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Article

Evolution of Fish Let-7 MicroRNAs and Their Expression Correlated to Growth Development in Blunt Snout Bream

by
Bo-Wen Zhao
1,2,
Lai-Fang Zhou
1,2,
Yu-Long Liu
3,
Shi-Ming Wan
1,2 and
Ze-Xia Gao
1,2,*
1
College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2
Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
3
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18(3), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030646
Submission received: 28 January 2017 / Revised: 12 March 2017 / Accepted: 13 March 2017 / Published: 16 March 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue microRNA Regulation 2017)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The lethal-7 (let-7) miRNA, known as one of the first founding miRNAs, is present in multiple copies in a genome and has diverse functions in animals. In this study, comparative genomic analysis of let-7 miRNAs members in fish species indicated that let-7 miRNA is a sequence conserved family in fish, while different species have the variable gene copy numbers. Among the ten members including let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j, the let-7a precursor sequence was more similar to ancestral sequences, whereas other let-7 miRNA members were separate from the late differentiation of let-7a. The mostly predicted target genes of let-7 miRNAs are involved in biological process, especially developmental process and growth through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. In order to identify the possible different functions of these ten miRNAs in fish growth development, their expression levels were quantified in adult males and females of Megalobrama amblycephala, as well as in 3-, 6-, and 12-months-old individuals with relatively slow- and fast-growth rates. These ten miRNAs had similar tissue expression patterns between males and females, with higher expression levels in the brain and pituitary than that in other tissues (p < 0.05). Among these miRNAs, the relative expression level of let-7a was the highest among almost all the tested tissues, followed by let-7b, let-7d and let-7c/e/f/g/h/i/j. As to the groups with different growth rates, the expression levels of let-7 miRNAs in pituitary and brain from the slow-growth group were always significantly higher than that in the fast-growth group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that let-7 miRNA members could play an important role in the regulation of growth development in M. amblycephala through negatively regulating expression of their target genes.

1. Introduction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous, short non-coding nucleotide sequences that play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression across organisms. Generally, mature miRNAs are approximately 18–25 nucleotide (nt) long while miRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs) are about 60–140 nt in length and with characteristic hairpin structures. As many studies have indicated that miRNAs have a complicated regulatory mechanism, including positive and negative correlations within and between miRNA’s upstream transcriptional factors or downstream targets. Important functions of miRNAs in gene regulation have been discovered in various physiological processes, including signal transduction, organ development [1], innate and adaptive immunity, and cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis [2]. However, the rapid evolutionary dynamics in miRNAs, such as mutation, duplication, gene drift, and lineage-specific losses of paralogs, result in dozens of novel miRNAs emerging in the genomes of individual species of human, nematode, and fish [3]. Such novel miRNAs have identical or nearly identical mature sequences in contrast to the original sequence, which may acquire new targets and new functions, due to sequence variation of seed sequences at their 5’-ends [4,5,6]. Evidence suggests that the increasing number and diversification of miRNAs play an important role in biological evolution [7,8,9].
miRNAs are known for being deeply conservative in organic evolution; however, only a few miRNA families have been recently studied concerning their origin and evolution. Most studies have focused on the evolution of clusters or local duplication evolutionary patterns along with their host gene [6,10,11,12,13], since miRNAs are often co-transcribed with their host gene or evolve to form a cluster. According to miRBase, a cluster is defined as miRNAs with no more than 10 kb away from each other. The lethal-7 (let-7) miRNA family, known as one of the first two founding miRNAs, was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans and played a crucial role in the heterochronic pathway that coordinates developmental timing [14,15]. The let-7 miRNA family has been subsequently predicted and identified in a wide range of animal species, including vertebrates, ascidians, hemichordates, molluscs, annelids, and arthropods [16], with the sequence and function highly conserved from nematodes to primates [17]. As a critical regulator of gene expression, let-7 family miRNAs are involved in multiple physiological processes, including temporal regulation [16,18], protein ubiquitylation [19], lens regeneration [20], signal regulation [21], cell proliferation and differentiation [2], sexual identity [22], and early development [23].
Fish are important in broad terms of ecology and food production [24]. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies in recent years, an increasing number of fish miRNAs have been reported by transcriptome analysis, such as 197 miRNAs from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) [25], 113 from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [26], 282 from spot fork tail madtoms (Ictalurus punctatus) [27], and 764 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [28]. Among the identified mature miRNAs from these species, normally ten let-7 miRNA members were found in each species, including let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d, let-7e, let-7f, let-7g, let-7h, let-7i, and let-7j. Let-7 miRNAs have been reported to have diverse functions in fish, such as muscle formation [29], reproduction [30], and metamorphosis [31]; however, few in-depth studies have been carried out to investigate how let-7 miRNAs have evolved in different fish species, as well as the relationship and the possible different roles among the ten let-7 miRNAs members. Only one previous study reported the phylogenetic evolution of let-7 miRNAs using data from four fish species and detected the expression levels of 10 let-7 miRNAs during metamorphosis in P. olivaceus [31].
In this study, in order to investigate the evolutionarily conserved role of let-7 miRNAs in fish, we performed comparative genomics, including multiple sequence alignment and an analysis of synteny in the orthology relationship to study the evolution of let-7 miRNAs in different fish species. Through using one important commercial endemic fish species in Chinese freshwater polyculture system [32], blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), we tried to elucidate the possible function of let-7 miRNAs (let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j) during different growth developmental stages in M. amblycephala individuals with relatively fast and slow growth rates through expression analysis. The evolution and expression analysis in this study will contribute to a better understanding of let-7 miRNAs functions and evolution history, as well as their roles in regulating fish biological processes.

