Applied Sciences

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16 pages, 919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Harmony Search Algorithm Applied to the Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent Relays in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation

by Sergio D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Jesús M. López-Lezama and Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9207; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199207 - 3 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

In recent years, distributed generation (DG) has become more common in modern distribution networks (DNs). The presence of these small-scale generation units within a DN brings new challenges to protection engineers, since short-circuit currents tend to increase; additionally, as with microgrids, modern DNs [...] Read more.

In recent years, distributed generation (DG) has become more common in modern distribution networks (DNs). The presence of these small-scale generation units within a DN brings new challenges to protection engineers, since short-circuit currents tend to increase; additionally, as with microgrids, modern DNs may feature several operational modes depending on their topology and the availability of DG. This paper presents a methodology for the optimal coordination of overcurrent relays (OCRs) in modern DNs with a high presence of DG. Given the fact that protection coordination is a non-linear and non-convex optimization problem, a hybrid harmony search and simulated annealing (HS-SA) approach was implemented for its solution and compared against other techniques, such as conventional HS, genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and hybrid PSO-HS. Several tests were performed on a DN, considering different operative scenarios as a function of the DG available within the network. A comparison with other works reported in the specialized literature was carried out, evidencing the applicability and effectiveness of the HS-SA technique in solving the optimal OCR coordination problem in modern DNs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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24 pages, 4022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Multi-Objective Harmony Search Algorithm with Pitch Adjustment by Genotype

by Daniel Molina-Pérez, Edgar Alfredo Portilla-Flores, Eduardo Vega-Alvarado, Maria Bárbara Calva-Yañez and Gabriel Sepúlveda-Cervantes

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8931; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198931 - 25 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1874

Abstract

In this work, a new version of the Harmony Search algorithm for solving multi-objective optimization problems is proposed, MOHSg, with pitch adjustment using genotype. The main contribution consists of adjusting the pitch using the crowding distance by genotype; that is, the distancing in [...] Read more.

In this work, a new version of the Harmony Search algorithm for solving multi-objective optimization problems is proposed, MOHSg, with pitch adjustment using genotype. The main contribution consists of adjusting the pitch using the crowding distance by genotype; that is, the distancing in the search space. This adjustment automatically regulates the exploration–exploitation balance of the algorithm, based on the distribution of the harmonies in the search space during the formation of Pareto fronts. Therefore, MOHSg only requires the presetting of the harmony memory accepting rate and pitch adjustment rate for its operation, avoiding the use of a static bandwidth or dynamic parameters. MOHSg was tested through the execution of diverse test functions, and it was able to produce results similar or better than those generated by algorithms that constitute search variants of harmonies, representative of the state-of-the-art in multi-objective optimization with HS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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34 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Large-Scale Truss-Sizing Optimization with Enhanced Hybrid HS Algorithm

by Sadik Ozgur Degertekin, Mohammad Minooei, Lorenzo Santoro, Bartolomeo Trentadue and Luciano Lamberti

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3270; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073270 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2448

Abstract

Metaheuristic algorithms currently represent the standard approach to engineering optimization. A very challenging field is large-scale structural optimization, entailing hundreds of design variables and thousands of nonlinear constraints on element stresses and nodal displacements. However, very few studies documented the use of metaheuristic [...] Read more.

Metaheuristic algorithms currently represent the standard approach to engineering optimization. A very challenging field is large-scale structural optimization, entailing hundreds of design variables and thousands of nonlinear constraints on element stresses and nodal displacements. However, very few studies documented the use of metaheuristic algorithms in large-scale structural optimization. In order to fill this gap, an enhanced hybrid harmony search (HS) algorithm for weight minimization of large-scale truss structures is presented in this study. The new algorithm, Large-Scale Structural Optimization–Hybrid Harmony Search JAYA (LSSO-HHSJA), developed here, combines a well-established method like HS with a very recent method like JAYA, which has the simplest and inherently most powerful search engine amongst metaheuristic optimizers. All stages of LSSO-HHSJA are aimed at reducing the number of structural analyses required in large-scale structural optimization. The basic idea is to move along descent directions to generate new trial designs, directly through the use of gradient information in the HS phase, indirectly by correcting trial designs with JA-based operators that push search towards the best design currently stored in the population or the best design included in a local neighborhood of the currently analyzed trial design. The proposed algorithm is tested in three large-scale weight minimization problems of truss structures. Optimization results obtained for the three benchmark examples, with up to 280 sizing variables and 37,374 nonlinear constraints, prove the efficiency of the proposed LSSO-HHSJA algorithm, which is very competitive with other HS and JAYA variants as well as with commercial gradient-based optimizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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25 pages, 4646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HASPO: Harmony Search-Based Parameter Optimization for Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction in Maritime Software

