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Article

A Highly Selective Turn-on and Reversible Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3+ Detection Based on Novel Salicylidene Schiff Base-Terminated PEG in Pure Aqueous Solution

by
Liping Bai
,
Yuhang Xu
,
Guang Li
*,
Shuhui Tian
,
Leixuan Li
,
Farong Tao
,
Aixia Deng
,
Shuangshuang Wang
and
Liping Wang
*
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2019, 11(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040573
Submission received: 4 March 2019 / Revised: 21 March 2019 / Accepted: 25 March 2019 / Published: 27 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Chemosensing II)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The development of highly selective and sensitive chemosensors for Al3+ detection in pure aqueous solution is still a significant challenge. In this work, a novel water-soluble polymer PEGBAB based on salicylidene Schiff base has been designed and synthesized as a turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of Al3+ in 100% aqueous solution. PEGBAB exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to Al3+ over other competitive metal ions with the detection limit as low as 4.05 × 10−9 M. PEGBAB displayed high selectivity to Al3+ in the pH range of 5–10. The fluorescence response of PEGBAB to Al3+ was reversible in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Based on the fluorescence response, an INHIBIT logic gate was constructed with Al3+ and EDTA as two inputs. Moreover, test strips based on PEGBAB were fabricated facilely for convenient on-site detection of Al3+.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Aluminum, the most abundant metal element in the earth’s crust, has been widely applied in industry and daily life [1,2]. However, as a non-essential element for living systems, the frequent use of aluminum-containing products can lead to overloading of Al3+ in the living body, which may cause Al-related bone disease and various neurodegenerative diseases such as dialysis encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease [3,4,5,6]. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that the daily intake of aluminum should be less than 3–10 mg per day [7]. Furthermore, the high concentration of Al3+ is also harmful to growing plants and aquatic life. Considering the harmful effect of Al3+ on human health and environment, it is quite urgent to develop efficient approaches for Al3+ detection with high selectivity and sensitivity. So far, a series of common methods have been used to detect Al3+ ions, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and voltammetry [8,9,10,11,12,13]. However, these methods are expensive, relatively complex and time-consuming in practice. Compared with these common methods, fluorescent chemosensors have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their operational simplicity, low cost, naked eye detection, real-time monitoring, time saving, high selectivity, and sensitivity [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. However, the development of fluorescent chemosensors for Al3+ is relatively lagging behind because of its strong hydration ability in water, poor coordination ability and the lack of suitable spectroscopic characteristics [25,26,27].
Owing to the individual photophysical properties and the strong binding abilities to various metal ions, Schiff base derivatives have been extensively employed to construct fluorescent chemosensors for selective detection of metal ions [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. To the best of our knowledge, most Schiff base-based fluorescent chemosensors are small molecular derivatives which cannot be dissolved in 100% water and have to be performed in the mixed aqueous solution with an organic cosolvent for the detection of metal ions. The poor water solubility restricts their practical applications to some extent [41,42]. Therefore, the development of Schiff base-based chemosensors with excellent water solubility is necessary and significant. Nowadays, polymer-based fluorescent chemosensors have attracted a wide range of interests due to their simplicity of use, signal amplification, combination of different outputs, and ease of fabrication into devices [43,44]. Immobilizing small molecular receptors onto hydrophilic polymers has been proved to be an elegant strategy to construct water-soluble chemosensors [45,46]. Therefore, the combination of Schiff base derivatives and hydrophilic polymers could be an efficient pathway to develop fluorescent chemosensors for selective detection of Al3+ in 100% aqueous solution.
Encouraged by these studies and in continuation to the relative work of water-soluble polymer chemosensors in our group [47,48,49,50,51], we have successfully designed and synthesized a salicylidene Schiff base-terminated water-soluble polymer PEGBAB (Scheme 1). PEGBAB exhibited excellent water solubility in 100% water, and could serve as an efficient turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for Al3+ in pure aqueous solution. The detection limit was calculated to be 4.05 × 10−9 M, meaning the ultrasensitive fluorescence response of PEGBAB to Al3+. PEGBAB possessed high selectivity to Al3+ with strong anti-interference ability and showed excellent fluorescence response to Al3+ over a wide pH range. An INHIBIT logic gate was constructed based on the reversible sensing property of PEGBAB to Al3+. Moreover, test strips coated with PEGBAB have been fabricated and applied to detect Al3+ in practical samples.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Salicylaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzhydrazide, the nitrate or chloride salts of various metal ions (Al3+, Ba2+, Ce3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, In3+, K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) and all other chemicals were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and used as received. Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG, Mn = 5000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Deionized water was used throughout the whole experiment process. Carboxylated PEG was synthesized according to the literature procedure [52]. The filter papers for the preparation of test strips were provided by Hangzhou Special Paper Industry Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China).

