Immuno-Expression of Endoglin and Smooth Muscle Actin in the Vessels of Brain Metastases. Is There a Rational for Anti-Angiogenic Therapy?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
Immunohistochemistry, Quantification and Statistics
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
- Author ContributionsValeria Barresi: conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data and drafting of the manuscript.Giovanni Branca: collection of the specimens and participation in drafting the manuscript.Maria Caffo: collection of the specimens and of the clinical data, literature review and participation in drafting the manuscript.Rosario Caltabiano: collection of the specimens, interpretation of data and participation in drafting the manuscript.Antonio Ieni: collection of the clinical data and participation in drafting the manuscript.Enrica Vitarelli: immunohistochemistry, interpretation of the immunohistochemical findings and participation in drafting the manuscript.Salvatore Lanzafame: analysis and interpretation of data and revision of the manuscript.Giovanni Tuccari: analysis and interpretation of data and revision of the manuscript.
References
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Case | Age | Sex | Site | MVD (v/mm2) | Counts range (v/HPF) | Mean diameter of endoglin-stained vessels (μm) | Maturation index | Primary tumor | Status | FU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 63 | M | parietal | 10 | 3 | 39.12 | 1 | CRC | Dead | 7 |
2 | 65 | M | parietal | 18.8 | 2–8 | 25.09 | 1 | CRC | Dead | 56 |
3 | 58 | M | frontal | 93.3 | 25–31 | 44.17 | 1 | CRC | Dead | 5 |
4 | 71 | M | frontal | 46.6 | 14–16 | 38.7 | 1 | CRC | Alive | 18 |
5 | 62 | F | frontal | 42.2 | 9–15 | 22.99 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 43 |
6 | 55 | F | temporal | 80 | 24 | 29.13 | 0.97 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 17 |
7 | 71 | F | parietal | 20 | 3–9 | 39.29 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 43 |
8 | 62 | F | cerebellar | 36 | 9–12 | 32.14 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 6 |
9 | 40 | F | temporal | 17.7 | 4–7 | 22.17 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Alive | 98 |
10 | 47 | F | temporal | 12.2 | 1–6 | 25.78 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 4 |
11 | 73 | F | parietal | 40 | 12 | 33.97 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
12 | 44 | F | parietal | 90 | 24–25 | 22.68 | 0.94 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 6 |
13 | 69 | F | cerebellar | 9.3 | 2–3 | 22.52 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 3 |
14 | 75 | F | parietal | 1.11 | 0–1 | 74.85 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Alive | 27 |
15 | 71 | F | parietal | 70.66 | 20–22 | 24.81 | 0.82 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 26 |
16 | 46 | F | cerebellar | 58 | 15–18 | 26.14 | 0.84 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 3 |
17 | 60 | F | frontal | 35.5 | 9–12 | 31.18 | 1 | breast ductal adenocarcinoma | Dead | 1 |
18 | 59 | M | cerebellar | 1.11 | 0–1 | 27.16 | 1 | CCRCC | Alive | 8 |
19 | 61 | M | cerebellar | 40 | 11–12 | 30.93 | 1 | CCRCC | n.a. | |
20 | 71 | F | cerebellar | 23.3 | 5–8 | 35.19 | 1 | CCRCC | n.a. | |
21 | 57 | F | temporal | 20 | 4–8 | 12.53 | 1 | CCRCC | Dead | 33 |
22 | 78 | M | parietal | 54 | 15–17 | 42.11 | 1 | thymic carcinoma | n.a. | |
23 | 73 | F | temporal | 16.6 | 4–5 | 47.38 | 1 | melanoma | Dead | 24 |
24 | 44 | M | occipital | 57.3 | 9–19 | 46.22 | 1 | melanoma | n.a. | |