2. Results

2.1. Conserved Characteristics of Let-7 miRNAs in Fish

To characterize the evolution of the let-7 miRNAs and analyze the relationship of their homologous, we collected all the let-7 precursor sequences of reported fish species from the miRBase. A total of 111 let-7 sequences were identified, with 23 single copies (Table S1). For the I. punctatus, 22 let-7 precursor sequences were found, including the specific copy of let-7a-7, let-7i-2, and let-7j-2, which were not found in other fish species.
The comprehensive analysis of let-7 miRNAs homology relationship was conducted based on multiple sequence comparison assessment of synteny for both paralogs and orthologs. The sequence conservation of let-7 miRNAs showed in multiple alignments of paralogs and orthologs precursor sequences (Figure 1). The results indicated that the 5′ arms of the let-7 miRNAs precursor were highly conserved across paralogs and orthologs in fishes, while the 3′ arms had more nucleotide variation. However, two special cases were found in I. punctatus and Branchiostoma floridae, where conserved sequences of ipu-let-7j-2 and bfl-let-7b were located in the 3′ arm (Figure S1). It is worth noting that the bfl-let-7b conserved sequence was the reverse complementary sequence of let-7b sequence of other fish species, while its 5′ arm mature sequence had some nucleotides changes.
The highly conserved pattern among precursor sequences of let-7 miRNAs suggests that the dominant mature miRNA was produced from the 5′ arm of let-7 precursors. It is found that the 5′ arm of let-7 orthologs was more conservative compared with paralogs, which means let-7 miRNAs had experienced frequent duplication and nucleotide substitution events in its evolutionary history. According to the results of multiple sequence alignments against the paralogs and orthologs precursor sequences, the seed sequence of the 5′ arm was the same for all let-7 miRNAs, while 3′ arm showed nucleotide diversity. Moreover, mature sequences of fish let-7 miRNAs members were completely conservative in TGAGGTAGT and TTG and GTT (Figure S2).

2.2. The Evolution of Let-7 miRNAs in Fish

All the sequences of let-7 miRNAs members distributed in fish species, as well as five out-group species including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Petromyzon marinus, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans, and two species considered to be the ancestors of fish (Branchiostoma floridae and B. belcheri), were collected in this study. The genetic relationship of these species was constructed as illustrated in Figure 2. Fish let-7 mature sequences always correspond to more precursor sequences. For example, I. punctatus let-7a has seven precursor sequences while human has just three.
To analyze the evolutionary mechanism of let-7 miRNAs in fish, we constructed ML (maximum-likelihood) phylogenetic tree against all the fish let-7 precursor sequences, except ipu-let-7j-2. We considered that arm switching had been happened in precursor sequences of ipu-let-7j-2, which can be regarded as an accident event in let-7 evolution history. According to the result of the phylogenetic trees (Figure 3), the ancestral sequences of let-7 miRNAs might have a mutation in two directions. One clade includes let-7c, let-7d, let-7h, and part of let-7a precursor sequences and the other is a big cluster including let-7a, let-7b, let-7e, let-7f, let-7g, let-7i, and let-7j. In all let-7 miRNAs, let-7c and let-7i had the furthest genetic relationship with others in the two clades. Let-7c clustered with let-7d, let-7a and let-7h successively, and let-7i was closed to let-7j, let-7g, let-7e, let-7b, let-7f, and let-7a in tandem. It is noteworthy that each fish let-7 miRNAs (except let-7 miRNAs of P. marinus) as well as B. floridae and B. belcheri let-7 miRNAs, are clustered in the same small branch.
Generally speaking, the miRNA cluster is divided into two main categories: either with another miRNA, or just clustered with its own homolog. Most of the miRNA clusters only exist in one form, whereas the form of let-7 clusters is more complicated. We have found two major clusters in fish: one includes two let-7 miRNA in different combinations and the other is a form of mir-100/let-7a/mir-125 cluster (Table 1). Through the comparative analysis of let-7 miRNA clusters in all fish species, we found that all the teleost let-7 miRNAs have a mir-100/let-7a/mir-125 cluster, whereas mir-100 genes exist in the form of pma-mir-100-c/pma-mir-100-a/pma-mir-125 clusters in P. marinus. In B. floridae, there is only one special bfl-mir-100/bfl-let-7a-1/bfl-let-7b/bfl-mir-125a/bfl-mir-125b/bfl-let-7a-2 cluster in the genome.