2.2. Characterization

1H NMR (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) spectra were measured by a Varian Mercury 400MHz spectrometer (Palo Alto, CA, USA) with DMSO-d6 or CDCl3 as the solvent and TMS as the internal standard. The ESI-MS spectrum was recorded on a LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Breman, Germany). UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-3600 spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan). Fluorescence spectra were measured using a Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan). The pH values were measured by a Mettler-Toledo FE20 pH meter (Shanghai, China).

2.3. Synthesis of Salicylidene Schiff Base Derivative BAB

Salicylaldehyde (1.1 mL, 10.54 mmol) and 4-hydroxybenzhydrazide (0.8g, 5.26 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 h with stirring under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion of the reaction, the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed three times with cold ethanol. Then, a white powder product BAB was obtained by drying under vacuum at room temperature for 24 h (87% yield). 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 11.93 (s, 1H), 11.43 (s, 1H), 10.19 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.87-6.94 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (100MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 162.47, 160.96, 157.47, 147.63, 131.17, 129.77, 129.66, 123.21, 119.31, 118.72, 116.43, 115.16; ESI-MS (m/z): calculated for C14H13N2O3 [M + H]+: 257.0921; found: 257.0918.

2.4. Synthesis of Chemosensor PEGBAB

Carboxylated PEG (0.8 g, 0.157 mmol) and BAB (0.041 g, 0.160 mmol) were dried by azeotropic distillation in toluene for 2 h. After the removal of toluene by reduced pressure distillation, the obtained samples were dissolved in 10 mL dry THF. And then, 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (10.0 mg) and N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (43.0 mg, 0.21 mmol) were added rapidly. The mixed solution was stirred for 48 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated by reduced pressure distillation and precipitated in cold diethyl ether three times. The white powder product PEGBAB was collected by filtration under reduced pressure and dried under vacuum at room temperature for 24 h (86% yield).

2.5. Preparation of Test Solutions for Spectroscopic Measurements

The stock solutions of PEGBAB (1 × 10−4 M) and various metal ions (0.015 M) were prepared with deionized water as solvent, respectively. Three milliliters of measurement solutions with the required concentration of PEGBAB and metal ions were made by mixing the appropriate amount of the stock solutions and deionized water. The pH values of the test solutions were adjusted by adding the appropriate amount of HCl or NaOH. The UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra of the solutions were recorded at room temperature.

2.6. Application as Test Strips

PEGBAB (50 mg) was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) as the stock solution. The filter papers were immersed into the stock solution for 5 min and then dried in air to obtain test strips. The solutions of various metal ions (100 μM) were prepared with deionized water as a solvent. Three solutions of Al3+ (100 μM) were prepared in different water environments including deionized water, tap water and river water (Tuhai River). After being dipped in the solutions of different metal ions for 5 s, the test strips were taken out and observed under a 365 nm UV lamp.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis of PEGBAB