by Jonggu Kang, Sunjae Kwon, Duksan Ryu and Jongmoon Baik

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052002 - 24 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2283

Abstract

Software is playing the most important role in recent vehicle innovations, and consequently the amount of software has rapidly grown in recent decades. The safety-critical nature of ships, one sort of vehicle, makes software quality assurance (SQA) a fundamental prerequisite. Just-in-time software defect [...] Read more.

Software is playing the most important role in recent vehicle innovations, and consequently the amount of software has rapidly grown in recent decades. The safety-critical nature of ships, one sort of vehicle, makes software quality assurance (SQA) a fundamental prerequisite. Just-in-time software defect prediction (JIT-SDP) aims to conduct software defect prediction (SDP) on commit-level code changes to achieve effective SQA resource allocation. The first case study of SDP in the maritime domain reported feasible prediction performance. However, we still consider that the prediction model has room for improvement since the parameters of the model are not optimized yet. Harmony search (HS) is a widely used music-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm. In this article, we demonstrated that JIT-SDP can produce better performance of prediction by applying HS-based parameter optimization with balanced fitness value. Using two real-world datasets from the maritime software project, we obtained an optimized model that meets the performance criterion beyond the baseline of a previous case study throughout various defect to non-defect class imbalance ratio of datasets. Experiments with open source software also showed better recall for all datasets despite the fact that we considered balance as a performance index. HS-based parameter optimized JIT-SDP can be applied to the maritime domain software with a high class imbalance ratio. Finally, we expect that our research can be extended to improve the performance of JIT-SDP not only in maritime domain software but also in open source software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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11 pages, 1564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Wrist Rehabilitation System with a Novel Mixed Structural Optimization Applying Improved Harmony Search

by Eduardo Vega-Alvarado, Valentín Vázquez-Castillo, Edgar Alfredo Portilla-Flores, Maria Bárbara Calva-Yañez and Gabriel Sepúlveda-Cervantes

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041766 - 17 Feb 2021

Viewed by 1902

Abstract

This paper presents the development of a wrist rehabilitation system with a novel approach for structural design, based on the modeling of an optimization problem solved by a metaheuristic algorithm, Improved Harmony Search (ImHS). It is part of a project for developing low-cost [...] Read more.

This paper presents the development of a wrist rehabilitation system with a novel approach for structural design, based on the modeling of an optimization problem solved by a metaheuristic algorithm, Improved Harmony Search (ImHS). It is part of a project for developing low-cost rehabilitation systems expressly designed for the population of Latin American countries. A mixed optimization problem is modeled for the design, where the material type is associated with an integer variable and the dimensions of the components are continuous parameters. The novelty is that each element is calculated individually, but considering the combined effect over the structure. The optimization works simultaneously on both the material selection and the meeting of the associated constraints, to guarantee that the system will not fail because of any load, neither it will be unsafe for the patients, since the operation will always be within the limits considered in the modeling. ImHS is a variant of the Harmony Search algorithm, modified to enhance the exploration and exploitation processes. It is a simple yet powerful metaheuristic, implemented in this development with additional modifications to handle constraints and mixed variables. The proposed approach produced quality results, indicating that ImHS can be applied to solve complex engineering problems, facilitating the manufacture and control processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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17 pages, 4929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Optimum Tuned PID Controller with Different Feedback Strategies on Active-Controlled Structures

by Serdar Ulusoy, Gebrail Bekdaş, Sinan Melih Nigdeli, Sanghun Kim and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041682 - 13 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2131

Abstract

In this study, multi-story structures with different combinations (on each floor and only the first floor) of active tendon control systems driven by a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller were actively controlled. The PID parameters, K_p (proportional gain), T_d (derivative gain), and T [...] Read more.

