Next Article in Journal
Alginic Acid from Padina boryana Abate Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Keratinocytes and Dermal Fibroblasts
Next Article in Special Issue
Reversible Humidity-Driven Transformation of a Bimetallic {EuCo} Molecular Material: Structural, Sorption, and Photoluminescence Studies
Previous Article in Journal
Withanolide-Type Steroids from Withania aristata as Potential Anti-Leukemic Agents
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 25
Issue 23
10.3390/molecules25235745
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Bis(dicarbollide) Complexes of Transition Metals as a Platform for Molecular Switches. Study of Complexation of 8,8′-Bis(methylsulfanyl) Derivatives of Cobalt and Iron Bis(dicarbollides)

by
Sergey A. Anufriev
1,
Sergey V. Timofeev
1,
Alexei A. Anisimov
1,2,
Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
1,3 and
Igor B. Sivaev
1,*
1
A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
Higher Chemical College at the Russian Academy of Sciences, D.I. Mendeleev Russian Chemical Technological University, 9 Miusskaya Sq., 125047 Moscow, Russia
3
Basic Department of Chemistry of Innovative Materials and Technologies, G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyannyi Line, 117997 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(23), 5745; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235745
Submission received: 21 November 2020 / Revised: 1 December 2020 / Accepted: 4 December 2020 / Published: 5 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecules for Logic)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Complexation of the 8,8′-bis(methylsulfanyl) derivatives of cobalt and iron bis(dicarbollides) [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-M(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− (M = Co, Fe) with copper, silver, palladium and rhodium leads to the formation of the corresponding chelate complexes, which is accompanied by a transition from the transoid to the cisoid conformation of the bis(dicarbollide) complex. This transition is reversible and can be used in design of coordination-driven molecular switches based on transition metal bis(dicarbollide) complexes. The solid-state structures of {(Ph3P)ClPd[8,8′- (MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} and {(COD)Rh[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The design of molecular machines—molecules or molecular complexes that are capable of performing quasi-mechanical movement to do useful work—is one of the most attractive and rapidly developing areas of modern chemistry [1,2,3,4]. The importance and topicality of this area was recognized by the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Bernard Feringa, and Fraser Stoddart “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines” [5,6,7]. Depending on the type of motion, all molecular machines can be divided into two main groups—performing linear or rotational motion. In turn, molecular machines that carry out rotational motion can also be divided into two types—molecular motors (rotors) and molecular switches [8]. Molecular switches are molecules or supramolecular complexes that can exist in two or more stable forms, differing in the mutual orientation of their components, and which, under the influence of external factors, can be converted from one form to another due to the rotation (rotation) of these components relative to each other. Currently, the most studied are molecular switches based on organic molecules, including photochromic molecular switches based on azobenzenes, stilbenes, dithienylethenes, spiropyrans, and spirooxazines, as well as switches based on mechanically interlocked molecular systems, rotoxanes and catenanes, in which the bistable states differ in the relative positions of the parts [9]. At the same time, despite the significant progress achieved in the synthesis and study of such molecules, there are some problems caused by relatively low stability of many organic materials to atmospheric oxygen and moisture, that stimulates the search for new types of compounds that can be used as a structure-forming component in the design of effective molecular switches. Therefore, there is growing interest in molecular switches and other molecular electronics devices based on transition metal complexes [10,11,12,13,14]. However, as in the case of organic molecular machines, devices based on transition metal complexes often have low stability. Therefore, the choice of a stable organometallic module is of particular importance for the design of molecular electronics devices. Examples of such organometallic modules are ferrocene and bis(dicarbollide) complexes of iron group metals [15]. The last ones demonstrate extraordinary chemical stability and practically unlimited possibilities for chemical modification by directed replacement of hydrogen atoms with various atoms and functional groups [16,17,18].
Recently we proposed the 8,8′-bis(methylsulfanyl) derivatives of cobalt, iron and nickel bis(dicarbollides) as organometallic modules for complexation driven molecular switches. These derivatives adopt the transoid configuration with the dicarbollide ligands rotated 180° relative to each other due to the formation of weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds CH…S(Me) between the ligands [19,20,21]. It is assumed that, in the presence of external complexing metals, these weak intramolecular bonds should break with the formation of stronger donor-acceptor bonds S(Me)→M with the metal ion. If there are two free sites in the coordination sphere of the metal, it should lead to the formation of a chelate complex with a change in the conformation of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) from the transoid to the cisoid one. In turn, since thioesters are weak ligands, the addition of a stronger ligand should lead to release of the 8,8′-bis(methylsulfanyl) bid(dicarbollides) from the coordination sphere of the metal with their reverse transition from the cisoid to the transoid conformation.
In this contribution we report the complexation of cobalt and iron bis(dicarbollides) with some transition metals, including copper, silver, palladium and rhodium.