The synthetic route of the water-soluble chemosensor PEGBAB is shown in Scheme 1. Salicylidene Schiff base derivative BAB was synthesized by the typical Schiff base condensation reaction between salicylaldehyde and hydroxybenzhydrazide in ethanol. The structure of BAB was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectra (Figures S1–S3). BAB exhibited poor solubility in 100% water, which was the same as most of the small-molecule Schiff base derivatives. And so the hydrophilic polymer PEG was chosen as water-soluble carrier to achieve the water solubility of BAB. Then Schiff base derivative BAB-terminated polymer PEGBAB was obtained by the esterification of carboxylated PEG with BAB at room temperature. The successful synthesis of PEGBAB was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis (Figures S4 and S5). Compared with the poor water solubility of BAB, PEGBAB could be dissolved directly in 100% water.

3.2. UV-Vis and Fluorescence Studies

The photophysical properties of PEGBAB were investigated by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence response of aqueous solution of PEGBAB (10 μM) toward various metal ions, such as Al3+, Ba2+, Ce3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, In3+, K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+. Initially, the sensing behavior of PEGBAB with various metal ions in pure aqueous solution was examined by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. As shown in Figure S6, new bands in the region between 350 nm and 420 nm were observed after the addition of 2 equiv. of Al3+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ into PEGBAB solutions, while other metal ions caused ignorable changes. Although Cu2+ and Ni2+ could enhance somewhat the absorbance intensity at 370 nm, the responses were weaker compared to the Al3+ case. Therefore, PEGBAB can be utilized to selectively detect Al3+ among various metal ions in pure aqueous solution.
The sensing behavior of PEGBAB with different metal ions in pure aqueous solution was further studied by fluorescence measurements. As shown in Figure 1a, the aqueous solution of PEGBAB showed no distinguishable fluorescence response at 447 nm upon excitation at 367 nm. A remarkable enhancement of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm was observed after adding 2 equiv. of Al3+ to the PEGBAB solution. However, no obvious fluorescence changes were observed at 447 nm in the solutions of PEGBAB with 2 equiv. of other metal ions. The quantum yields of PEGBAB solutions with 2 equiv. of Al3+ was calculated to be 0.267 using quinine sulfate as the standard (ΦF = 0.546 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution) [53]. Meanwhile, after adding Al3+ to the PEGBAB solution, the noticeable fluorescence change from non-fluorescence to strong bright cyan fluorescence could be observed immediately by naked eye under a 365 nm UV lamp (Figure 1b). The addition of other metal ions could not induce obvious fluorescence color changes of the solutions under a 365 nm UV lamp. The remarkable enhancement of the fluorescence emission intensity and the significant change of the fluorescence color of PEGBAB solution in the presence of Al3+ clearly indicates that PEGBAB is an efficient turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for the exclusive detection of Al3+ in 100% aqueous solution.
In order to understand the binding behavior of PEGBAB with Al3+, the UV-Vis titration experiment of PEGBAB with a different concentration of Al3+ was conducted in pure aqueous solution. As shown in Figure 2, free PEGBAB in aqueous solution showed an absorbance band centered at 295 nm, and a new absorption band appeared at 370 nm after the addition of Al3+. Upon the addition of increasing concentrations of Al3+ ions into the PEGBAB solution, the absorption intensity at 370 nm increased gradually. Simultaneously, two isosbestic points at around 304 and 342 nm were observed, which implied the transfer of free PEGBAB to a new stable complex PEGBAB-Al3+. As shown in the inset of Figure 2, the changes in the absorption intensity at 370 nm became steady when about 1 equiv. of Al3+ was added. According to the linear Benesi-Hildebrand expression, the measured absorbance [1/(A − A0)] at 370 nm varied as a function of 1/[Al3+] in a linear relationship, and the association constant of PEGBAB with Al3+ in water was found to be 1.28 × 105 M−1 (Figure S7).
To further evaluate the binding behavior of PEGBAB with Al3+, the fluorescence titration experiments were also carried out. As shown in Figure 3, the free PEGBAB showed negligible fluorescence in pure aqueous solution, and the fluorescence intensity centered at 447 nm enhanced dramatically with the increasing concentration of Al3+. After the addition of about 1 equiv. of Al3+, the fluorescence intensity of the aqueous solution also reached a stable state and did not change obviously even with the higher concentration of Al3+. Under a 365 nm UV lamp, the gradual fluorescence change of PEGBAB solutions from non-fluorescence to bright cyan fluorescence was observed, and the bright intensity of the solution also did not change obviously upon the excess addition of Al3+ (Figure S8). Owing to the C=N isomerization and the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) of the lone pair electrons from imine to the benzene ring in the excited state [12,54,55,56], free PEGBAB showed no fluorescence emission. Upon the addition of Al3+, a stable chelation of Al3+ to PEGBAB inhibited C=N isomerization and PET process efficiently, resulting in a significant fluorescence emission. The binding stoichiometry of the complex between PEGBAB and Al3+ was confirmed to be 2:1 by Job’s plot analysis (Figure S9). Based on the above results, the proposed sensing mechanism of PEGBAB for the detection of Al3+ was shown in Scheme 2. The association constant of PEGBAB with Al3+ calculated from the Benesi-Hildebrand equation was found to be 1.18 × 105 M−1 based on the fluorescence titration (Figure S10), which was quite close to that of the UV-Vis titration experiment. Furthermore, the detection limit of PEGBAB for Al3+ was calculated to be 4.05 × 10−9 M according to 3σ/k, where σ is the standard deviation of the blank solution (fluorescence intensity at 447 nm of PEGBAB in pure water), and k is the slope of the calibration curve between fluorescence intensity and Al3+ concentration (Figure S11). The detection limit was much lower than the WHO’s recommended value of 7.41 μM in drinking water [57]. PEGBAB exhibited a lower detection limit for Al3+ than our previously reported chemosensor PEGBHB [51], which has the opposite structure compared with PEGBAB. As shown in Table 1, the detection limit of PEGBAB for Al3+ is comparable or better than other reported chemosensors. Moreover, PEGBAB has outstanding water solubility and can be used to detect Al3+ in pure water without the addition of any organic cosolvents.