25 | 68 | F | frontal | 44 | 12–14 | 48.32 | 1 | melanoma | Alive | 9 |
26 | 69 | M | frontal | 10 | 2–4 | 42.22 | 1 | melanoma | Alive | 6 |
27 | 58 | M | frontal | 2.22 | 0–2 | 45.28 | 1 | melanoma | Alive | 1 |
28 | 46 | M | frontal | 36.66 | 9–13 | 43.18 | 1 | melanoma | Alive | 3 |
29 | 67 | F | cerebellar | 24.44 | 4–12 | 38.17 | 1 | melanoma | Dead | 6 |
30 | 76 | M | cerebellar | 15.55 | 3–6 | 32.16 | 1 | melanoma | Dead | 22 |
31 | 66 | M | frontal | 27.7 | 7–9 | 40.11 | 1 | MPNST | Alive | 11 |
32 | 49 | F | frontal | 40 | 6–18 | 58.17 | 1 | serous papillary ovarian carcinoma | n.a. | |
33 | 80 | F | temporo-parietal | 93.3 | 23–31 | 35.67 | 1 | serous papillary ovarian carcinoma | Alive | 13 |
34 | 61 | F | temporo-parietal | 11.3 | 2–5 | 29.6 | 1 | serous papillary ovarian carcinoma | Alive | 23 |
35 | 58 | F | parieto-occipital | 12 | 2–7 | 31.34 | 1 | serous papillary ovarian carcinoma | Alive | 59 |
36 | 55 | F | frontal | 43.3 | 9–15 | 38.14 | 1 | serous papillary ovarian carcinoma | Alive | 21 |
37 | 74 | M | frontal | 97.7 | 28–30 | 38.78 | 0.89 | small cell lung carcinoma | Dead | 8 |
38 | 71 | F | cerebellar | 38 | 8–14 | 39.01 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
39 | 67 | M | cerebellar | 34.6 | 8–13 | 40.35 | 0.73 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 1 |
40 | 58 | M | frontal | 100 | 29–31 | 39.15 | 0.96 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
41 | 59 | M | frontal | 45.3 | 10–17 | 31.25 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 25 |
42 | 69 | F | temporal | 41.3 | 12–13 | 48.56 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
43 | 77 | M | cerebellar | 88.6 | 19–25 | 48.92 | 0.73 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 35 |
44 | 60 | M | frontal | 28 | 6–10 | 24.45 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 20 |
45 | 55 | F | cerebellar | 64.6 | 16–21 | 37.06 | 0.56 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 2 |
46 | 74 | M | frontal | 33.3 | 3–15 | 38.12 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 38 |
47 | 50 | F | frontal | 56.6 | 15–19 | 43.13 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 34 |
48 | 72 | M | cerebellar | 140 | 40–44 | 41.78 | 0.59 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 33 |
49 | 65 | M | temporal | 98.8 | 27–32 | 38.78 | 0.82 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 24 |
50 | 79 | F | frontal | 41.11 | 11–13 | 34.67 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 7 |
51 | 46 | M | frontal | 77.7 | 19–27 | 30.78 | 0.6 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 68 |
52 | 67 | M | temporo-parietal | 72.2 | 20–22 | 32.16 | 0.86 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 23 |
53 | 73 | M | temporal | 34.6 | 10–11 | 41.12 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 35 |
54 | 57 | F | parietal | 46.6 | 13–14 | 29.6 | 0.72 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
55 | 61 | M | frontal | 63.3 | 15–23 | 32.78 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 4 |
56 | 58 | M | parietal | 91.1 | 27–28 | 45.12 | 0.8 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 1 |
57 | 69 | M | frontal | 83.3 | 24–26 | 39.37 | 0.8 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 4 |
58 | 71 | M | temporal | 6 | 0–3 | 26.08 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 19 |
59 | 67 | F | frontal | 12 | 3–5 | 38.76 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
60 | 56 | M | frontal | 100 | 29–32 | 21.91 | 0.83 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 13 |
61 | 49 | F | parietal | 26 | 6–10 | 58.23 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Alive | 16 |
62 | 60 | M | temporal | 57.3 | 19–21 | 29.58 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | Dead | 12 |
63 | 66 | M | frontal | 32.6 | 8–10 | 38.5 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
64 | 59 | M | frontal | 72 | 17–24 | 59.23 | 1 | lung adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
65 | 49 | M | temporal | 12 | 2–5 | 42.22 | 1 | lung squamous cell carcinoma | Dead | 25 |
66 | 50 | M | frontal | 20.6 | 4–8 | 41.11 | 1 | lung squamous cell carcinoma | Alive | 16 |
67 | 56 | M | cerebellar | 53.3 | 4–6 | 44.35 | 1 | lung squamous cell carcinoma | Alive | 17 |
68 | 59 | M | frontal | 13.3 | 2–5 | 32.67 | 1 | lung squamous cell carcinoma | n.a. | |
69 | 58 | M | temporal | 25.5 | 6–8 | 40.13 | 1 | lung squamous cell carcinoma | Dead | 13 |
70 | 57 | M | frontal | 22.2 | 5–7 | 38.14 | 1 | lung squamous cell carcinoma | Dead | 4 |
71 | 74 | M | frontal | 83.3 | 23–27 | 35.67 | 0.92 | lung large cell carcinoma | Dead | 7 |
72 | 68 | M | cerebellar | 123.3 | 34–38 | 33.84 | 0.52 | lung large cell carcinoma | Dead | 1 |
73 | 69 | M | temporal | 110.6 | 35–38 | 29.16 | 0.8 | lung large cell carcinoma | Dead | 1 |
74 | 72 | M | cerebellar | 82 | 23–27 | 37.94 | 0.96 | lung large cell carcinoma | n.a. | |
75 | 76 | M | frontal | 66.6 | 19–21 | 36.64 | 0.78 | lung large cell carcinoma | n.a. | |
76 | 68 | F | parietal | 9.3 | 0–4 | 37.56 | 1 | uterine clear cell adenocarcinoma | n.a. | |
77 | 70 | F | frontal | 113.3 | 30–37 | 52.34 | 0.7 | uterine endometrioid carcinoma | n.a. | |
78 | 75 | F | frontal | 4 | 0–2 | 35.33 | 1 | uterine serous carcinoma | n.a. |
Primary tumor | Mean MVD (v/mm2) | Mean maturation index |
---|---|---|
lung carcinoma | 58.85 ± 33.84 | 0.89 ± 0.14 |
large cell | 93.16 ± 23.12 | 0.79 ± 0.17 |
adenocarcinoma | 58.7 ± 31.49 | 0.88 ± 0.14 |
squamous cell carcinoma | 24.48 ± 15.05 | 1 |
breast ductal adenocarcinoma | 39.43 ± 28.17 | 0.96 ± 0.06 |
CRC | 42.17 ± 37.48 | 1 |
NOS | 69.95 ± 33.02 | 1 |
mucinous | 14.4 ± 6.2 | 1 |
CCRCC | 20.82 ± 16.41 | 1 |
melanoma | 25.84 ± 15.1 | 1 |
ovarian serous papillary carcinoma | 39.98 ± 33.38 | 1 |
uterine carcinoma | 42.2 ± 61.63 | 0.9 ± 0.17 |
serous | 4 | |
endometrioid | 113.3 | |
clear cell | 9.3 |
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Barresi, V.; Branca, G.; Caffo, M.; Caltabiano, R.; Ieni, A.; Vitarelli, E.; Lanzafame, S.; Tuccari, G. Immuno-Expression of Endoglin and Smooth Muscle Actin in the Vessels of Brain Metastases. Is There a Rational for Anti-Angiogenic Therapy? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 5663-5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15045663
Barresi V, Branca G, Caffo M, Caltabiano R, Ieni A, Vitarelli E, Lanzafame S, Tuccari G. Immuno-Expression of Endoglin and Smooth Muscle Actin in the Vessels of Brain Metastases. Is There a Rational for Anti-Angiogenic Therapy? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(4):5663-5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15045663
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarresi, Valeria, Giovanni Branca, Maria Caffo, Rosario Caltabiano, Antonio Ieni, Enrica Vitarelli, Salvatore Lanzafame, and Giovanni Tuccari. 2014. "Immuno-Expression of Endoglin and Smooth Muscle Actin in the Vessels of Brain Metastases. Is There a Rational for Anti-Angiogenic Therapy?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 4: 5663-5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15045663