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Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles

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A special issue of Aerospace (ISSN 2226-4310). This special issue belongs to the section "Aeronautics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2018) | Viewed by 124298

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Dr. Mehdi Ghoreyshi

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Guest Editor

Senior Aerospace Engineer at US Air Force Academy, High Performance Computing Research Center, HQ USAFA/DFAN, 2354 Fairchild Dr, 6H148, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, CO 80840, USA
Interests: computational aerodynamics; unsteady aerodynamics; compressible flow; aircraft design; flight dynamics; gas turbine and rocket propulsion; system identification
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Prof. Dr. Karl Jenkins

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Guest Editor

School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
Interests: turbulent reacting flows; direct-numerical simulations; large-eddy simulations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions is considered as the state-of-the-art in the modeling of unsteady nonlinear flow physics and offers an early and improved understanding of air vehicle aerodynamics and stability and control characteristics. This Special Issue of Aerospace covers recent computational efforts on simulation of aerospace vehicles including fighter aircraft, rotorcraft, propeller driven vehicles, unmanned vehicle, projectiles, and air drop configurations. The complex flow physics of these configurations pose significant challenges in CFD modeling. Some of these challenges include prediction of vortical flows and shock waves, rapid maneuvering aircraft with fast moving control surfaces, and interactions between propellers and wing, fluid and structure, boundary layer and shock waves.

Additional topic of interest in this Special Issue is the use of CFD tools in aircraft design and flight mechanics. The problem with these applications is the computational cost involved, particularly if this is viewed as a brute-force calculation of vehicle’s aerodynamics through its flight envelope. To make progress in routinely using of CFD in aircraft design, methods based on sampling, model updating and system identification should be considered. The editor of this Special Issue invites authors to submit papers on addressing the challenges in CFD modeling of various aerospace vehicles and developing methods that will accelerate the generation of aerodynamic models using CFD.

Dr. Mehdi Ghoreyshi
Dr. Karl Jenkins
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Aerospace is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Computational Fluid Dynamics
Unsteady aerodynamics
Propeller/wing interaction
Fluid structure interaction
Reduced order aerodynamic modeling
System identification
Air drop configurations
Aerodynamic modeling of maneuvering aircraft
Aerodynamics of missile configurations
Aerodynamics modeling of control surfaces (overset grid, transpiration boundary condition, grid deformation methods, etc.)
Gust modeling

Related Special Issue

Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles (Volume II) in Aerospace (1 article)

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 129 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles”

by Mehdi Ghoreyshi

Aerospace 2019, 6(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6010005 - 08 Jan 2019

Viewed by 4290

Abstract

Aerospace, an open access journal operated by MDPI, has published a Special Issue on the Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles)

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20 pages, 17070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Study of Propeller–Wing Aerodynamic Interaction

by Pooneh Aref, Mehdi Ghoreyshi, Adam Jirasek, Matthew J. Satchell and Keith Bergeron

Aerospace 2018, 5(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5030079 - 25 Jul 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 22211

Abstract

Kestrel simulation tools are used to investigate the mutual interference between the propeller and wing of C130J aircraft. Only the wing, nacelles, and propeller geometries are considered. The propulsion system modelled is a Dowty six-bladed R391 propeller mounted at inboard or outboard wing sections in single and dual propeller configurations. The results show that installed propeller configurations have asymmetric blade loadings such that downward-moving blades produce more thrust force than those moving upward. In addition, the influence of installed propeller flow-fields on the wing aerodynamic (pressure coefficient and local lift distribution) are investigated. The installed propeller configuration data are compared with the non-installed case, and the results show that propeller effects will improve the wing’s lift distribution. The increase in lift behind the propeller is different at the left and right sides of the propeller. In addition, the propeller helps to delay the wing flow separation behind it for tested conditions of this work. Finally, the results show the capability of Kestrel simulation tools for modeling and design of propellers and investigates their effects over aircraft during conceptual design in which no experimental or flight test data are available yet. This will lead to reducing the number of tests required later. Full article