3.3. Competition Experiment

To explore the applicability of PEGBAB as a selective chemosensor for Al3+, competition experiments of PEGBAB to Al3+ were conducted in the presence of other competitive metal ions (Ba2+, Ce3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, In3+, K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+). As shown in Figure 4, the fluorescence intensity of PEGBAB to Al3+ was not significantly influenced by coexisting competitive metal ions. It could be concluded that the existence of other metal ions did not influence the chelation of Al3+ with PEGBAB. Thus, PEGBAB can be employed as a highly selective fluorescent chemosensor for Al3+ over other competitive metal ions in pure aqueous solution.

3.4. Effect of pH and Temperature

Generally, the pH value of the solutions could affect the sensing behavior of most fluorescent chemosensors in practical applications, and so the pH effect on the fluorescence responses of PEGBAB with and without the addition of Al3+ was investigated in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 2 to 13. As shown in Figure 5, the aqueous solutions of free PEGBAB showed negligible changes in the fluorescence intensity at 447 nm within the pH range of 2–13. However, after adding 2 equiv. of Al3+, different fluorescence responses of PEGBAB solutions were observed at a different pH range. Because the protonation of the Schiff-based group in PEGBAB inhibited the binding of Al3+ to PEGBAB at strong acidic conditions, the fluorescence intensity of the solution was quite weak when the pH was lower than 3. With the decrease of the acidity, the fluorescence intensity increased rapidly from pH 3 to 5. When the pH value was above 9, the fluorescence intensity of the solution went down dramatically due to the formation of Al(OH)3 or Al(OH)4− at strong alkaline conditions. Therefore, PEGBAB is an efficient turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for the detection Al3+ in the pH range from 5 to 10 and can be a suitable candidate for environmental and biological applications. Furthermore, a wide test temperature range is also important for practical applications. The detection stability of PEGBAB for Al3+ was studied in the temperature range of 20–80 °C. As shown in Figure S12, the fluorescence intensities of PEGBAB solutions upon the addition of 2 equiv. of Al3+ were quite stable within the temperature range of 20–80 °C, meaning that PEGBAB exhibited high sensing stability for Al3+ in the wide temperature range.