2. Results and Discussion

Our previous attempt to obtain a chelate complex of 8,8′-bis(methylsulfanyl) cobalt bis(dicarbollide) [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− and tetracarbonyl tungsten was unsuccessful due to the carbonyl rearrangement and led to the formation of stable pentacarbonyl tungsten complexes {(CO)5W [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ-S]}− and {[(CO)5W]2[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]}− separated as the tetrabutylammonium salt [22]. However, this study gave us a proper understanding of how the coordination is reflected in the NMR spectra of the complexes (See Supplementary Materials NMR spectra of compounds 2–6 and 8). In addition to a downfield shift of the signal of the methylsulfanyl group in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra, the value of which to some extent reflects the strength of the sulfur-metal bond, the most characteristic is a strong narrowing of the signal of the substituted boron atom in the 11B NMR spectra together with the broadening of the signals of unsubstituted boron atoms. The last one makes it possible to observe the metal coordination in the reaction mixture, while the shift of the SMe group signal in the case of weakly bound complexes can be insignificant [23,24,25,26], and the signal itself can be “masked” by the signals of the solvent, ligand, or accidental water.
In this study, the singly charged diamagnetic cations of copper(I) and silver(I) were chosen to study the complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− in order to facilitate the isolation and purification of the resulting complexes, as well as their characterization using NMR spectroscopy.
The reaction of (Me3NH)[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2] ((Me3NH)[1]) with CuI in acetonitrile leads to the formation of a neutral purple complex {L2Cu[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2- C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} (2) which is accompanied by the transformation of the transoid conformation of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) 1, stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen CH…S(Me) bonds [19], to the cisoid one, stabilized by dative bonds to the metal (Scheme 1). The complexation results in the downfield shift of the signal of the MeS-substituted boron atoms in the 11B NMR spectrum from 11.3 to 15.8 ppm, while the signal of the MeS groups in the 1H NMR spectrum demonstrate the downfield shift from 1.87 to 2.21 ppm. Despite the fact that the coordination of copper with anion 1 is retained during chromatographic purification, our numerous attempts to obtain crystals of complex 2 suitable for X-ray diffraction study were unsuccessful, which may be due to both weak coordination of solvent molecules (acetone or acetonitrile) as well as due to the possibility of the copper coordination by B-H groups of the anion, similar to that previously found in {(Ph3P)Cu[3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]} [27] and some other complexes with polyhedral boron hydride anions [28,29,30]. At the same time, attempts to replace the solvent molecules in the coordination sphere of copper with stronger ligands, such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane or triphenylphosphine, lead to the destruction of complex 2 with the release of free thioether ligand 1 (Scheme 1).
In a similar way, the reaction of ((Me3NH)[1]) with AgNO3 in acetonitrile leads to the corresponding silver complex {LAg[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} (3) (Scheme 2). The complexation results in the downfield shift of signals of the substituted boron atoms and the MeS groups in the 11B NMR and 1H spectra to 13.9 and 2.19 ppm, respectively. In the silver complex 3, as in the case of the copper complex 2, the coordination sphere of the metal can be completed by both solvent molecules and the BH groups of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) [31,32,33]. Silver can be easily removed from the complex 3 by the treatment with benzyltriethylammonium chloride, which leads