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23 pages, 4397 KiB

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A Hybrid Reduced-Order Model for the Aeroelastic Analysis of Flexible Subsonic Wings—A Parametric Assessment

by Marco Berci and Rauno Cavallaro

Aerospace 2018, 5(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5030076 - 17 Jul 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6697

Abstract

A hybrid reduced-order model for the aeroelastic analysis of flexible subsonic wings with arbitrary planform is presented within a generalised quasi-analytical formulation, where a slender beam is considered as the linear structural dynamics model. A modified strip theory is proposed for modelling the unsteady aerodynamics of the wing in incompressible flow, where thin aerofoil theory is corrected by a higher-fidelity model in order to account for three-dimensional effects on both distribution and deficiency of the sectional air load. Given a unit angle of attack, approximate expressions for the lift decay and build-up are then adopted within a linear framework, where the two effects are separately calculated and later combined. Finally, a modal approach is employed to write the generalised equations of motion in state-space form. Numerical results were obtained and critically discussed for the aeroelastic stability analysis of a uniform rectangular wing, with respect to the relevant aerodynamic and structural parameters. The proposed hybrid model provides sound theoretical insights and is well suited as an efficient parametric reduced-order aeroelastic tool for the preliminary multidisciplinary design and optimisation of flexible wings in the subsonic regime. Full article

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18 pages, 2052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Fidelity Approach for Aerodynamic Performance Computations of Formation Flight

by Diwakar Singh, Antonios F. Antoniadis, Panagiotis Tsoutsanis, Hyo-Sang Shin, Antonios Tsourdos, Samuel Mathekga and Karl W. Jenkins

Aerospace 2018, 5(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5020066 - 15 Jun 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7002

Abstract

This paper introduces a multi-fidelity computational framework for the analysis of aerodynamic performance of flight formation. The Vortex Lattice and Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes methods form the basis of the framework, as low- and high-fidelity, respectively. Initially, the computational framework is validated for an isolated wing, and then two rectangular NACA23012 wings are considered for assessing the aerodynamic performance of this formation; the optimal relative position is through the multi-fidelity framework based on the total drag reduction. The performance estimates are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the same configuration. Total aerodynamic performance of formation flight is also assessed with respect to attitude variations of the lifting bodies involved. The framework is also employed to determine the optimal position of blended-wing-body unmanned aerial vehicles in tandem formation flight. Full article

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20 pages, 2290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Modeling of Rigid Aircraft Aerodynamic Responses to Arbitrary Gust Distributions

by Mehdi Ghoreyshi, Ivan Greisz, Adam Jirasek and Matthew Satchell

Aerospace 2018, 5(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5020043 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6431

Abstract

The stresses resulting from wind gusts can exceed the limit value and may cause large-scale structural deformation or even failure. All certified airplanes should therefore withstand the increased loads from gusts of considerable intensity. A large factor of safety will make the structure heavy and less economical. Thus, the need for accurate prediction of aerodynamic gust responses is motivated by both safety and economic concerns. This article presents the efforts to simulate and model air vehicle aerodynamic responses to various gust profiles. The computational methods developed and the research outcome will play an important role in the airplane’s structural design and certification. Cobalt is used as the flow solver to simulate aerodynamic responses to wind gusts. The code has a user-defined boundary condition capability that was tested for the first time in the present study to model any gust profile (intensity, direction, and duration) on any arbitrary configuration. Gust profiles considered include sharp edge, one minus cosine, a ramp, and a 1-cosine using tabulated data consisting of gust intensity values at discrete time instants. Test cases considered are a flat plate, a two-dimensional NACA0012 airfoil, and the high Reynolds number aero-structural dynamics (HIRENASD) configuration, which resembles a typical large passenger transport aircraft. Test cases are assumed to be rigid, and only longitudinal gust profiles are considered, though the developed codes can model any gust angle. Time-accurate simulation results show the aerodynamic responses to different gust profiles including transient solutions. Simulation results show that sharp edge responses of the flat plate agree well with the Küssner approximate function, but trends of other test cases do not match because of the thin airfoil assumptions made to derive the analytical function. Reduced order aerodynamic models are then created from the convolution integral of gust amplitude and the time-accurate responses to sharp-edge gusts. Convolution models are next used to predict aerodynamic responses to arbitrary gust profiles without the need of running time-accurate simulations for every gust shape. The results show very good agreement between developed models and simulation data. Full article

