered by New-Generation and Forthcoming SAR Sensors)

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