to the reverse transformation of the cisoid conformation to the transoid one. In contrast to the complex 2, the reaction of complex 3 with triphenylphosphine proceeds without breaking the silver-sulfur bonds resulting in {(Ph3P)Ag[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} (4) (Scheme 3). The complexation with such a strong ligand as triphenylphosphine leads to some weakening of the bond of silver with the methylsulfide ligand, which is reflected in the high field shift of signals of the substituted boron atoms and the MeS groups in the 11B NMR and 1H spectra to 12.8 and 1.97 ppm, respectively. It should be noted that, unlike the copper complex 2, the silver complexes 3 and 4 are destroyed on a chromatographic column.
The reaction of 3 with bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium dichloride [(Ph3P)2PdCl2] in acetonitrile results in the chloride abstraction with the formation of the asymmetrical palladium complex {(Ph3P)ClPd[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} (5) (Scheme 3). It should be noted that the direct complexation reaction of 1 with [(Ph3P)2PdCl2] does not proceed, and the formation of complex 5 occurs only upon the addition of silver nitrate. The signals of two non-equivalent SMe groups in the 1H NMR spectrum of 5 is located at 2.18 and 1.91 ppm (See ESI). The asymmetry of the palladium coordination environment is reflected also in the 11B NMR spectrum of 5 which demonstrates two narrow singlets at 15.1 and 11.2 ppm corresponding two substituted boron atoms with different ligands in the trans-position.
The solid-state structure of complex 5 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. An asymmetric unit cell of complex 5 contains one molecule (Figure 1). The dicarbollide ligands in 5 adopt the cisoid conformation with pseudotorsion angle B8…Centroid(C1-C2-B7-B8-B4)…Centroid(C1′-C2′-B7′-B8′-B4′)…B8′ equal to −37.7(4)°. The palladium atom in 5 has slightly distorted square-planar geometry; the S-Pd-S angle is 86.50(3)° and the Pd-S bond lengths are 2.3020(10) and 2.3733(10) Å for the sulfur atoms in trans-position to the chloride and phosphine ligands, respectively. The B-S bond lengths are also some different (1.914(4) and 1.898(4) Å for B8-S1 and B8′-S1′, respectively) reflecting different bond strength of the methylsulfanyl groups with the palladium atom. There is shortened contact C3-H3B…H9-B9 between one methyl group and the dicarbollide ligand that is equal to 2.34 Å.
The difference in the binding strength of the palladium atom with the MeS groups, which is reflected in different Pd-S bond lengths and positions of the signals of the substituted boron atoms and the MeS groups in the NMR spectra, is in good agreement with the greater trans influence of the PPh3 ligand [34,35].
The symmetrical rhodium complex {(COD)Rh[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} (6) was synthesized by the reaction of Cs[1] with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate [(COD)2Rh](BF4) in dichloromethane (Scheme 4). The complexation results in the downfield shift of signals of the substituted boron atoms and the MeS groups in the 11B NMR and 1H spectra to 13.4 and 2.07 ppm, respectively.
The solid-state structure of complex 6 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (Figure 2). Complex 6 crystallizes in the form of solvate with chloroform. An asymmetric unit cell contains two independent Co-Rh-complexes and two chloroform molecules. The dicarbollide ligands in 6 adopt the cisoid conformation with the pseudotorsion angles B8…Centroid(C1-C2-B7-B8-B4)… Centroid(C1′-C2′-B7′-B8′-B4′)…B8′ equal to −38.1(7)° and 39.4(7)° for two independent molecules. The short contacts C3-H3A…H12-B12 for two independent molecules correspond to 2.39 and 2.37 Å.
The similar paramagnetic complex {(COD)Rh[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Fe(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} (8) was synthesized starting from the 8,8′-bis(methylsulfanyl) derivative of iron bis(dicarbollide) Cs[7] and [(COD)2Rh](BF4) (Scheme 5).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Methods