In this study, multi-story structures with different combinations (on each floor and only the first floor) of active tendon control systems driven by a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller were actively controlled. The PID parameters, K_p (proportional gain), T_d (derivative gain), and T_i (integral gain) for each structure, were optimally tuned by using both the harmony search algorithm (HS) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA), which are metaheuristic algorithms. In two different active-controlled structures, which are formed according to the position of the PID, the structural responses under near-fault records defined in FEMA P-695 are examined to determine the appropriate feedback which was applied for displacement, velocity, acceleration, and total acceleration. The performance of the different feedback strategies on these two active-controlled structures is evaluated. As a result, the acceleration feedback is suitable for all combinations of the active control system with a PID controller. The HS algorithm outperforms the optimum results found according to the FPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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28 pages, 11617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Usage of the Harmony Search Algorithm for the Optimal Design Problem of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls

by Zülal Akbay Arama, Aylin Ece Kayabekir, Gebrail Bekdaş, Sanghun Kim and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031343 - 2 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8308

Abstract

In this paper, the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is utilized to perform single and multivariate parametric studies to acquire the optimization of both size and cost of reinforced concrete (RC) retaining walls embedded in pure frictional soils. The geotechnical properties of the backfill [...] Read more.

In this paper, the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is utilized to perform single and multivariate parametric studies to acquire the optimization of both size and cost of reinforced concrete (RC) retaining walls embedded in pure frictional soils. The geotechnical properties of the backfill and foundation soil such as shear strength angle, unit weight, and the ultimate bearing pressure of the soil have been used to create different cases for evaluating the effects of site properties on the size and cost of the wall. The change of depth of excavation and surcharge loading condition is fictionalized for generating different environmental conditions for all envisaged soil profiles to predict possible rates of influences. The unit cost of the concrete has also been evaluated as a variant to show the economic constraints on the selection of structural materials. The results of the analyses represent the integrated influences of different significant parameters on the achievement of minimum cost-dimension optimization. Besides, a well-known commercial geotechnical engineering software is used to compare the appropriateness of the suggested designs in terms of both the attainment of geotechnical stability and the structural requirements. Consequently, this study can guide both researchers and designers to select the proper and optimal sections of RC-retaining wall systems with simultaneous analyses of parameters that are influenced by the design process. Furthermore, the optimization results indicate that a significant cost reduction may be achieved when compared with the traditional pre-design method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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25 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Estimation of Compartmental Epidemiological Model Using Harmony Search Algorithm and Its Variants

by Kathiresan Gopal, Lai Soon Lee and Hsin-Vonn Seow

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031138 - 26 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3275

Abstract

Epidemiological models play a vital role in understanding the spread and severity of a pandemic of infectious disease, such as the COVID-19 global pandemic. The mathematical modeling of infectious diseases in the form of compartmental models are often employed in studying the probable [...] Read more.

Epidemiological models play a vital role in understanding the spread and severity of a pandemic of infectious disease, such as the COVID-19 global pandemic. The mathematical modeling of infectious diseases in the form of compartmental models are often employed in studying the probable outbreak growth. Such models heavily rely on a good estimation of the epidemiological parameters for simulating the outbreak trajectory. In this paper, the parameter estimation is formulated as an optimization problem and a metaheuristic algorithm is applied, namely Harmony Search (HS), in order to obtain the optimized epidemiological parameters. The application of HS in epidemiological modeling is demonstrated by implementing ten variants of HS algorithm on five COVID-19 data sets that were calibrated with the prototypical Susceptible-Infectious-Removed (SIR) compartmental model. Computational experiments indicated the ability of HS to be successfully applied to epidemiological modeling and as an efficacious estimator for the model parameters. In essence, HS is proposed as a potential alternative estimation tool for parameters of interest in compartmental epidemiological models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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23 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workload Stability-Aware Virtual Machine Consolidation Using Adaptive Harmony Search in Cloud Datacenters

by Ho Yeong Yun, Suk Ho Jin and Kyung Sup Kim

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020798 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2134