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18 pages, 3929 KiB

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AEROM: NASA’s Unsteady Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Reduced-Order Modeling Software

by Walter A. Silva

Aerospace 2018, 5(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5020041 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8347

Abstract

The origins, development, implementation, and application of AEROM, NASA’s patented reduced-order modeling (ROM) software, are presented. Using the NASA FUN3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code, full and ROM aeroelastic solutions are computed at several Mach numbers and presented in the form of root locus plots. The use of root locus plots will help reveal the aeroelastic root migrations with increasing dynamic pressure. The method and software have been applied successfully to several configurations including the Lockheed-Martin N+2 supersonic configuration and the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH, Sweden) generic wind-tunnel model, among others. The software has been released to various organizations with applications that include CFD-based aeroelastic analyses and the rapid modeling of high-fidelity dynamic stability derivatives. We present recent results obtained from the application of the method to the AGARD 445.6 wing that reveal several interesting insights. Full article

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23 pages, 8072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Validation and Flow Control of RAE-M2129 S-Duct Diffuser Using CREATE^TM-AV Kestrel Simulation Tools

by Pooneh Aref, Mehdi Ghoreyshi, Adam Jirasek and Matthew J. Satchell

Aerospace 2018, 5(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5010031 - 16 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9753

Abstract

The flow physics modeling and validation of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) subsonic intake Model 2129 (M2129) are presented. This intake has an 18 inches long S duct with a 5.4 inches offset, an external and an internal lip, forward and rear extended ducts, and a center-positioned bullet before the outlet. Steady-state and unsteady experimental data are available for this duct. The measurements include engine face conditions (pressure recovery, static pressure to free-stream total pressure ratio, and distortion coefficient at the worst 60

^{\circ}

sector or DC60), as well as wall static pressure data along the duct. The intake has been modeled with HPCMP CREATE

^{TM}

-AV Kestrel simulation tools. The validation results are presented including the effects of turbulence models on predictions. In general, very good agreement (difference errors are less than 6%) was found between predictions and measurements. Secondary flow at the first bend and a region of flow separation are predicted at the starboard wall with an averaged DC60 coefficient of 0.2945 at the engine face. Next, a passive and an active flow control method are computationally investigated. The passive one uses vane-type vortex generators and the active one has synthetic jet actuators. The results show that considered passive and active flow control methods reduce the distortion coefficient at the engine face and the worst 60

^{\circ}

sector to 0.1361 and 0.0881, respectively. The flow control performance trends agree with those obtained in experiments as well. These results give confidence to apply the Kestrel simulation tools for the intake design studies of new and unconventional vehicles and hence to reduce the uncertainties during their flight testing. Full article

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35 pages, 10415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer and Chemistry in the Wake behind a Hypersonic Slender Body at Angle of Attack

by Matthew J. Satchell, Jeffrey M. Layng and Robert B. Greendyke

Aerospace 2018, 5(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5010030 - 11 Mar 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8147

Abstract

The effect of thermal and chemical boundary conditions on the structure and chemical composition of the wake behind a 3D Mach 7 sphere-cone at an angle of attack of 5 degrees and an altitude of roughly 30,000 m is explored. A special emphasis is placed on determining the number density of chemical species which might lead to detection via the electromagnetic spectrum. The use of non-ablating cold-wall, adiabatic, and radiative equilibrium wall boundary conditions are used to simulate extremes in potential thermal protection system designs. Non-ablating, as well as an ablating boundary condition using the “steady-state ablation” assumption to compute a surface energy balance on the wall are used in order to determine the impacts of ablation on wake composition. On-body thermal boundary conditions downstream of an ablating nose are found to significantly affect wake temperature and composition, while the role of catalysis is found to change the composition only marginally except at very high temperatures on the cone’s surface for the flow regime considered. Ablation is found to drive the extensive production of detectable species otherwise unrelated to ablation, whereas if ablation is not present at all, air-species which would otherwise produce detectable spectra are minimal. Studies of afterbody cooling techniques, as well as shape, are recommended for further analysis. Full article

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27 pages, 9437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study and Neural Network Modeling of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Canard Aircraft at High Angles of Attack

by Dmitry Ignatyev and Alexander Khrabrov

Aerospace 2018, 5(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5010026 - 02 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7652

Abstract

Flow over an aircraft at high angles of attack is characterized by a combination of separated and vortical flows that interact with each other and with the airframe. As a result, there is a set of phenomena negatively affecting the aircraft’s performance, stability and control, namely, degradation of lifting force, nonlinear variation of pitching moment, positive damping, etc. Wind tunnel study of aerodynamic characteristics of a prospective transonic aircraft, which is in a canard configuration, is discussed in the paper. A three-stage experimental campaign was undertaken. In the first stage, a steady aerodynamic experiment was conducted. The influence of a reduced oscillation frequency and angle of attack on unsteady aerodynamic characteristics was studied in the second stage. In the third stage, forced large-amplitude oscillation tests were carried out for the detailed investigation of the unsteady aerodynamics in the extended flight envelope. The experimental results demonstrate the strongly nonlinear behavior of the aerodynamic characteristics because of canard vortex effects on the wing. The obtained data are used to design and test mathematical models of unsteady aerodynamics via different popular approaches, namely the Neural Network (NN) technique and the phenomenological state space modeling technique. Different NN architectures, namely feed-forward and recurrent, are considered and compared. Thorough analysis of the performance of the models revealed that the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a universal approximation tool for modeling of dynamic processes with high generalization abilities. Full article

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20 pages, 1110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Non-Linear Flow Phenomena through Different Characteristics-Based Schemes

by Tom-Robin Teschner, László Könözsy and Karl W. Jenkins

Aerospace 2018, 5(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5010022 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5262

Abstract

The present work investigates the bifurcation properties of the Navier–Stokes equations using characteristics-based schemes and Riemann solvers to test their suitability to predict non-linear flow phenomena encountered in aerospace applications. We make use of a single- and multi-directional characteristics-based scheme and Rusanov’s Riemann solver to treat the convective term through a Godunov-type method. We use the Artificial Compressibility (AC) method and a unified Fractional-Step, Artificial Compressibility with Pressure-Projection (FSAC-PP) method for all considered schemes in a channel with a sudden expansion which provides highly non-linear flow features at low Reynolds numbers that produces a non-symmetrical flow field. Using the AC method, our results show that the multi-directional characteristics-based scheme is capable of predicting these phenomena while the single-directional counterpart does not predict the correct flow field. Both schemes and also Riemann solver approaches produce accurate results when the FSAC-PP method is used, showing that the incompressible method plays a dominant role in determining the behaviour of the flow. This also means that it is not just the numerical interpolation scheme which is responsible for the overall accuracy. Furthermore, we show that the FSAC-PP method provides faster convergence and higher level of accuracy, making it a prime candidate for aerospace applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles)

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20 pages, 1317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Investigation on the Fully-Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations for Microscale Shock-Channels

by Alberto Zingaro and László Könözsy

Aerospace 2018, 5(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5010016 - 03 Feb 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6507

Abstract

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary area founding applications in several fields such as the aerospace industry. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are mainly adopted for flow control, micropower generation and for life support and environmental control for space applications. Microflows are modeled relying on both a continuum and molecular approach. In this paper, the compressible Navier–Stokes (CNS) equations have been adopted to solve a two-dimensional unsteady flow for a viscous micro shock-channel problem. In microflows context, as for the most gas dynamics applications, the CNS equations are usually discretized in space using finite volume method (FVM). In the present paper, the PDEs are discretized with the nodal discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DG–FEM) in order to understand how the method performs at microscale level for compressible flows. Validation is performed through a benchmark test problem for microscale applications. The error norms, order of accuracy and computational cost are investigated in a grid refinement study, showing a good agreement and increasing accuracy with reference data as the mesh is refined. The effects of different explicit Runge–Kutta schemes and of different time step sizes have also been studied. We found that the choice of the temporal scheme does not really affect the accuracy of the numerical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles)