Cobalt bis(dicarbollide) (Me3NH)[1] and Cs[1] [19], and iron bis(dicarbollide) Cs[7] [20] derivatives, [(Ph3P)2PdCl2] [36] and [(COD)2Rh](BF4) [37] were prepared according to the literature procedures. Acetonitrile and dichloromethane were dried using standard procedures [38]. All other chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Acros Organics and ABCR and used without purification. The reaction progress was monitored by thin layer chromatography (Merck F254 silica gel on aluminum plates) and visualized using 0.5% PdCl2 in 1% HCl in aq. MeOH (1:10). Acros Organics silica gel (0.060–0.200 mm) was used for column chromatography. The NMR spectra at 400 MHz (1H), 128 MHz (11B) and 100 MHz (13C) were recorded with Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer. The residual signal of the NMR solvent relative to tetramethylsilane was taken as the internal reference for 1H and 13C-NMR spectra. 11B-NMR spectra were referenced using BF3·Et2O as external standard. Chemical analyses were performed at the Laboratory of Microanalysis of A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds.
Single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments for compounds 5 and 6 were carried out using SMART APEX2 CCD diffractometer (λ(Mo-Kα) = 0.71073 Å, graphite monochromator, ω-scans) at 120 K. Collected data were processed by the SAINT and SADABS programs incorporated into the APEX2 program package [39]. The structures were solved by the direct methods and refined by the full-matrix least-squares procedure against F2 in anisotropic approximation. The refinement was carried out with the SHELXTL program [40]. The CCDC numbers (2045460, 2045461, for 5 and 6, respectively) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

3.2. Synthesis of Complex 2

Solution of copper(I) iodide (40 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 20 mL of acetonitrile was added to orange solution of ((Me3NH)[1]) (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereafter, the purple reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica using a mixture of dichloromethane and acetone (1:1, v/v) as eluent to give an purple solid 2 (76 mg, yield 65%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 4.43 (2H, br s, CHCarb), 4.00 (2H, br s, CHCarb), 2.87 (2H, s, H2O), 2.21 (6H, m, SCH3), 2.09 (6H, s, (CH3)2CO) ppm; 11B-NMR (128 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 15.8 (2B, s, B-S), −0.7 (2B, d, J = 128 Hz), −4.8 (4B, d, J = 135 Hz), −5.6 (4B, d, J = 113 Hz), −15.7 (2B, d, J = 157 Hz), −17.1 (2,B d, J = 158 Hz), −23.5 (2B, d) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 206.3 (C=O), 52.0 (CCarbH), 51.6 (CCarbH), 30.6 ((CH3)2CO), 19.4 (SCH3) ppm.

3.3. Synthesis of Complex 3

Solution of silver(I) nitrate (36 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 20 mL of acetonitrile was added to orange solution of (Me3NH)[1] (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was filtered through layer of silica and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an orange solid 3 (90 mg, yield 82%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 4.34 (4H, br s, CHCarb), 2.19 (6H, m, SCH3) ppm; 11B-NMR (128 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 13.9 (2B, s, B-S), −0.3 (2B, d, J = 154 Hz), −4.4 (4B, d, J = 189 Hz), −6.0 (4B, d, J = 138 Hz), −16.9 (4B, d, J = 135 Hz), −23.5 (2B, d) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 53.4 (CCarbH), 18.3 (SCH3) ppm.

3.4. Synthesis of Complex 4

Solution of silver(I) nitrate (36 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 20 mL of acetonitrile was added to orange solution of (Me3NH)[1] (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Thereafter, solution of triphenyl phosphine (55 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then, the mixture was filtered through layer of silica and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an orange solid 4 (156 mg, yield 92%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 7.51 (3H, m, CHAr), 7.43 (12H, m, CHAr), 4.39 (4H, br s, CHCarb), 1.97 (6H, q, J3B,H = 3.8 Hz, SCH3) ppm; 11B-NMR (128 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 12.8 (2B, s, B-S), 0.1 (2B, d, J = 154 Hz), −4.5 (4B, d, J = 192 Hz), −6.1 (4B, d, J = 156 Hz), −17.3 (4B, d, J = 150 Hz), −23.7 (2B, d, J = 157 Hz) ppm. Elem. Anal.: Calculated for C24H41AgB18CoPS2 (%): C, 36.67; H, 5.26; B, 24.75, Found (%): C, 37.12; H, 5.43; B, 24.58.