Abstract

Owing to the increasing complexity of managing IT infrastructure caused by rapid technological advancements, organizations are transforming their datacenter management environments from on-premises to the cloud. Datacenters operating in the cloud environment have large amounts of IT infrastructure, such as servers, storage devices, [...] Read more.

Owing to the increasing complexity of managing IT infrastructure caused by rapid technological advancements, organizations are transforming their datacenter management environments from on-premises to the cloud. Datacenters operating in the cloud environment have large amounts of IT infrastructure, such as servers, storage devices, and network equipment, and are operational on all days of the year, thus causing power overconsumption problems. However, efforts to reduce power consumption are not the first priority as datacenters seek stable operation to avoid violating their service level agreements. Therefore, a research model that reduces power consumption of the datacenter while enabling stable operation by utilizing virtual machine (VM) consolidation is proposed here. To obtain the optimal solution for the proposed VM consolidation model, an adaptive harmony search methodology is developed, which expends less effort to set the parameters of the model compared to existing harmony search methods. Comparative experiments were conducted to validate the accuracy and performance of the proposed model. As a result, Original harmony search (HS) showed better performance than the existing heuristic algorithm, and novel self-adaptive (NS)-HS showed the best result among Adaptive HS. In addition, when considering workload stability, it showed better results in terms of datacenters (DC) stability than otherwise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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22 pages, 2099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Harmony Search-Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Location-Inventory-Routing Problem in Supply Chain Network Design with Defect and Non-Defect Items

by Farahanim Misni, Lai Soon Lee and Hsin-Vonn Seow

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6625; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186625 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3039

Abstract

This paper considers a location-inventory-routing problem (LIRP) that integrates the strategic, tactical, and operational decision planning in supply chain network design. Both defect and non-defect items of returned products are considered in the cost of reverse logistics based on the economic production quantity [...] Read more.

This paper considers a location-inventory-routing problem (LIRP) that integrates the strategic, tactical, and operational decision planning in supply chain network design. Both defect and non-defect items of returned products are considered in the cost of reverse logistics based on the economic production quantity model. The objective of the LIRP is to minimize the total cost of location-allocation of established depots, the cost of inventory, including production setup and holding cost, as well as the cost of travelled distance by the vehicles between the open depots and assigned customers. A Hybrid Harmony Search-Simulated Annealing (HS-SA) algorithm is proposed in this paper. This algorithm incorporates the dynamic values of harmony memory considering rate and pitch adjustment rate with the local optimization techniques to hybridize with the idea of probabilistic acceptance rule from simulated annealing, to avoid the local extreme points. Computational experiments on popular benchmark data sets show that the proposed hybrid HS-SA algorithm outperforms a standard HS and an improved HS for all cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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17 pages, 1168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pheromone-Based Harmony Search Algorithm for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem

by Krzysztof Szwarc and Urszula Boryczka

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6422; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186422 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2466

Abstract

This paper presents a modification of the Harmony Search algorithm (HS) adjusted to an effective solving of instances of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem. The improvement of the technique spans the application of a pheromone, which, by serving the role of long-term memory, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a modification of the Harmony Search algorithm (HS) adjusted to an effective solving of instances of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem. The improvement of the technique spans the application of a pheromone, which, by serving the role of long-term memory, enables the improvement of the quality of determined results, especially for tasks characterized by a significant number of vertices. The publication includes the results of tests that suggest the achievement of effectiveness improvement through the modification of the HS and recommendations concerning the proper configuration of the algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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21 pages, 2765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Adaptive Global-Best Harmony Search Algorithm-Based Airflow Control of a Wells-Turbine-Based Oscillating-Water Column

by Fares M’zoughi, Izaskun Garrido, Aitor J. Garrido and Manuel De La Sen

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4628; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134628 - 3 Jul 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2940

Abstract

The Harmony Search algorithm has attracted a lot of interest in the past years because of its simplicity and efficiency. This led many scientists to develop various variants for many applications. In this paper, four variants of the Harmony search algorithm were implemented [...] Read more.