3.5. Reversibility Study

The reversibility of fluorescence response is one of the significant features of an excellent fluorescent chemosensor for practical application. The reversible binding of Al3+ to PEGBAB was investigated by fluorescence titration of PEGBAB solution upon the alternate addition of Al3+ and EDTA. As illustrated in Figure S13, after adding 1 equiv. of EDTA to the PEGBAB-Al3+ solution, the fluorescence of the solution was quenched and the fluorescent intensity at 447 nm returned to the initial intensity of free PEGBAB solution. After the addition of 1 equiv. of Al3+ again, the fluorescence of the solution was recovered. Furthermore, upon the alternate addition of Al3+ and EDTA into PEGBAB solution, the fluorescence switching response could be repeated for several cycles (Figure 6). The decrease of the fluorescence intensity might be caused by the excess EDTA that remained in the solution, which hindered the effective complexation of Al3+ with PEGBAB. These results suggest that PEGBAB can be used as a reversible fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of Al3+ in 100% aqueous solution.

3.6. Construction of Logic Gate

Since the seminal work about the two-input molecular logic gate reported by de Silva [65], the construction of molecular logic gate based on fluorescent chemosensors has attracted significant interests [31,35,62,66,67,68]. Due to the fluorescence response of PEGBAB to Al3+ and EDTA, an INHIBIT type molecular logic gate could be constructed with Al3+ (In 1) and EDTA (In 2) as two chemical inputs and the fluorescence intensity at 447 nm as output. The presence of Al3+ and EDTA was defined as “1”, and the absence of these inputs was defined as “0” (Table 2). For the output, turn-on and turn-off of the fluorescence were defined as “0” and “1”, respectively. As shown in Figure 7a, only when the individual input of Al3+ was present, output “1” was obtained because the PEGBAB solution showed a prominent turn-on fluorescence response at 447 nm. In other input combinations, the output signal was “0”, implying turn-off of the fluorescence. The corresponding circuit diagram for the INHIBIT logic gate is shown in Figure 7b.

3.7. Application as Test Strips

Test strip method has been proved to be an efficient strategy to evaluate the practical application of fluorescent chemosensors [69,70,71]. The test strips coated with PEGBAB were prepared by immersing the filter papers into the methanol solution of PEGBAB and then drying in air. After being dipped in a 10−4 M aqueous solution of Al3+, the test strip exhibited strong bright cyan fluorescence under a 365 nm UV lamp, and the bright intensity of the test strips increased with the increasing concentrations of Al3+ (Figure S14). The test strips were utilized to recognize Al3+ over various metal ions and in different water environments. As shown in Figure 8a, when test strips were dipped into aqueous solutions of various metal ions, only the test strip with Al3+ showed a significant visible color change from non-fluorescence to strong bright cyan fluorescence under a 365 nm UV lamp. The competition experiments of test strips to Al3+ were also carried out in the presence of other competitive metal ions, and the bright fluorescence of the test strip to Al3+ was unaffected by other coexisting metal ions (Figure S15). Though PEGBAB in tap water and river water exhibited fluorescence emission compared with PEGBAB in deionized water, the fluorescence intensities were both very weak (Figure S16), which had no influence on the practical application of test strips. Upon dipping the test strips into different Al3+ solutions in deionized water, tap water and river water, all of these test strips exhibited distinct bright cyan fluorescence under a 365 nm UV lamp (Figure 8b). Furthermore, the temperature effect on the application of test strips was also investigated within the temperature range of 20–80 °C. As shown in Figure S17, the test strips all showed distinct bright cyan fluorescence from 20 °C to 80 °C under a 365 nm UV lamp. After being stored in air for 7 days, the test strip could still exhibit bright cyan fluorescence after being dipped into Al3+ solution (Figure S18), meaning that the prepared test strips were quite stable. Therefore, test strips coated with PEGBAB can be employed to on-site detect Al3+ in a real water environment.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, we have successfully developed a novel water-soluble polymer-based fluorescent chemosensor PEGBAB by incorporating salicylidene Schiff base derivative into the hydrophilic polymer PEG. PEGBAB exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity to Al3+ over other competitive metal ions in pure aqueous solutions. PEGBAB was stable over the investigated pH range of 2–13 and showed good fluorescence sensing ability to Al3+ in the pH range from 5 to 10. The detection limit of PEGBAB for Al3+ was as low as 4.05 × 10−9 M. The fluorescence quenching of PEGBAB-Al3+ complex by EDTA indicated that PEGBAB could serve as a reversible fluorescent chemosensor. The INHIBIT logic gate has been constructed on the basis of the fluorescence response of PEGBAB to Al3+ and EDTA. More importantly, test strips coated with PEGBAB were fabricated facilely, which could serve as efficient and convenient test kits for on-site detection of Al3+ in a real water environment. This work provides an efficient strategy for the development of Schiff base-based polymer chemosensors for highly selective and sensitive detection of metal ions in pure aqueous solution.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/4/573/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of BAB in DMSO-d6; Figure S2: 13C NMR spectrum of BAB in DMSO-d6; Figure S3: ESI-MS spectrum of BAB; Figure S4: 1H NMR spectrum of PEGBAB in CDCl3; Figure S5: 13C NMR spectrum of PEGBAB in CDCl3; Figure S6: UV-Vis absorption spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) with 2 equiv. of various metal ions in pure aqueous solutions; Figure S7: Benesi-Hildebrand plot of PEGBAB (10 μM) with Al3+ from UV-Vis titration profile for determination of association constant; Figure S8: The photograph of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solution with different concentrations of Al3+ (from left to right: 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 equiv.) under a 365 nm UV lamp; Figure S9: Job’s plot of PEGBAB and Al3+ in aqueous solution. The total concentration of PEGBAB and Al3+ is 10 μM; Figure S10: Benesi-Hildebrand plot of PEGBAB (10 μM) with Al3+ from fluorescence titration profile for determination of association constant; Figure S11: The linear of fluorescence intensity and concentration of Al3+ for the determination of limit of detection; Figure S12: Effect of temperature on the fluorescence intensity at 447 nm of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solutions upon addition of 2 equiv. of Al3+; Figure S13: Fluorescence spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solution upon alternate addition of Al3+ (1 equiv.) and EDTA (1 equiv.); Figure S14: Photographs of test strips after being dipped into Al3+ solutions with different concentrations under a 365 nm UV lamp (from left to right: 10−6 M, 10−5 M, 10−4 M, 10−3 M, 10−2 M); Figure S15: Photographs of test strips after being dipped into aqueous solutions of Al3+ (100 μM) mixed with different metal ions (100 μM) under a 365 nm UV lamp (from left to right, up: Al3+, Ba2+, Ce3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ and Fe3+; down: Hg2+, In3+, K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+); Figure S16: Fluorescence spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) in different aqueous solution; Figure S17: Photographs of test strips after being dipped into Al3+ solutions (100 μM) at different temperature under a 365 nm UV lamp (from left to right: 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C); Figure S18: Photographs of test strips after being dipped into Al3+ solutions (100 μM) under a 365 nm UV lamp: (a) stored in air for 1 day; (b) stored in air for 7 days.

Author Contributions

L.B. and G.L. conceived and designed the experiments; Y.X., S.T., L.L. and A.D. performed the experiments; G.L., S.W. and L.W. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; L.B. and F.T. analyzed the data and completed the paper.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51503094, 51603098); the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2015BQ002); and the Shandong Province Higher Education Science and Technology Program (No. J16LA01).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Polymers 11 00573 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthetic route of chemosensor PEGBAB.
Scheme 1. Synthetic route of chemosensor PEGBAB.
Polymers 11 00573 sch001
Polymers 11 00573 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Fluorescence spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) in the presence of various metal ions (2 equiv.) in aqueous solution. (b) The photograph of PEGBAB with various metal ions (2 equiv.) in aqueous solution under a 365 nm UV lamp.
Figure 1. (a) Fluorescence spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) in the presence of various metal ions (2 equiv.) in aqueous solution. (b) The photograph of PEGBAB with various metal ions (2 equiv.) in aqueous solution under a 365 nm UV lamp.
Polymers 11 00573 g001
Polymers 11 00573 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) with the increasing concentration of Al3+ (0–50 μM) in aqueous solution. (b) Plot of absorption intensity at 370 nm against the concentration of Al3+.
Figure 2. (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) with the increasing concentration of Al3+ (0–50 μM) in aqueous solution. (b) Plot of absorption intensity at 370 nm against the concentration of Al3+.
Polymers 11 00573 g002
Polymers 11 00573 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) Fluorescence spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) with the increasing concentration of Al3+ (0–50 μM) in aqueous solution. (b) Plot of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm against the concentration of Al3+.
Figure 3. (a) Fluorescence spectra of PEGBAB (10 μM) with the increasing concentration of Al3+ (0–50 μM) in aqueous solution. (b) Plot of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm against the concentration of Al3+.
Polymers 11 00573 g003
Polymers 11 00573 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The proposed sensing mechanism of PEGBAB for the detection of Al3+.
Scheme 2. The proposed sensing mechanism of PEGBAB for the detection of Al3+.
Polymers 11 00573 sch002
Polymers 11 00573 g004 550
Figure 4. Bar graph of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm of PEGBAB (10 μM) with and without Al3+ (2 equiv.) in the presence of other competitive metal ions (2 equiv.) in aqueous solutions.
Figure 4. Bar graph of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm of PEGBAB (10 μM) with and without Al3+ (2 equiv.) in the presence of other competitive metal ions (2 equiv.) in aqueous solutions.
Polymers 11 00573 g004
Polymers 11 00573 g005 550
Figure 5. Effect of pH on the fluorescence intensity at 447 nm of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solutions in the absence and presence of Al3+ (2 equiv.).
Figure 5. Effect of pH on the fluorescence intensity at 447 nm of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solutions in the absence and presence of Al3+ (2 equiv.).
Polymers 11 00573 g005
Polymers 11 00573 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) Reversible switching cycles of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm by alternate addition of Al3+ (1 equiv.) and EDTA (1 equiv.) in aqueous solution of PEGBAB (10 μM). (b) Reversible fluorescence changes of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solution by alternate addition of Al3+ (1 equiv.) and EDTA (1 equiv.).