3.5. Synthesis of Complex 5

Solution of silver(I) nitrate (36 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 20 mL of acetonitrile was added to orange solution of (Me3NH)[1] (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereafter, solution of [(Ph3P)2PdCl2] (147 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica using dichloromethane as eluent to give a dark orange solid 5 (70 mg, yield 41%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 7.79 (6H, dd, J3P,H = 11.7 Hz, J3H,H = 7.6 Hz, CHAr), 7.61 (3H, dt, J3H,H = 7.6 Hz, J5P,H = 2.0 Hz, CHAr), 7.53 (3H, dt, J3H,H = 7.6 Hz, J4P,H = 2.2 Hz, CHAr), 4.39 (4H, br s, CHCarb), 2.18 (3H, m, SCH3), 1.91 (3H, m, SCH3) ppm; 11B-NMR (128 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 15.1 (1B, s, B-S), 11.2 (1B, s, B-S), 2.1 (1B, d), −0.1 (1B, d), −4.5 (8B, d),−15.1 (4B, d), −22.3 (2B, d) ppm. Elem. Anal.: Calculated for C24H41B18ClCoPPdS2 (%): C, 35.15; H, 5.04; B, 23.73, Found (%): C, 35.06; H, 5.13; B, 23.88. Crystallographic data: C24H41B18ClPCoPdS2 are orthorhombic, space group Pna21: a = 23.3258(8) Å, b = 10.3830(3) Å, c = 14.8523(5) Å, V = 3597.1(2) Å3, Z = 4, M = 820.02, dcryst = 1.514 g⋅cm−3. wR2 = 0.0621 calculated on F2hkl for all 10,121 independent reflections with 2θ < 59.3°, (GOF = 1.018, R = 0.0285 calculated on Fhkl for 9071 reflections with I > 2σ(I)).

3.6. Synthesis of Complex 6

[(COD)2Rh](BF4) (80 mg, 0.20 mmol) was added to Cs[1] (100 mg, 0.18 mmol) in 4 mL of dichloromethane and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereafter, the red reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica using of chloroform as eluent to give a red solid 6 (90 mg, yield 80%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 4.36 (4H, br s, HC = CH), 4.31 (4H, br s, CHCarb), 2.45 (4H, m, CH2), 2.07 (6H, m, SCH3), 2.05 (m, CH2, overlap with acetone residual peak) ppm; 11B-NMR (128 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 13.4 (2B, s, B-S), 0.5 (2B, d, J = 148 Hz), −5.3 (8B, d, J = 132 Hz), −15.8 (4B, d, J = 157 Hz), −22.7 (2B, d, J = 141 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 87.0 (d, J1C,Rh = 11.6 Hz, HC = CH), 53.0 (CCarbH), 31.4 (CH2), 19.0 (SCH3) ppm. Elem. Anal.: Calculated for C14H38B18CoRhS2 (%): C, 26.82; H, 6.11; B, 31.03, Found (%): C, 26.14; H, 5.78; B, 30.32. Crystallographic data: C14H38B18CoRhS2·CHCl3 are monoclinic, space group P21/c: a = 14.5739(14) Å, b = 33.265(3) Å, c = 13.1138(12) Å, β = 99.296(2)°, V = 6274.0(10) Å3, Z = 8, M = 746.35, dcryst = 1.580 g·cm−3. wR2 = 0.1327 calculated on F2hkl for all 13,854 independent reflections with 2θ < 54.3θ, (GOF = 1.009, R = 0.0568 calculated on Fhkl for 8164 reflections with I > 2σ(I)).

3.7. Synthesis of Complex 8

[(COD)2Rh](BF4) (200 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added to Cs[7] (270 mg, 0.49 mmol) in 10 mL of dichloromethane and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Thereafter, the brown mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified twice by column chromatography on silica with use of chloroform (first column) and toluene (second column) as eluent to give a brown solid 8 (190 mg, yield 62%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 130.13 (br, BH/CHCarb), 46.56 (br, BH), 3.78 (br, BH), 1.30 (br, BH), 0.11 (br s, SCH3), −0.54 (br s, CH2), −1.01 (br s, CH2), −4.95 (br s, HC = CH), −10.66 (br, BH) ppm; 11B-NMR (128 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 108.6, 14.8, 5.5, −21.9, −345.1 (B8-S + B4 + B7) ppm; 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 80.6 (d, J1C,Rh = 8.9 Hz, HC = CH), 25.9 (CH2), −21.0 (m, SCH3) ppm. Elem. Anal.: Calculated for C14H38B18CoRhS2 (%): C, 26.95; H, 6.14; B, 31.19, Found (%): C, 26.37; H, 6.02; B, 30.98.