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5899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Numerical Dissipation in Classical and Implicit Large Eddy Simulations

by Moutassem El Rafei, László Könözsy and Zeeshan Rana

Aerospace 2017, 4(4), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace4040059 - 11 Dec 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 11227

Abstract

The quantitative measure of dissipative properties of different numerical schemes is crucial to computational methods in the field of aerospace applications. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to examine the resolving power of Monotonic Upwind Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) scheme with three different slope limiters: one second-order and two third-order used within the framework of Implicit Large Eddy Simulations (ILES). The performance of the dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model used in the classical Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach is examined. The assessment of these schemes is of significant importance to understand the numerical dissipation that could affect the accuracy of the numerical solution. A modified equation analysis has been employed to the convective term of the fully-compressible Navier–Stokes equations to formulate an analytical expression of truncation error for the second-order upwind scheme. The contribution of second-order partial derivatives in the expression of truncation error showed that the effect of this numerical error could not be neglected compared to the total kinetic energy dissipation rate. Transitions from laminar to turbulent flow are visualized considering the inviscid Taylor–Green Vortex (TGV) test-case. The evolution in time of volumetrically-averaged kinetic energy and kinetic energy dissipation rate have been monitored for all numerical schemes and all grid levels. The dissipation mechanism has been compared to Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data found in the literature at different Reynolds numbers. We found that the resolving power and the symmetry breaking property are enhanced with finer grid resolutions. The production of vorticity has been observed in terms of enstrophy and effective viscosity. The instantaneous kinetic energy spectrum has been computed using a three-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). All combinations of numerical methods produce a

k^{- 4}

spectrum at

t^{*} = 4

, and near the dissipation peak, all methods were capable of predicting the

k^{- 5 / 3}

slope accurately when refining the mesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Aerodynamic Modeling of Aerospace Vehicles)

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6807 KiB

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Assessing the Ability of the DDES Turbulence Modeling Approach to Simulate the Wake of a Bluff Body

by Matthieu Boudreau, Guy Dumas and Jean-Christophe Veilleux

Aerospace 2017, 4(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace4030041 - 01 Aug 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8680

Abstract

A detailed numerical investigation of the flow behind a square cylinder at a Reynolds number of 21,400 is conducted to assess the ability of the delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES) modeling approach to accurately predict the velocity recovery in the wake of a bluff body. Three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) and DDES simulations making use of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model are carried out using the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox OpenFOAM-2.1.x, and are compared with available experimental velocity measurements. It is found that the DDES simulation tends to overestimate the averaged streamwise velocity component, especially in the near wake, but a better agreement with the experimental data is observed further downstream of the body. The velocity fluctuations also match reasonably well with the experimental data. Moreover, it is found that the spanwise domain length has a significant impact on the flow, especially regarding the fluctuations of the drag coefficient. Nonetheless, for both the averaged and fluctuating velocity components, the DDES approach is shown to be superior to the URANS approach. Therefore, for engineering purposes, it is found that the DDES approach is a suitable choice to simulate and characterize the velocity recovery in a wake. Full article

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22 pages, 4269 KiB

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Aircraft Geometry and Meshing with Common Language Schema CPACS for Variable-Fidelity MDO Applications

by Mengmeng Zhang, Aidan Jungo, Alessandro Augusto Gastaldi and Tomas Melin

Aerospace 2018, 5(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5020047 - 24 Apr 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9985

Abstract

This paper discusses multi-fidelity aircraft geometry modeling and meshing with the common language schema CPACS. The CPACS interfaces are described, and examples of variable fidelity aerodynamic analysis results applied to the reference aircraft are presented. Finally, we discuss three control surface deflection models [...] Read more.

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