2.3. Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis

To organize the putative target genes of let-7 miRNAs in hierarchical categories and elucidate the key biological process and molecular functions of let-7 miRNAs may play in, we collected a total of 2378 candidate target genes by using Targetscan. The gene function enrichment evaluation showed that these genes were related to insulin-like growth factor binding, Wnt-activated receptor activity, Wnt-protein binding, insulin receptor substrate binding, growth factor activity and steroid hormone receptor activity, which play important role in growth development. Analysis of Gene Ontology biological process (GO-BP) terms indicates that most of the putative target genes are involved in developmental process, multicellular organismal process, biological regulation, single-organism process, and so on (Figure 4). This result suggests that let-7 miRNAs may play a pivotal role in individual growth and development.

2.4. Expression Analysis of Let-7 miRNAs in Blunt Snout Bream

We have shown that mature let-7 sequences are highly conserved while its seed sequences are the same and likely share the same targeting properties across species. So, do fish let-7 miRNAs also have the same function during growth development? We address this question by comparing the let-7 a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j in males and females of 12-month-old (immature) and 24-month-old (mature) M. amblycephala, as well as let-7 a/b/c/d/e miRNAs expression level in 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old fish with fast-growth and slow-growth groups. According to the small RNA transcriptome data, M. amblycephala let-7 miRNAs have completely consistent mature sequences with zebrafish (Figure S3) and the M. amblycephala let-7 miRNAs just have one or two base difference between each other. To distinguish the let-7 miRNAs members better, we chose the TaqMan qRT-PCR assay to evaluate the expression of let-7 miRNAs in M. amblycephala. Due to its remarkable functions in high specificity and sensitivity, highly homologous sequences in the same miRNA family can be distinguished accurately, even if there is only a one base difference, which makes this a suitable method for the study of the let-7 miRNAs.
The results for let-7 a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j miRNAs expression in ten tissues of mature males and females M. amblycephala at 24 months old showed similar expression levels between males and females as to the same tissue in the most tested tissues (Figure 5); however, let-7c in heart and let-7i in gill had a more than three-fold gap between males and females (p < 0.05). The let-7 miRNAs expression between male and female individuals followed the same expression pattern in different tissues, with the expression level of let-7 miRNAs in brain and pituitary being significantly higher compared with that in other tissues (p < 0.05). The relative expression level of let-7a showed the highest value in almost all the tested tissues among the ten miRNAs, followed by let-7b, let-7d, and let-7c/e/f/g/h/i/j.
In immature M. amblycephala at 12 months old, expression levels were analyzed in five tissues of male and female individuals (Figure S4). The results showed that let-7 miRNAs expression patterns in tissues of immature males and females were almost the same as that in sexually mature individuals, with ten let-7 miRNA members having the highest expression in brain and pituitary. The results for 12-month-old and 24-month-old individuals showed that let-7c/d/e/g/h/i/j had a similar expression levels in the tissues of M. amblycephala from these two stages (Figure 6), whereas let-7a/b/f had a higher expression level in 24-month-old males and females of M. amblycephala (p < 0.05).
According to the expression results of 12- and 24-month-old individuals, we selected five miRNAs including let-7 a/b/c/d/e, which showed significant differences or high expression levels compared with other let-7 miRNAs, to further explore the possible regulation functions of the key let-7 miRNA for M. amblycephala growth development. In 3-month-old M. amblycephala, let-7 a/b/c/d/e expressions were tested in the fast- and slow-growth groups. The results found that all five let-7 miRNAs showed significant differences between fast- and slow-growth individuals as to the same tissue (p < 0.05), with significantly higher expression in the slow-growth group (p < 0.05; Figure 7), except let-7d in muscle. The expression differences of five let-7 miRNAs were particularly significant in liver, muscle and gonad tissues, with differences up to dozens or even hundreds of times between fast- and slow-growth groups. Among these five let-7 miRNAs, let-7a and let-7b had relatively higher expression levels than the other three miRNAs (Figure S5).
The let-7 miRNAs quantitative analysis results of 6-month-old M. amblycephala showed that let-7 miRNAs had similar expression patterns in tested tissues between fast- and slow-growth groups, with relatively higher expression in brain and pituitary (p > 0.05; Figure S6). The let-7 miRNAs expression at 12-month-old individuals from fast- and slow-growth groups showed that the expression in the fast-growth group was slightly higher than that in the slow-growth group in liver, muscle and gonad, but not in the pituitary and brain (Figure S7).
Relative expression of let-7 miRNAs in 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old M. amblycephala were compared in the same tissue (Figure 8). The results showed that in liver, muscle, pituitary, brain, and gonad, let-7 miRNAs had a significantly higher expression level in the slow-growth group compared with the fast-growth group at 3 months, but not in other growth stages between slow-growth and fast-growth groups. However, as to pituitary and brain tissues, the expression levels of let-7 miRNAs in the slow-growth group were significantly higher than that in the fast-growth group for all the three growth stages, with let-7a/b/d having relatively higher expression than that of let-7c and let-7e (Figure S8). Moreover, it was also found that in most cases, the let-7 expression in sexually mature M. amblycephala was slightly higher than either fast-growth or slow-growth individuals at 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old M. amblycephala in most tissues.

3. Discussion

The evolutionary process of miRNA families always occurs along with locus mutation, which can lead to a series of influence, such as gene structure and function change. As the biggest miRNA family, let-7 miRNAs have experienced frequent genome duplication, losses, rearrangements and transpositions in their evolution history [7,33,34,35]. The formation of multiple let-7 miRNA members is mainly due to miR gene duplicates usually reserved after genome duplication events, which may cause an increasing number of homologs in the end [8].
Independent tandem duplication events can result in increasing numbers of gene families; however, duplication of the entire genome is the major driver to promote genetic evolution and phenotypic complexity. In this study, it was found that fish let-7 family members have more copy numbers compared with tetrapods, and this phenomenon is in accordance with a previous study that found ray-finned fish gene families always have two copies, whereas tetrapods just have one [36,37]. In fact, some phylogenomic studies have found that the entire genomes of most vertebrates have experienced two rounds (2R) of duplication in their evolution, but the stem lineage of ray-finned (actinopterygian) fishes has been subject to an extra fish-specific genome duplication (FSGD) event in approximately 350 Ma [38,39,40]. Therefore, it was considered as the reason for genomic complexity and biological diversity of teleost. Interestingly, in other research, let-7 miRNA was found to play a special role in their primary transcript process and they can enhance primary transcript processing by binding at the 3′-end [41]. This unique biological process may result in frequent replication and extra copies, which also could be deemed as an important reason for the formation of complex let-7 miRNA members in fish.
The result of multiple alignments has shown that the mature sequence of let-7 miRNA precursor sequences was found in the 5′ instead of 3′ arm in most previous studies [12]; however, it can be a normal phenomenon considering the complementary pairing relations between the 5′ and 3′ arm sequences in the hairpin structure, and the mutation is random. In the study of mir-155 evolution, the 5′ arm was also highly conserved compared with the 3’ arm sequences [42]. In this study, ipu-let-7j-2 and bfl-let-7b were identified as special cases in the evolution of let-7 miRNA, from which we speculate that ipu-let-7j-2 had experienced arm switching in precursor sequences since the mature sequence appeared in the 3′ instead of 5′ arm. However, bfl-let-7b mature sequence is the complementary sequence of let-7b in other species, which means mutations to the 5′ arm of bfl-let-7b have occurred in evolution. The existence of bfl-let-7b also confirmed the randomness of the conservative area in the let-7 gene 5′ or 3′ arms. Even though let-7 gene has experienced frequent duplication events and nucleotide changes in its long evolution history, the seed sequences of all let-7 family members was completely conserved in fish. Considering that the miRNAs functions in gene regulation is through binding the seed sequence and target genes 3′ non-coding regions, we infer that let-7 family members may have the same or similar functions in fish. Let-7 family has been confirmed as a temporal regulation gene in animal development; therefore, it is possible that let-7 members play different roles at different stages of fish development.
According to the ML phylogenetic tree we constructed, let-7a is one of two branches separated from an ancestral let-7 gene sequence, which means let-7a was more similar to the ancestor’s sequence. It was easy to find the process of let-7a duplication and differentiation throughout the whole let-7 family evolution history. In the paralogs, let-7i, let-7j, let-7g, let-7e, let-7f, and let-7b were derived from earlier differentiation event, while the appearances of let-7d, let-7c, and let-7h were relatively late. Thus, the ancestral sequences of let-7a can be considered as the ancestral sequences of let-7 family. The close relationship of let-7 sequences from B. floridae, B. belcheri and fish also confirmed the genetic relationship of amphioxus and fish. However, it needs to note that pma-let-7 miRNAs are independent in evolution after let-7a differentiation, which showed that pma-let-7b, pma-let-7c and pma-let-7d occurred after differentiation of gnathostome and agnatha. As the tightly linked physical distance, cluster genes usually co-evolve and duplicate together, which enables the study their evolution by analyzing their relationships. We found no mir-100/let-7a/mir-125 cluster in P. marinus although it appeared in other fish, which suggests that the mir-100/let-7a/mir-125 cluster was also formed after the differentiation of agnatha and gnathostomata. Both phenomena indicated that let-7 miRNA evolution may have been divided following the differentiation of agnatha and gnathostomata.
The let-7 miRNAs had been reported to be widely expressed in various animal tissues. For example, in the domesticated silkmoth (Bombyx mori), strong signal in the head, moderate signals in the body wall, midgut, gonad, and malpighian tubule were found, whereas a weak positive signal was seen in the anterior and posterior silk glands [43]; and in Homo sapiens, expression was seen in the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, trachea, bone marrow, colon, small intestine, spleen, stomach, and thymus [16]. As to fish species, Fu et al. [31] found that let-7 miRNAs were widely expressed in adult tissues and highly expressed in the brain, heart and stomach in P. olivaceus. The results from the present study also showed that let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j miRNAs were widely expressed in all the tested tissues in adult M. amblycephala (24 months old). The let-7a/b/d had relatively higher expression than that of other let-7 miRNAs, and all let-7 miRNAs had relatively higher expression in brain and pituitary tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of let-7c/d/e/g/h/i/j at 12 and 24 monthss had similar expression patterns in the tested five tissues, whereas let-7a/b/f had a higher expression level in 24-month-old females and males than in 12-month-old M. amblycephala (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that let-7 miRNAs could play diverse roles in a variety of metabolic processes; thus, higher expression levels of let-7 miRNAs might indicate that they play more important roles in regulating the development or metabolism of the related tissues at different development stages in fish species.
Since discovered as an essential developmental gene in C. elegans, let-7 miRNAs have been confirmed to be involved in a broad variety of biological functions in many animals. Due to the importance of growth rate for commercial breeds, there is great interest in gaining a better understanding of the networks of expressed genes and the biological pathways controlling growth rate. Comparative analyses of expression profiles are useful in identifying the molecular differences between divergent muscle phenotypes. In mammals, let-7b, as a critical miRNA, has been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and plays a critical role in regulating skeletal muscle growth via let-7b-mediated GHR expression in deletion-type dwarf chickens [44]. In pig, it has also been proved that let-7a and let-7f were involved in its skeletal muscle development [45]; however, no related studies have indicated that the expressions of let-7 miRNAs were related to fish growth as well as which let-7 miRNAs members would be more important. In the present study, the expression results of five let-7 miRNAs from 3-months-old M. amblycephala showed significantly higher expression levels in the slow-growth group compared with the fast-growth group for all tested tissues. As to the 6- and 12-months-old individuals, the expression levels of let-7 miRNAs in pituitary and brain from the slow-growth group were also significantly higher than that in the fast-growth group. Among these five miRNAs, let-7a/b/d had relatively higher expression levels than that of let-7c and let-7e. As miRNAs always negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level by complementary binding to the 3’-UTR of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and causing mRNA cleavage or translation blockage [46], it is suggested that all the upstream and downstream genes in related tissues as well as its receptor genes may be under the regulation of let-7 miRNAs in M. amblycephala. These results suggest that let-7 miRNA members could play an important role in the regulation of growth development in fish species, with their target genes mainly expressed in the pituitary and brain tissues. The GO analysis also indicated that the putative target genes of let-7 miRNAs are involved in growth and development process. The functions of let-7 miRNAs in other fish species needs be further studied.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Evolutionary Analysis of Let-7 miRNA

For the analysis of let-7 evolution, we collected all the let-7 information from fish, including all members of let-7 miRNAs, annotations, corresponding species, precursor sequences and miRNA/miRNA* complexes from different species in the miRBase database release 21 (http://www.mirbase.org/index.shtml). All let-7 miRNAs sequences were gathered from 16 species, including nine fish species (Danio rerio-dre, Oryzias latipes-ola, Fugu rubripes-fru, Tetraodon nigroviridis-tni, Ictalurus punctatus-ipu, Cyprinus carpio-cca, Paralichthys olivaceus-pol, Hippoglossus hippoglossus-hhi, and Salmo salar-ssa), five out-group species (Homo sapiens-has, Mus musculus-mmu, Petromyzon marinus-pma, Drosophila melanogaster-dme, and Caenorhabditis elegans-cel), as well as two species considered to be the ancestors of fish (Branchiostoma floridae-bfl and B. belcheri-bbe). All the sequences are attached in Table S1. The distribution and genetic relationship of these species were analyzed by the Taxonomy Tools of the NCBI (http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/) [42].
To analyze sequence conservation, we performed multiple sequence alignment of let-7 miRNAs precursor sequences with Clustal X2.0 [47] and the alignment result was colored by DNAman6.0 [42]. The fasta alignments were performed using BioEdit according to the result of Stockholm alignment. We constructed consensus sequences by taking the most abundant base for each column, and consensus secondary structure was predicted by Mfold version2.3 (http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?q=mfold/RNA-Folding-Form2.3) [48]. VARNA 3.93 was used to visualize the consensus miRNA structure [49]. Let-7 evolution analysis and the confirmation of ancestral sequence were performed with MEGA 5.0 by constructed phylogenetic trees, under the condition of 1000 bootstrap resampling using Maximum-Likehoood (ML) method [50].