4. Conclusions

The complexation of the 8,8′-bis(methylsulfanyl) derivatives of cobalt and iron bis(dicarbollides) [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-M(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− (M = Co, Fe) with various transition metals (copper, silver, palladium, rhodium) leads to the formation of the corresponding chelate complexes, which is accompanied by a transition from the transoid to the cisoid conformation of the bis(dicarbollide) complex. This transition is reversible on removal of the external transition metal using stronger ligands or precipitating agents and can be used in design of coordination-driven molecular switches based on transition metal bis(dicarbollide) complexes.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online: NMR spectra of compounds 2–6 and 8.

Author Contributions

Synthesis and NMR spectroscopy studies, S.A.A.; synthesis, S.V.T.; single crystal X-ray diffraction, A.A.A.; single crystal X-ray diffraction, K.Y.S.; supervision and manuscript concept, I.B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 16-13-10331).

Acknowledgments

The NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data were obtained by using equipment from the Center for Molecular Structure Studies at A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, operating with support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Sauvage, J.-P. Molecular Machines and Motors (Structure and Bonding, Volume 99); Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2001; 302p, ISBN 978-354-041-382-0. [Google Scholar]
  2. Credi, A.; Silvi, S.; Venturi, M. Molecular Machines and Motors: Recent Advances and Perspectives (Topics in Current Chemistry, Volume 354); Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; 342p, ISBN 978-331-908-677-4. [Google Scholar]
  3. Erbas-Cakmak, S.; Leigh, D.A.; McTernan, C.T.; Nussbaumer, A.L. Artificial molecular machines. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 10081–10206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Dattler, D.; Fuks, G.; Heiser, J.; Moulin, E.; Perrot, A.; Yao, X.; Giuseppone, N. Design of collective motions from synthetic molecular switches, rotors, and motors. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 310–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Sauvage, J.-P. From chemical topology to molecular machines (Nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 11080–11093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Feringa, B.L. The art of building small: From molecular switches to motors (Nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 11060–11078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Stoddard, J.F. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs)-molecular shuttles, switches, and machines (Nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 11094–12125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Kay, E.R.; Leigh, D.A.; Zerbetto, F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 46, 72–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Feringa, B.L.; Browne, W.R. Molecular Switches, 2nd ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2011; 792p, ISBN 978-352-731-365-5. [Google Scholar]
  10. Canary, J.W.; Mortezaei, S.; Liang, J. Transition metal-based chiroptical switches for nanoscale electronics and sensors. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2010, 254, 2249–2266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Perera, U.G.E.; Ample, F.; Kersell, H.; Zhang, Y.; Vives, G.; Echeverria, J.; Grisolia, M.; Rapenne, G.; Joachim, C.; Hla, S.-W. Controlled clockwise and anticlockwise rotational switching of a molecular motor. Nat. Nanotech. 2013, 8, 46–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Bianchi, A.; Delgado-Pinar, E.; García-Espana, E.; Giorgi, C.; Pina, F. Highlights of metal ion-based photochemical switches. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2014, 260, 156–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Collins, B.S.L.; Kistemaker, J.C.M.; Otten, E.; Feringa, B.L. A chemically powered unidirectional rotary molecular motor based on a palladium redox cycle. Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 860–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Goswami, A.; Saha, S.; Biswas, P.K.; Schmittel, M. (Nano)mechanical motion triggered by metal coordination: From functional devices to networked multicomponent catalytic machinery. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 125–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Sivaev, I.B. Ferrocene and transition metal bis(dicarbollides) as platform for design of rotatory molecular switches. Molecules 2017, 22, 2201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  16. Sivaev, I.B.; Bregadze, V.I. Chemistry of cobalt bis(dicarbollides). A review. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1999, 64, 783–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Sivaev, I.B.; Bregadze, V.I. Chemistry of nickel and iron bis(dicarbollides). A review. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 614–615, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Dash, B.P.; Satapathy, R.; Swain, B.R.; Mahanta, C.S.; Jena, B.B.; Hosmane, N.S. Cobalt bis(dicarbollide) anion and its derivatives. J. Organomet. Chem. 2017, 849–850, 170–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Anufriev, S.A.; Erokhina, S.A.; Suponitsky, K.Y.; Godovikov, I.A.; Filippov, O.A.; Fabrizi de Biani, F.; Corsini, M.; Chizhov, A.O.; Sivaev, I.B. Methylsulfanyl-stabilized rotamers of cobalt bis(dicarbollide). Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 2017, 4444–4451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Anufriev, S.A.; Erokhina, S.A.; Suponitsky, K.Y.; Anisimov, A.A.; Laskova, J.N.; Godovikov, A.A.; Fabrizi de Biani, F.; Corsini, M.; Sivaev, I.B.; Bregadze, V.I. Synthesis and structure of bis(methylsulfanyl) derivatives of iron bis(dicarbollide). J. Organomet. Chem. 2018, 865, 239–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Anufriev, S.A.; Suponitsky, K.Y.; Filippov, O.A.; Sivaev, I.B. Synthesis and structure of methylsulfanyl derivatives of nickel bis(dicarbollide). Molecules 2019, 24, 4449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  22. Timofeev, S.M.; Anufriev, S.A.; Sivaev, I.B.; Bregadze, V.I. Synthesis of cobalt bis(8-methylthio-1,2- dicarbollide)-pentacarbonyltungsten complexes. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2018, 67, 570–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Long, N.J.; Martin, J.; Opromolla, G.; White, A.J.P.; Williams, D.J.; Zanello, P. Synthesis and characterisation of 1-(diphenylphosphino)-1′-(methylsulfanyl)ferrocene and a series of metal (CuI, AgI)–ferrocenylene complexes. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1999, 1981–1986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Sato, M.; Tanaka, S.; Akabori, S.; Habata, Y. Copper(I), silver(I), mercury(II), and palladium(II) complexes of tetrathia[n]ferrocenophanes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1986, 59, 1515–1519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Sato, M.; Suzuki, K.; Akabori, S. The preparation and some properties of 1,4,7-trithia[7]- and 1,5,9-trithia[9]-ferrocenophanes and their copper(I), silver(I), mercury(II), and palladium(II) complexes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1986, 59, 3611–3615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Sato, M.; Anano, H. The transition-metal complexes of the thiamacrocycle containing two ferrocene nuclei in the main chain. Synthesis, properties, and molecular structure of Ag(I), Cu(I), Pd(II), and Pt(II) complexes of 1,5,16,21-tetrathia[5.5]ferrocenophane. J. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 555, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Balagurova, E.V.; Pisareva, I.V.; Godovikov, I.A.; Smol’yakov, A.F.; Dolgushin, F.M.; Chizhevsky, I.T. Formation of “three-bridge” cobalt-copper commo-cluster with the (B-H)3...Cu bond in the reaction of [Cs][commo-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2] with copper(I) and copper(II) compounds. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2013, 62, 548–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Avdeeva, V.V.; Malinina, E.A.; Kuznetsov, N.T. Isomerism in complexes with the decahydro-closo-decaborate anion. Polyhedron 2016, 105, 205–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Avdeeva, V.V.; Malinina, E.A.; Sivaev, I.B.; Bregadze, V.I.; Kuznetsov, N.T. Silver and copper complexes with closo-polyhedral borane, carborane and metallacarborane anions: Synthesis and X-ray structure. Crystals 2016, 6, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Avdeeva, V.V.; Malinina, E.A.; Churakov, A.V.; Polyakova, I.N.; Kuznetsov, N.T. Ligand metathesis in copper(I) complex [Cu2(CH3CN)4[B10H10]] to form [Cu2L4[B10H10]] (L = Ph3P, 5Nphen). Polyhedron 2019, 169, 144–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Tsang, C.-W.; Sun, J.; Xie, Z. Monomeric and polymeric structures of silver salts of cobalt(III) bis(dicarbollide) ions. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 613, 99–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Westcott, A.; Whitford, N.; Hardie, M.J. Coordination polymers with carborane anions: Silver dinitrile complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 3663–3672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Cunha-Silva, L.; Hardie, M.J. Exploring Ag···H-B interactions in coordination polymers: Silver- alkanedinitrile networks with cobalt carbaborane anions. CrystEngComm 2012, 14, 3367–3372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Kauffman, G.B. Il’ya Il’ich Chernyaev (1893–1966) and the trans effect. J. Chem. Educ. 1977, 54, 86–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Appleton, T.G.; Clark, H.C.; Manzer, L.E. The trans-influence: Its measurement and significance. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1973, 10, 335–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Itatani, H.; Bailar, J.C. Homogenous catalysis in the reactions of olefinic substances. V. Hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester with triphenylphosphine and triphenylarsine palladium catalysts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1967, 44, 147–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Chelucci, G.; Marchetti, M.; Sechi, B. Enantioselective hydroformylation of vinyl-aromatics using a rhodium complex with the (1R,2R,4R)-2-(2-diphenylphosphinyl-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl pyridine. J. Mol. Cat. A 1997, 122, 111–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Armarego, W.L.F.; Chai, C.L.L. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 6th ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Burlington, NJ, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. APEX2 and SAINT; Bruker AXS Inc.: Madison, WI, USA, 2014.
  40. Sheldrick, G.M. Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Cryst. C 2015, 71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Molecules 25 05745 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with copper.
Scheme 1. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with copper.
Molecules 25 05745 sch001
Molecules 25 05745 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with silver.
Scheme 2. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with silver.
Molecules 25 05745 sch002
Molecules 25 05745 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Reaction of {LAg[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} with [(Ph3P)2PdCl2].
Scheme 3. Reaction of {LAg[8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2-κ2-S,S′]} with [(Ph3P)2PdCl2].
Molecules 25 05745 sch003
Molecules 25 05745 g001 550
Figure 1. General view of complex 5 showing atomic numbering. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Noncovalent C3-H3B…H9-B9 contact is shown by dashed line.
Figure 1. General view of complex 5 showing atomic numbering. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Noncovalent C3-H3B…H9-B9 contact is shown by dashed line.
Molecules 25 05745 g001
Molecules 25 05745 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with rhodium.
Scheme 4. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with rhodium.
Molecules 25 05745 sch004
Molecules 25 05745 g002 550
Figure 2. General view of complex 6 showing atomic numbering. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Noncovalent C3-H3A…H12-B12 contact is shown by dashed line.
Figure 2. General view of complex 6 showing atomic numbering. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Noncovalent C3-H3A…H12-B12 contact is shown by dashed line.
Molecules 25 05745 g002
Molecules 25 05745 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Fe(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with rhodium.
Scheme 5. Complexation of [8,8′-(MeS)2-3,3′-Fe(1,2-C2B9H10)2]− with rhodium.
Molecules 25 05745 sch005
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Anufriev, S.A.; Timofeev, S.V.; Anisimov, A.A.; Suponitsky, K.Y.; Sivaev, I.B. Bis(dicarbollide) Complexes of Transition Metals as a Platform for Molecular Switches. Study of Complexation of 8,8′-Bis(methylsulfanyl) Derivatives of Cobalt and Iron Bis(dicarbollides). Molecules 2020, 25, 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235745

AMA Style

Anufriev SA, Timofeev SV, Anisimov AA, Suponitsky KY, Sivaev IB. Bis(dicarbollide) Complexes of Transition Metals as a Platform for Molecular Switches. Study of Complexation of 8,8′-Bis(methylsulfanyl) Derivatives of Cobalt and Iron Bis(dicarbollides). Molecules. 2020; 25(23):5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235745

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anufriev, Sergey A., Sergey V. Timofeev, Alexei A. Anisimov, Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky, and Igor B. Sivaev. 2020. "Bis(dicarbollide) Complexes of Transition Metals as a Platform for Molecular Switches. Study of Complexation of 8,8′-Bis(methylsulfanyl) Derivatives of Cobalt and Iron Bis(dicarbollides)" Molecules 25, no. 23: 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235745

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop