Opportunities and Challenges for Single-Unit Recordings from Enteric Neurons in Awake Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classical Methods for Enteric Electrophysiology
2.1. Neural Recordings in Excised Tissue
2.2. Challenges of Anesthetized Recordings from Enteric Neurons
3. Challenges to Gastrointestinal Neuro-Electrophysiology in Conscious Animals
3.1. Structural Challenges in Neurogastroenterology
3.2. Disrupting Gastrointestinal Physiology
3.3. Signal Quality
4. Enteric Microelectrode Design Criteria
4.1. Intrinsic Material Properties
4.2. Extrinsic Design Parameters
4.3. Implant Procedure
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neuron Species | Approximate Percentage | Affected Receptors | Inhibiting Anesthetic Agents | Potentiating Anesthetic Agents |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cholinergic | ChAT-positive neurons:
| Neuronal nACh | Ketamine [36], pentobarbital [37], propofol [37], isoflurane [37,38], halothane [37,38], sevoflurane [37] | Urethane [39] |
Purinergic | ATP-releasing neurons:
| P2X2 | Sevoflurane [42] | - |
P2X3 | Pentobarbital [43] | - | ||
P2X4 | - | Propofol [44] | ||
P2X7 | - | Ketamine [45], propofol [45] | ||
Serotinergic | 5-HT-positive neurons:
| 5-HT3 | Ketamine [46,47], pentobarbital [46], propofol [46] | Isoflurane [38,48], halothane [38,48] |
Glutamatergic | NMDA-positive neurons: | NMDA | Ketamine [49], urethane [39], pentobarbital [50] | - |
AMPA-positive neurons: | AMPA | Urethane [39], pentobarbital [51], propofol [50] | - | |
GABAA-positive neurons:
| GABAA | - | Ketamine [54], urethane [39], pentobarbital [55,56], propofol [54,57], isoflurane [54,58], halothane [54,58] | |
Glycinergic | Glycine-responsive:
| Glycine | - | Urethane [39], propofol [57], isoflurane [59], sevoflurane [59], halothane [59] |
Anesthetic Agent | Route of Administration | Gastric Emptying | Intestinal Transit |
---|---|---|---|
Ketamine | Injection | Unaffected [64,65] | Unaffected/slight decrease [64,65,66,67] |
Urethane | Injection | Decrease [68,69,70,71] | Decrease [68,69] |
Pentobarbital | Injection | Decrease [70] | Dose-dependent increase/decrease [66] |
Propofol | Injection | Decrease [72,73] | Slight decrease [66,67] |
Isoflurane | Inhalation | Decrease [74,75] | Decrease [62,76] |
Sevoflurane | Inhalation | Decrease [77] | Decrease [77,78] |
Halothane | Inhalation | Decrease [79] | Decrease [79,80,81] |
Categories | Challenges |
---|---|
Structural | Large tissue displacements and no rigid structures on which to mount a device |
Physiological | Ischemia and reperfusion injury Maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis |
Signal Quality | Electrical slow waves Smooth muscle action potentials Artifact due to tissue movement |
Design Criteria | Features |
---|---|
Material Properties | Low Young’s modulus High elasticity |
Design Parameters | Low cross-sectional area Tethered recording platform Multiple recording sites along the length of the shank |
Implant Procedure | Implant along longitudinal axis Shallow insertion angle Undisturbed submucosa and epithelial layer |
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Barth, B.B.; Huang, H.-I.; Hammer, G.E.; Shen, X. Opportunities and Challenges for Single-Unit Recordings from Enteric Neurons in Awake Animals. Micromachines 2018, 9, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9090428
Barth BB, Huang H-I, Hammer GE, Shen X. Opportunities and Challenges for Single-Unit Recordings from Enteric Neurons in Awake Animals. Micromachines. 2018; 9(9):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9090428
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarth, Bradley B., Hsin-I Huang, Gianna E. Hammer, and Xiling Shen. 2018. "Opportunities and Challenges for Single-Unit Recordings from Enteric Neurons in Awake Animals" Micromachines 9, no. 9: 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9090428