Functional Studies and In Silico Analyses to Evaluate Non-Coding Variants in Inherited Cardiomyopathies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical Molecular Genetics
2.2. In Silico Analysis
- (1)
- MYBPC3-c.506-2A>C is located in the acceptor splice site of intron 4 of the MYBPC3 gene. All five algorithms run by Alamut showed that MYBPC3-c.506-2A>C severely affected the splicing process. In fact, it caused the loss of the natural acceptor splice site. It also resulted in a cryptic splice site at position MYBPC3-c.513.
- (2)
- MYBPC3-c.906-7G>T is located in intron 9 of the MYBPC3 gene. Four algorithms (Splice Site Finder, MaxEnt, GeneSplicer and Human Site Finder) of the Alamut software predicted a small increase in the efficiency of the splicing acceptor site.
- (3)
- MYBPC3-c.2308+3G>C: this novel mutation is located in the donor splice site of intron 23 of the MYBPC3 gene. Two algorithms (MaxEnt and NN Splice) of the Alamut software predicted a consistent alteration with a strength reduction (above 50%) of the natural donor site. The other three algorithms also predicted a donor site alteration, but the percentage of variation induced by the mutation was less than 33% (SSF ≥ −7.1%, GeneSplicer ≥ −32.8%; HSF ≥ −8%). The effect of this change was not predictable by Alamut.
- (4)
- SCN5A-c.393-5C>A is located in intron 3 of the SCN5A gene. Two tools of the Alamut software (SSF and HSF) predicted the creation of a novel acceptor site (score increase of more than 70%), although the other three algorithms did not reveal any differences between wild type (WT) and mutated sequences. No algorithm scored the wild-type consensus site.
- (5)
- ACTC1-c.617-7T>C: this novel mutation is located in the polypyrimidine tract of the acceptor site of intron 4 in the ACTC1 gene. Three algorithms (MaxEnt, GeneSplicer and HSF) predicted no differences between WT and mutant; the other two revealed minimal differences.
2.3. In Vitro Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Molecular Genetics
4.2. Splice-Site Prediction Analysis
4.3. In Vitro RNA Splicing Analysis of MYBPC3-c.506-2A>C
4.4. In Vitro RNA Splicing Analysis by Minigene
4.4.1. Insert Generation (MYBPC3-c.906-7G>T, MYBPC3-c.2308+3G>C, SCN5A-c.393-5C>A, ACTC1-c.617-7T>C)
4.4.2. Minigene Plasmid Construction, Expression, and Transcripts Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Protein | Pathological Phenotype |
---|---|---|
MYH7 | Myosin, heavy chain 7 | HCM, DCM |
MYBPC3 | Myosin binding protein C | HCM, DCM |
TNNT2 | Troponin T2, cardiac type | HCM, DCM |
TNNI3 | Troponin I3, cardiac type | HCM |
TPM1 | Tropomyosin 1 | HCM |
MYL2 | Myosin, light polypeptide 2 | HCM |
MYL3 | Myosin, light polypeptide 3 | HCM |
ACTC1 | Actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 | HCM |
LMNA A/C | Lamin A/C | DCM |
SCN5A | Voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit | BrS, LQTS, DCM |
KCNQ1 | Voltage-gated potassium channel α-subunit | LQTS |
KCNH2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel α-subunit | LQTS |
KNCE1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 (β subunit) | LQTS |
KCNE2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 2 (β subunit) | LQTS |
DSP | Desmoplakin | ARVC |
PKP2 | Plakophilin 2 | ARVC |
DSG2 | Desmoglein 2 | ARVC |
DSC2 | Desmocollin 2 | ARVC |
JUP | Junction plakoglobin | ARVC |
RYR2 | Ryanodine receptor 2 | CPVT |
Gene | Nucleotide Variation | cDNA Position § | Splice Site Finder (0–100) | Max Ent Scan (0–16) | NNSPLICE (0–1) | Gene Splicer (0–15) | Human Splicing Finder (0–100) | Alamut Predicted Change | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WT | MUT | WT | MUT | WT | MUT | WT | MUT | WT | MUT | ||||
MYBPC3 | c.506-2A>C | c.506 * | 87.86 | ― | 12.9 | ― | 0.96 | ― | 10.25 | ― | 92.79 | ― | Acceptor splice site: −100% |
c.513 ** | ― | 75.34 | ― | 4.64 | NE | NE | ― | 3.65 | 77.42 | 79.45 | |||
MYBPC3 | c.906-7G>T | c.906 * | 73.61 | 78.66 | 3.82 | 4.44 | NE | NE | __ | 2.29 | 80.55 | 82.75 | Acceptor splice site: +223% |
MYBPC3 | c.2308+3G>C | c.2308 * | 77.58 | 72.06 | 8.99 | 3.77 | 0.87 | ― | 12.67 | 8.52 | 85.13 | 78.32 | Donor splice site: −52% |
ACTC1 | c.617-7T>C | c.617 * | 84.72 | 83.21 | 6.55 | 6.71 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 8.24 | 8.54 | 83.31 | 83.73 | Acceptor splice site: −2% |
SCN5A | c.393-5C>A | c.393-3 | ― | 70.16 | ― | 0.85 | NE | NE | NE | NE | ― | 77.83 | Acceptor splice site: 0% |
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Frisso, G.; Detta, N.; Coppola, P.; Mazzaccara, C.; Pricolo, M.R.; D’Onofrio, A.; Limongelli, G.; Calabrò, R.; Salvatore, F. Functional Studies and In Silico Analyses to Evaluate Non-Coding Variants in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111883
Frisso G, Detta N, Coppola P, Mazzaccara C, Pricolo MR, D’Onofrio A, Limongelli G, Calabrò R, Salvatore F. Functional Studies and In Silico Analyses to Evaluate Non-Coding Variants in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(11):1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111883
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrisso, Giulia, Nicola Detta, Pamela Coppola, Cristina Mazzaccara, Maria Rosaria Pricolo, Antonio D’Onofrio, Giuseppe Limongelli, Raffaele Calabrò, and Francesco Salvatore. 2016. "Functional Studies and In Silico Analyses to Evaluate Non-Coding Variants in Inherited Cardiomyopathies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 11: 1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111883