The Harmony Search algorithm has attracted a lot of interest in the past years because of its simplicity and efficiency. This led many scientists to develop various variants for many applications. In this paper, four variants of the Harmony search algorithm were implemented and tested to optimize the control design of the Proportional-Integral-derivative (PID) controller in a proposed airflow control scheme. The airflow control strategy has been proposed to deal with the undesired stalling phenomenon of the Wells turbine in an Oscillating Water Column (OWC). To showcase the effectiveness of the Self-Adaptive Global Harmony Search (SGHS) algorithm over traditional tuning methods, a comparative study has been carried out between the optimized PID, the traditionally tuned PID and the uncontrolled OWC system. The results of optimization showed that the Self-Adaptive Global Harmony Search (SGHS) algorithm adapted the best to the problem of the airflow control within the wave energy converter. Moreover, the OWC performance is superior when using the SGHS-tuned PID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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21 pages, 8622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmony Search Optimization of Nozzle Movement for Additive Manufacturing of Concrete Structures and Concrete Elements

by Yusuf Cengiz Toklu, Gebrail Bekdaş and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4413; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124413 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2446

Abstract

There are several ways of using three-dimensional printing techniques in the construction industry. One method that seems quite feasible is the concreting of walls and structural components starting at the bottom and progressing up in layers according to the principles of additive manufacturing. [...] Read more.

There are several ways of using three-dimensional printing techniques in the construction industry. One method that seems quite feasible is the concreting of walls and structural components starting at the bottom and progressing up in layers according to the principles of additive manufacturing. The goal of this study is to optimize the movements of a nozzle at one level that will result in this operation. This study considers that the movements of the nozzle can be of two types: rectangular only (i.e., only in x and y directions) or more freely, including moving in diagonal directions. Applications are performed on four hypothetical flats (with 7, 8, 14, and 31 walls, respectively) and a structural component with 17 members. It is shown that as the number of walls and members increase, the problem of optimizing the movements of the nozzle becomes increasingly difficult due to exponentially increasing path combinations. A comparison is presented in terms of the ratio of movements of the nozzle without concreting to total distances traveled. The optimization process is conducted using the Harmony Search algorithm with a special coding and encoding system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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26 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Survey of the Harmony Search Algorithm in Clustering Applications

by Laith Abualigah, Ali Diabat and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113827 - 31 May 2020

Cited by 101 | Viewed by 5333

Abstract

The Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) is a swarm intelligence optimization algorithm which has been successfully applied to a broad range of clustering applications, including data clustering, text clustering, fuzzy clustering, image processing, and wireless sensor networks. We provide a comprehensive survey of the [...] Read more.

The Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) is a swarm intelligence optimization algorithm which has been successfully applied to a broad range of clustering applications, including data clustering, text clustering, fuzzy clustering, image processing, and wireless sensor networks. We provide a comprehensive survey of the literature on HSA and its variants, analyze its strengths and weaknesses, and suggest future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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14 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimisation of Shear and Lateral–Torsional Buckling of Steel Plate Girders Using Meta-Heuristic Algorithms

by Celal Cakiroglu, Gebrail Bekdaş, Sanghun Kim and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3639; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103639 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4419

Abstract

The shear buckling of web plates and lateral–torsional buckling are among the major failure modes of plate girders. The importance of the lateral–torsional buckling capacity of plate girders was further evidenced when several plate girders of a bridge in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada failed [...] Read more.