4.2. Prediction and Gene Ontology(GO) Analysis of Let-7 miRNAs Target Genes

The canditade target genes of let-7 miRNAs were predicted using the Targetscan method. Targetscan is one of most widely used algorithm in miRNA target gene prediction, and this algorithm put forward the concept of “seed area” [51]. DAVID 6.8 was used to perform GO analysis on putative target genes [52,53], focusing on the Gene Ontology biological process (GO-BP) terms and Gene Ontology molecular function (GO-MF) term of let-7 miRNAs. Significane threshold p was set as 0.05, and all the p-value are Benjamin p-value from DAVID.

4.3. Expression Analysis of Let-7 miRNA

All experimental fish M. amblycephala were collected from the Tuanfeng Fish Breeding Base of College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University. All experimental procedures involving fish were approved by the institution’s animal care and use committee of the Huazhong Agricultural University. After two weeks of acclimation and feed, tissue samples were collected from healthy individuals at 24 months old (sexually mature) and 12 months old (sexually immature) M. amblycephala (female and male groups), as well as 3-month-old, 6-month-old, and 12-month-old M. amblycephala with fast-growth and slow-growth groups; each stage from each group included three individuals. The phenotypic data of these two groups are showed in Table S2. Before tissue collection, experimental fish were placed in 100 mg/L concentration of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) water for anesthesia [32]. We collected 10 fresh tissues from 24-month-old M. amblycephala individuals, including liver (L), muscle (M), pituitary (P), brain (B), gonad (G), heart (H), spleen (S), kidney (K), intestines (I), and gill (GI). In 3-month-old, 6-month-old and 12-month-old M. amblycephala, five tissues (L, M, P, B, and G) were collected to detect gene expression. All the samples obtained were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately and then transferred to −80 °C before total RNA extraction.
Total RNA of each sample were extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of RNA was checked on the NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Then, 10 ng of total RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) with TaqMan® MicroRNA Assays (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) and TaqMan® MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). Each reaction contained 0.15 μL of 100 mM dNTP’s (with dNTP), 1 μL of MultiScribeTM Reverse Transcription 50 U/μL, 1.5 μL of 10× Reverse Transcription Buffer, 0.19 μL of RNase Inhibitor 20 U/L, 4.16 μL of Nuclease-free water, 5 μL of RNA template, and 3 μL of Reverse Transcription primer were added to a final volume of 15 μL. The mixed samples were incubated at the following conditions: 30 min at 16 °C, 30 min at 42 °C, 5 min at 85 °C, and 4 °C. Products from RT reactions were used for real-time PCR directly.
Real-time PCR was performed using TaqMan MicroRNA Assays and TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix II, no AmpErase UNG on a QuantStudio™ 6 Flex real-time PCR System. For quantification, 1.33 μL of original PCR product was mixed with 1.0 μL TaqMan® MicroRNA Assays (20×), 10 μL TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix II and 7.67 μL nuclease-free water in each 20 μL volume reaction. Standard amplification conditions were as follow: an initial 10 min pre-incubation at 95 °C followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min. The miR-26, 18S rRNA and β-actin were all used as reference genes in quantification analysis of different tissues from sexually mature females and males. Then the relative stability measure (M) of the reference genes was calculated by GeNorm (https://genorm.cmgg.be/) [54] as described in our previous studies [55]. The value M represents an average pairwise variation of a reference gene with all other reference genes and a lower M value corresponds to the higher expression stability. According to this rule, miR-26 with the M value of 0.772, lower than 18S rRNA (0.914) and β-actin (0.787), was employed as the endogenous control gene for all the analysis samples [23].

4.4. Data Analysis

The gene expression changes determined in the quantitative real-time PCR experiment were quantified based on the comparative Ct method (2−ΔΔCt formula). Statistical analysis of miRNA expression data was performed using the SPSS 22 software, and statistical significance was analyzed by single-factor analysis of variance and two-tailed Student’s t-test (confidence interval 95%). Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * p < 0.05; N.S., not significant.

5. Conclusions

This study showed that the let-7 family is a sequence and function conserved family in fish, which has a long evolutionary history with frequent genome duplication, losses, rearrangements, and transposition events. The evolution of the let-7 family is random and chaotic process; hence, different species have highly variable gene copy numbers. The let-7a precursor sequence was more similar to ancestral sequences, whereas other let-7 miRNAs were separate from the late differentiation of let-7a. Let-7 miRNAs have shown the stage- and tissue-dependent expression patterns in M. amblycephala growth development. Our results confirmed that let-7 miRNAs had a similar expression pattern in M. amblycephala male and female individuals, and the expression results suggest that let-7 miRNAs may play an important role in the regulation of growth development in fish species, with let-7a and let-7b being most important.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be found at www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/3/646/s1.

Acknowledgments

We thank Boxiang Chen and Weizhuo Zhang for their assistance with fish sampling throughout the study. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31472271), the Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System Construction Projects of China titled as-Staple Freshwater Fishes Industry Technology System (Grant No. CARS-46-05), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2662015PY088) and the Wuhan Youth Science and Technology Plan (Grant No. 2016070204010143).

Author Contributions

Ze-Xia Gao conceived the idea and designed the project. Bo-Wen Zhao, Lai-Fang Zhou, and Shi-Ming Wan performed the experiments. Bo-Wen Zhao and Ze-Xia Gao analyzed the data. Bo-Wen Zhao, Yu-Long Liu, and Ze-Xia Gao wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Sequence conservation in let-7 miRNAs. (a) Multiple sequence alignments of let-7 paralogs precursor sequences (5′–3′); (b) Multiple sequence alignments of let-7a orthologs precursor sequences (5′–3′); and (c) Consensus secondary structure of the let-7a precursor in fish, the position of canonical mature sequence produced have indicated the hairpin structure in let-7a precursors. Different colors represent the sequence conservation at single base for (a,b).
Figure 1. Sequence conservation in let-7 miRNAs. (a) Multiple sequence alignments of let-7 paralogs precursor sequences (5′–3′); (b) Multiple sequence alignments of let-7a orthologs precursor sequences (5′–3′); and (c) Consensus secondary structure of the let-7a precursor in fish, the position of canonical mature sequence produced have indicated the hairpin structure in let-7a precursors. Different colors represent the sequence conservation at single base for (a,b).
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Figure 2. The genetic relationship for all the species of which let-7 miRNAs sequences were collected in the present study.
Figure 2. The genetic relationship for all the species of which let-7 miRNAs sequences were collected in the present study.
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Figure 3. The phylogenic tree of let-7 miRNAs in 16 species including nine fish species (Danio rerio-dre, Oryzias latipes-ola, Fugu rubripes-fru, Tetraodon nigroviridis-tni, Ictalurus punctatus-ipu, Cyprinus carpio-cca, Paralichthys olivaceus-pol, Hippoglossus hippoglossus-hhi, and Salmo salar-ssa), five out-group species (Homo sapiens-has, Mus musculus-mmu, Petromyzon marinus-pma, Drosophila melanogaster-dme, and Caenorhabditis elegans-cel) as well as two species considered to be the ancestors of fish (Branchiostoma floridae-bfl and B. belcheri-bbe).
Figure 3. The phylogenic tree of let-7 miRNAs in 16 species including nine fish species (Danio rerio-dre, Oryzias latipes-ola, Fugu rubripes-fru, Tetraodon nigroviridis-tni, Ictalurus punctatus-ipu, Cyprinus carpio-cca, Paralichthys olivaceus-pol, Hippoglossus hippoglossus-hhi, and Salmo salar-ssa), five out-group species (Homo sapiens-has, Mus musculus-mmu, Petromyzon marinus-pma, Drosophila melanogaster-dme, and Caenorhabditis elegans-cel) as well as two species considered to be the ancestors of fish (Branchiostoma floridae-bfl and B. belcheri-bbe).
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Figure 4. Gene ontology analysis of putative target genes of let-7 miRNAs.
Figure 4. Gene ontology analysis of putative target genes of let-7 miRNAs.
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Figure 5. Let-7 miRNAs expression in ten tissues of 24-month-old M. amblycephala. L, liver; M, muscle; P, pituitary; B, brain; G, gonad; H, heart; S, spleen; K, kidney; I, intestines; GI, gill. Statistical significance between females and males is indicated as follows: * p < 0.05; ns, not significant.
Figure 5. Let-7 miRNAs expression in ten tissues of 24-month-old M. amblycephala. L, liver; M, muscle; P, pituitary; B, brain; G, gonad; H, heart; S, spleen; K, kidney; I, intestines; GI, gill. Statistical significance between females and males is indicated as follows: * p < 0.05; ns, not significant.
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Figure 6. The relative expression levels of let-7 miRNAs (let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j) in liver, muscle, pituitary, brain and gonad tissues at 12- and 24-months-old M. amblycephala (females and males). Values with the same letter mean no significant difference (p > 0.05) for each miRNA in females and males at 12- and 24-months-old M. amblycephala.
Figure 6. The relative expression levels of let-7 miRNAs (let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j) in liver, muscle, pituitary, brain and gonad tissues at 12- and 24-months-old M. amblycephala (females and males). Values with the same letter mean no significant difference (p > 0.05) for each miRNA in females and males at 12- and 24-months-old M. amblycephala.
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Figure 7. The relative expression levels of let-7a/b/c/d/e miRNAs in slow- and fast-growth groups of M. amblycephala at 3-month-old stage. L, liver; M, muscle; P, pituitary; B, brain; G, gonad. Values with the same letter mean no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Figure 7. The relative expression levels of let-7a/b/c/d/e miRNAs in slow- and fast-growth groups of M. amblycephala at 3-month-old stage. L, liver; M, muscle; P, pituitary; B, brain; G, gonad. Values with the same letter mean no significant difference (p > 0.05).
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Figure 8. The relative expression levels of let-7a in different tissues from different growth stages of M. amblycephala. 3FG, fast-growth individuals at 3 months old; 3SG, slow-growth individuals at 3 months old; 6FG, fast-growth individuals at 6 months old; 6SG, slow-growth individuals at 6 months old; 12FG, fast-growth individuals at 12 months old; 12SG, slow-growth individuals at 12 months old; SM, mature individuals. Values with the same letter mean no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Figure 8. The relative expression levels of let-7a in different tissues from different growth stages of M. amblycephala. 3FG, fast-growth individuals at 3 months old; 3SG, slow-growth individuals at 3 months old; 6FG, fast-growth individuals at 6 months old; 6SG, slow-growth individuals at 6 months old; 12FG, fast-growth individuals at 12 months old; 12SG, slow-growth individuals at 12 months old; SM, mature individuals. Values with the same letter mean no significant difference (p > 0.05).
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Table
Table 1. The typical let-7 clusters identified in this study.
Table 1. The typical let-7 clusters identified in this study.
Danio rerioOryzias latipesFugu rubripesPetromyzon marinusTetraodon nigroviridisBranchiostoma floridae
dre-let-7a-1/dre-let-7fola-let-7a-1/ola-let-7b-1
dre-mir-100-1/dre-let-7a-2/dre-mir-125b-1 fru-mir-100/fru-let-7a-1/fru-mir-125b tni-mir-100/tni-let-7a-1/tni-mir-125b
dre-let-7a-3/dre-let-7bola-let-7a-3/ola-let-7b-2 pma-let-7a-3/pma-let-7d
dre-mir-100-2/dre-let-7a-4/dre-mir-125b-2ola-mir-100-2/ola-let-7a-4/ola-mir-125b-1
dre-let-7e/dre-let-7a-5ola-let-7e/ola-let-7a-2fru-let-7e/fru-let-7a-3
dre-mir-99-1/dre-let-7c-1/dre-mir-125cola-mir-99/ola-let-7c/ola-mir-125b-2
dre-mir-99-2/dre-let-7c-2
dre-let-7g-2/dre-let-7h fru-let-7g/fru-let-7h tni-let-7g/tni-let-7h
pma-mir-100c/pma-mir-100a/pma-mir-125
bfl-mir-100/bfl-let-7a-1/bfl-let-7b/bfl-mir-125a/bfl-mir-125b/bfl-let-7a-2

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Zhao, B.-W.; Zhou, L.-F.; Liu, Y.-L.; Wan, S.-M.; Gao, Z.-X. Evolution of Fish Let-7 MicroRNAs and Their Expression Correlated to Growth Development in Blunt Snout Bream. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030646

AMA Style

Zhao B-W, Zhou L-F, Liu Y-L, Wan S-M, Gao Z-X. Evolution of Fish Let-7 MicroRNAs and Their Expression Correlated to Growth Development in Blunt Snout Bream. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(3):646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030646

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Bo-Wen, Lai-Fang Zhou, Yu-Long Liu, Shi-Ming Wan, and Ze-Xia Gao. 2017. "Evolution of Fish Let-7 MicroRNAs and Their Expression Correlated to Growth Development in Blunt Snout Bream" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 3: 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030646

APA Style

Zhao, B. -W., Zhou, L. -F., Liu, Y. -L., Wan, S. -M., & Gao, Z. -X. (2017). Evolution of Fish Let-7 MicroRNAs and Their Expression Correlated to Growth Development in Blunt Snout Bream. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(3), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030646

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