Figure 6. (a) Reversible switching cycles of fluorescence intensity at 447 nm by alternate addition of Al3+ (1 equiv.) and EDTA (1 equiv.) in aqueous solution of PEGBAB (10 μM). (b) Reversible fluorescence changes of PEGBAB (10 μM) in aqueous solution by alternate addition of Al3+ (1 equiv.) and EDTA (1 equiv.).
Polymers 11 00573 g006
Polymers 11 00573 g007 550
Figure 7. (a) The fluorescence intensity of PEGBAB at 447 nm in the presence of four different inputs. (b) The circuit diagram for the INHIBIT logic gate.
Figure 7. (a) The fluorescence intensity of PEGBAB at 447 nm in the presence of four different inputs. (b) The circuit diagram for the INHIBIT logic gate.
Polymers 11 00573 g007
Polymers 11 00573 g008 550
Figure 8. Photographs of test strips under a 365 nm UV lamp: (a) after being dipped into aqueous solutions of different metal ions (100 μM) (from left to right, up: Ba2+, Ce3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Cu2+ and Fe3+; down: Hg2+, In3+, K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+); (b) after being dipped into different solutions of Al3+ (100 μM) (from left to right: deionized water, tap water and river water).
Figure 8. Photographs of test strips under a 365 nm UV lamp: (a) after being dipped into aqueous solutions of different metal ions (100 μM) (from left to right, up: Ba2+, Ce3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Cu2+ and Fe3+; down: Hg2+, In3+, K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+); (b) after being dipped into different solutions of Al3+ (100 μM) (from left to right: deionized water, tap water and river water).
Polymers 11 00573 g008
Table
Table 1. Comparison of PEGBAB with some reported chemosensors for the detection of Al3+.
Table 1. Comparison of PEGBAB with some reported chemosensors for the detection of Al3+.
ChemosensorAssociation Constant (M−1)Detection Limit (M)Testing MediaRefs.
Polymers 11 00573 i0018.5 × 1051.05 × 10−8DMSO/H2O (1:5, v/v)[35]
Polymers 11 00573 i0021.30 × 1059.67 × 10−9100% H2O[51]
Polymers 11 00573 i0033.21 × 1066.7 × 10−6DMF/water (9:1, v/v)[54]
Polymers 11 00573 i0047.62 × 1063.7 × 10−7EtOH/H2O (1:1, v/v)[58]
Polymers 11 00573 i0055.49 × 1041.78 × 10−7MeOH/H2O (1:1, v/v)[59]
Polymers 11 00573 i0064.8 × 1058.87 × 10−7CH3CN/H2O (1:1, v/v)[60]
Polymers 11 00573 i0079.87 × 1043.0 × 10−8EtOH/H2O (1:99, v/v)[61]
Polymers 11 00573 i0081.9 × 1042.78 × 10−6EtOH[62]
Polymers 11 00573 i009(1.06 ± 0.2) × 1041.34 × 10−6MeOH/H2O (9:1, v/v)[63]
Polymers 11 00573 i0102.1 × 1044.32 × 10−6MeOH/H2O (9:1, v/v)[64]
Polymers 11 00573 i0111.28 × 105 (UV-Vis)
1.18 × 105 (fluorescence)		4.05 × 10−9100% H2O This work
Table
Table 2. Truth table for the INHIBIT logic gate.
Table 2. Truth table for the INHIBIT logic gate.
Input 1 (Al3+)Input 2 (EDTA)Output (λem = 447 nm)
000
101
010
110

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Bai, L.; Xu, Y.; Li, G.; Tian, S.; Li, L.; Tao, F.; Deng, A.; Wang, S.; Wang, L. A Highly Selective Turn-on and Reversible Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3+ Detection Based on Novel Salicylidene Schiff Base-Terminated PEG in Pure Aqueous Solution. Polymers 2019, 11, 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040573

AMA Style

Bai L, Xu Y, Li G, Tian S, Li L, Tao F, Deng A, Wang S, Wang L. A Highly Selective Turn-on and Reversible Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3+ Detection Based on Novel Salicylidene Schiff Base-Terminated PEG in Pure Aqueous Solution. Polymers. 2019; 11(4):573. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040573

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bai, Liping, Yuhang Xu, Guang Li, Shuhui Tian, Leixuan Li, Farong Tao, Aixia Deng, Shuangshuang Wang, and Liping Wang. 2019. "A Highly Selective Turn-on and Reversible Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3+ Detection Based on Novel Salicylidene Schiff Base-Terminated PEG in Pure Aqueous Solution" Polymers 11, no. 4: 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040573

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