The shear buckling of web plates and lateral–torsional buckling are among the major failure modes of plate girders. The importance of the lateral–torsional buckling capacity of plate girders was further evidenced when several plate girders of a bridge in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada failed in 2015, because insufficient bracing led to the lateral buckling of the plate girders. In this study, we focus on the optimisation of the cross-sections of plate girders using a well-known and extremely efficient meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm called the harmony search algorithm. The objective of this optimisation is to design the cross-sections of the plate girders with the minimum area that satisfies requirements, such as the lateral–torsional buckling load and ultimate shear stress. The base geometry, material properties, applied load and boundary conditions were taken from an experimental study and optimised. It was revealed that the same amount of load-carrying capacity demonstrated by this model can be achieved with a cross-sectional area 16% smaller than that of the original specimen. Furthermore, the slenderness of the web plate was found to have a decisive effect on the cost-efficiency of the plate girder design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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14 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmony Search Algorithm Based Management of Distributed Energy Resources and Storage Systems in Microgrids

by Oğuzhan Ceylan, Mustafa Erdem Sezgin, Murat Göl, Maurizio Verga, Riccardo Lazzari, Marcel Pendieu Kwaye and Carlo Sandroni

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3252; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093252 - 7 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

Microgrids are composed of distributed energy resources (DERs), storage devices, electric vehicles, flexible loads and so on. They may either operate connected to the main electricity grid (on-grid operation) or separated from the grid (islanded operation). The outputs of the renewable energy sources [...] Read more.

Microgrids are composed of distributed energy resources (DERs), storage devices, electric vehicles, flexible loads and so on. They may either operate connected to the main electricity grid (on-grid operation) or separated from the grid (islanded operation). The outputs of the renewable energy sources may fluctuate and thus can cause deviations in the voltage magnitudes especially at islanded mode. This may affect the stability of the microgrids. This paper proposes an optimization model to efficiently manage controllable devices in microgrids aiming to minimize the voltage deviations both in on-grid and islanded operation modes. RSE Distributed Energy Resources Test Facility (DER-TF), which is a low voltage microgrid system in Italy, is used to verify the algorithm. The test system’s data is taken through an online software system (REDIS) and a harmony search based optimization algorithm is applied to control the device parameters. The experimental results show that the harmony search based optimization approach successfully finds the control parameters, and can help the system to obtain a better voltage profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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17 pages, 2068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimum Design of PID Controlled Active Tuned Mass Damper via Modified Harmony Search

by Aylin Ece Kayabekir, Gebrail Bekdaş, Sinan Melih Nigdeli and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082976 - 24 Apr 2020

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10128

Abstract

In this study, the music-inspired Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is modified for the optimization of active tuned mass dampers (ATMDs). The modification of HS includes the consideration of the best solution with a defined probability and updating of algorithm parameters such as harmony [...] Read more.

In this study, the music-inspired Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is modified for the optimization of active tuned mass dampers (ATMDs). The modification of HS includes the consideration of the best solution with a defined probability and updating of algorithm parameters such as harmony memory, considering rate and pitch adjusting rate. The design variables include all the mechanical properties of ATMD, such as the mass, stiffness and damping coefficient, and the active controller parameters of the proposed proportional–integral–derivative (PID) type controllers. In the optimization process, the analysis of an ATMD implemented structure is done using the generated Matlab Simulink block diagram. The PID controllers were optimized for velocity feedback control, and the objective of the optimization is the minimization of the top story displacement by using the limitation of the stroke capacity of ATMD. The optimum results are presented for different cases of the stroke capacity limit of ATMD. According to the results, the method is effective in reducing the maximum displacement of the structure by 53.71%, while a passive TMD can only reduce it by 31.22%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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17 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Differential Mutation Based Adaptive Harmony Search Algorithm for Global Optimization

by Xinchao Zhao, Rui Li, Junling Hao, Zhaohua Liu and Jianmei Yuan

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082916 - 23 Apr 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

The canonical harmony search (HS) algorithm generates a new solution by using random adjustment. However, the beneficial effects of harmony memory are not well considered. In order to make full use of harmony memory to generate new solutions, this paper proposes a new [...] Read more.

The canonical harmony search (HS) algorithm generates a new solution by using random adjustment. However, the beneficial effects of harmony memory are not well considered. In order to make full use of harmony memory to generate new solutions, this paper proposes a new adaptive harmony search algorithm (aHSDE) with a differential mutation, periodic learning and linear population size reduction strategy for global optimization. Differential mutation is used for pitch adjustment, which provides a promising direction guidance to adjust the bandwidth. To balance the diversity and convergence of harmony memory, a linear reducing strategy of harmony memory is proposed with iterations. Meanwhile, periodic learning is used to adaptively modify the pitch adjusting rate and the scaling factor to improve the adaptability of the algorithm. The effects and the cooperation of the proposed strategies and the key parameters are analyzed in detail. Experimental comparison among well-known HS variants and several state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms on CEC 2014 benchmark indicates that the aHSDE has a very competitive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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22 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feature Selection for Facial Emotion Recognition Using Cosine Similarity-Based Harmony Search Algorithm

by Soumyajit Saha, Manosij Ghosh, Soulib Ghosh, Shibaprasad Sen, Pawan Kumar Singh, Zong Woo Geem and Ram Sarkar

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082816 - 19 Apr 2020

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5175

Abstract

Nowadays, researchers aim to enhance man-to-machine interactions by making advancements in several domains. Facial emotion recognition (FER) is one such domain in which researchers have made significant progresses. Features for FER can be extracted using several popular methods. However, there may be some [...] Read more.

Nowadays, researchers aim to enhance man-to-machine interactions by making advancements in several domains. Facial emotion recognition (FER) is one such domain in which researchers have made significant progresses. Features for FER can be extracted using several popular methods. However, there may be some redundant/irrelevant features in feature sets. In order to remove those redundant/irrelevant features that do not have any significant impact on classification process, we propose a feature selection (FS) technique called the supervised filter harmony search algorithm (SFHSA) based on cosine similarity and minimal-redundancy maximal-relevance (mRMR). Cosine similarity aims to remove similar features from feature vectors, whereas mRMR was used to determine the feasibility of the optimal feature subsets using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), which favors the features that have lower correlation values with other features—as well as higher correlation values with the facial expression classes. The algorithm was evaluated on two benchmark FER datasets, namely the Radboud faces database (RaFD) and the Japanese female facial expression (JAFFE). Five different state-of-the-art feature descriptors including uniform local binary pattern (uLBP), horizontal–vertical neighborhood local binary pattern (hvnLBP), Gabor filters, histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and pyramidal HOG (PHOG) were considered for FS. Obtained results signify that our technique effectively optimized the feature vectors and made notable improvements in overall classification accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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17 pages, 5474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Parameter-Setting-Free Harmony Search Algorithm

by Yong-Woon Jeong, Seung-Min Park, Zong Woo Geem and Kwee-Bo Sim

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2586; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072586 - 9 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3630

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an advanced parameter-setting-free (PSF) scheme to solve the problem of setting the parameters for the harmony search (HS) algorithm. The use of the advanced PSF method solves the problems of the conventional PSF scheme that results from a [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose an advanced parameter-setting-free (PSF) scheme to solve the problem of setting the parameters for the harmony search (HS) algorithm. The use of the advanced PSF method solves the problems of the conventional PSF scheme that results from a large number of iterations and shows good results compared to fixing the parameters required for the HS algorithm. In addition, unlike the conventional PSF method, the advanced PSF method does not use additional memory. We expect the advanced PSF method to be applicable to various fields that use the HS algorithm because it reduces the memory utilization for operations while obtaining better results than conventional PSF schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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26 pages, 3933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Resource Provisioning Using Adaptive Harmony Search Algorithm for Compute-Intensive Workloads with Load Balancing in Datacenters

by T. Renugadevi, K. Geetha, K. Muthukumar and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072323 - 28 Mar 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Drastic variations in high-performance computing workloads lead to the commencement of large number of datacenters. To revolutionize themselves as green datacenters, these data centers are assured to reduce their energy consumption without compromising the performance. The energy consumption of the processor is considered [...] Read more.

Drastic variations in high-performance computing workloads lead to the commencement of large number of datacenters. To revolutionize themselves as green datacenters, these data centers are assured to reduce their energy consumption without compromising the performance. The energy consumption of the processor is considered as an important metric for power reduction in servers as it accounts to 60% of the total power consumption. In this research work, a power-aware algorithm (PA) and an adaptive harmony search algorithm (AHSA) are proposed for the placement of reserved virtual machines in the datacenters to reduce the power consumption of servers. Modification of the standard harmony search algorithm is inevitable to suit this specific problem with varying global search space in each allocation interval. A task distribution algorithm is also proposed to distribute and balance the workload among the servers to evade over-utilization of servers which is unique of its kind against traditional virtual machine consolidation approaches that intend to restrain the number of powered on servers to the minimum as possible. Different policies for overload host selection and virtual machine selection are discussed for load balancing. The observations endorse that the AHSA outperforms, and yields better results towards the objective than, the PA algorithm and the existing counterparts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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15 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Hybrid Harmony Search Approach for the Analysis of Plane Stress Systems via Total Potential Optimization

by Aylin Ece Kayabekir, Yusuf Cengiz Toklu, Gebrail Bekdaş, Sinan Melih Nigdeli, Melda Yücel and Zong Woo Geem

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072301 - 27 Mar 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2674

Abstract

By finding the minimum total potential energy of a structural system with a defined degree of freedoms assigned as design variables, it is possible to find the equilibrium condition of the deformed system. This method, called total potential optimization using metaheuristic algorithms (TPO/MA), [...] Read more.

By finding the minimum total potential energy of a structural system with a defined degree of freedoms assigned as design variables, it is possible to find the equilibrium condition of the deformed system. This method, called total potential optimization using metaheuristic algorithms (TPO/MA), has been verified on truss and truss-like structures, such as cable systems and tensegric structures. Harmony Search (HS) algorithm methods perfectly found the analysis results of the previous structure types. In this study, TPO/MA is presented for analysis of plates for plane stress members to solve general types of problems. Due to the complex nature of the system, a novel hybrid Harmony Search (HHS) approach was proposed. HHS is the hybridization of local search phases of HS and the global search phase of the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). The results found via HHS were verified with the finite element method (FEM). When compared with classical HS, HHS provides smaller total potential energy values, and needs less iterations than other new generation metaheuristic algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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20 pages, 2531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Novel Global Harmony Search Algorithm Based on Selective Acceptance

by Hui Li, Po-Chou Shih, Xizhao Zhou, Chunming Ye and Li Huang

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10061910 - 11 Mar 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

The novel global harmony search (NGHS) algorithm is proposed in 2010, and it is an improved harmony search (HS) algorithm which combines the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA). One of the main differences between the HS and NGHS algorithms [...] Read more.

The novel global harmony search (NGHS) algorithm is proposed in 2010, and it is an improved harmony search (HS) algorithm which combines the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA). One of the main differences between the HS and NGHS algorithms is that of using different mechanisms to renew the harmony memory (HM). In the HS algorithm, in each iteration, the new harmony is accepted and replaced the worst harmony in the HM while the fitness of the new harmony is better than the worst harmony in the HM. Conversely, in the NGHS algorithm, the new harmony replaces the worst harmony in the HM without any precondition. However, in addition to these two mechanisms, there is one old mechanism, the selective acceptance mechanism, which is used in the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed the selective acceptance novel global harmony search (SANGHS) algorithm which combines the NGHS algorithm with a selective acceptance mechanism. The advantage of the SANGHS algorithm is that it balances the global exploration and local exploitation ability. Moreover, to verify the search ability of the SANGHS algorithm, we used the SANGHS algorithm in ten well-known benchmark continuous optimization problems and two engineering problems and compared the experimental results with other metaheuristic algorithms. The experimental results show that the SANGHS algorithm has better search ability than the other four harmony search algorithms in ten continuous optimization problems. In addition, in two engineering problems, the SANGHS algorithm also provided a competition solution compared with other state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmony Search Algorithm - Theoretical Background and Practical Applications)

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