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4 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Selected Papers from 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE)

by Mario Uroš, Miroslav Nastev, Josip Atalić and Stjepan Lakušić

Buildings 2022, 12(3), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030334 - 10 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1268

Abstract

This special issue of Buildings Journal brings together outstanding papers presented at the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering 1CroCEE, held at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia, 22–24 March 2021 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

Research

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17 pages, 8325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Tram Traffic-Induced Vibration Influence on Earthquake Damaged Buildings

by Ivo Haladin, Marijan Bogut and Stjepan Lakušić

Buildings 2021, 11(12), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120590 - 28 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

The Zagreb 2020 earthquake severely damaged the historic centre of the city. Most of the damage occurred on historic masonry residential buildings, many of which are situated very close to the tram track. Although traffic-induced vibrations generally do not affect surrounding buildings, they [...] Read more.

The Zagreb 2020 earthquake severely damaged the historic centre of the city. Most of the damage occurred on historic masonry residential buildings, many of which are situated very close to the tram track. Although traffic-induced vibrations generally do not affect surrounding buildings, they can be harmful to buildings damaged by a previous earthquake. Vibrations could contribute to the further propagation of existing cracks. The effect of vibrations depends on many factors, one of the most important being the distance between the track and the building. The vibrations are highest at the source, and the energy loss occurs due to transfer through the soil to the recipients. The impact of tram-induced vibrations on earthquake-damaged buildings in the city of Zagreb is investigated in this paper. The analysis is conducted on a tramway network scale to identify critical locations by performing continuous monitoring on the tramway network and risk analysis based on the distance of buildings from the track, vibration amplitude at source, and building damage. Further investigation is based on the level of buildings to evaluate the influence of vibrations on actual buildings damaged in the Zagreb earthquake. Based on detailed signal analysis, the vibration characterization is performed, and the influence on damaged masonry buildings is evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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25 pages, 81655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Plane Seismic Response of Unreinforced and Jacketed Masonry Walls

by Senad Medić and Mustafa Hrasnica

Buildings 2021, 11(10), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100472 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2095

Abstract

Low-rise residential and public masonry structures constitute a large portion of the building patrimony, yet they were erected during the massive reconstruction of Southeast Europe after World War II before any design rules existed in the engineering praxis. Unreinforced unconfined masonry buildings (URM) [...] Read more.

Low-rise residential and public masonry structures constitute a large portion of the building patrimony, yet they were erected during the massive reconstruction of Southeast Europe after World War II before any design rules existed in the engineering praxis. Unreinforced unconfined masonry buildings (URM) were proven rather vulnerable during stronger earthquake motions in the recent past. To determine lateral strength, stiffness, and capacity of energy dissipation of the URM walls, in-plane tests were performed at the University of Sarajevo. Two full-scale plain walls (233 × 241 × 25 cm) built with solid clay brick and lime-cement mortar and two walls strengthened with RC jacketing on both sides were subjected to cyclic lateral loading under constant vertical precompression. Plain walls failed in shear with a typical cross-diagonal crack pattern. Jacketed walls exhibited rocking with characteristic S-shaped hysteretic curves and significantly larger ductility compared with plain walls. Wallets were tested for modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of masonry and the results showed considerable variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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17 pages, 10487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Seismic Action on the Tie Rod System in Historic Buildings Using Finite Element Model Updating

by Suzana Ereiz, Ivan Duvnjak, Domagoj Damjanović and Marko Bartolac

Buildings 2021, 11(10), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100453 - 2 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2463

Abstract

Historic buildings have a high architectural value and their maintenance, repair and rehabilitation require a special approach. This approach is mainly based on the buildings’ performance under non-destructive tests such as operational modal analysis (OMA). Under extreme loads, such as earthquakes, these buildings [...] Read more.

Historic buildings have a high architectural value and their maintenance, repair and rehabilitation require a special approach. This approach is mainly based on the buildings’ performance under non-destructive tests such as operational modal analysis (OMA). Under extreme loads, such as earthquakes, these buildings require representative numerical models to simulate their expected response. In historic buildings, tie rods transfer axial loads and are typically used to balance horizontal trust due to static and dynamic loads associated with seismic actions. It is very important to determine the possibility of exceeding their load-bearing capacity under extreme loads, such as an earthquake. In this context, this paper presents an approach for the analysis of seismic action on the tie rod system in a historic building. The analysis was performed by combining the on-site experimental testing and the finite element model updating (FEMU) of the local models of tie rods and the global model of the structure. It was shown that the combination of analyzing local and global structural models, experimental on-site testing and FEMU is a viable solution for assessment of historic buildings’ load bearing capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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22 pages, 4246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simplified Seismic Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Residential Buildings in the Balkans: The Case of Serbia

by Predrag Blagojević, Svetlana Brzev and Radovan Cvetković

Buildings 2021, 11(9), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090392 - 3 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

The paper presents a study on the existing low-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings constructed in the period from 1945 to 1980 in Serbia and neighbouring countries in the Balkans. Buildings of this typology experienced damage in a few earthquakes in the region, including [...] Read more.

The paper presents a study on the existing low-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings constructed in the period from 1945 to 1980 in Serbia and neighbouring countries in the Balkans. Buildings of this typology experienced damage in a few earthquakes in the region, including the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake and the 2020 Petrinja, Croatia earthquake. The focus of the study is a seismic design approach for Simple masonry buildings according to Eurocode 8, Part 1, which is based on the minimum requirements for the total wall area relative to the floor plan area, which is referred to as Wall Index (WI) in this paper. Although the intention of Eurocode 8 is to use WI for design of new buildings, the authors believe that it could be also used for seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings in pre- and post-earthquake situations. A study on 23 URM buildings damaged in the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake has been presented to examine a relationship between the WI and the extent of earthquake damage. Seismic evaluation of a typical 3-storey URM building damaged in the 2010 earthquake was performed according to the requirements of seismic design codes from the former Yugoslavia and Eurocode 8. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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24 pages, 14238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fragility and Vulnerability Analysis of an RC Building with the Application of Nonlinear Analysis

by Radomir Folić and Miloš Čokić

Buildings 2021, 11(9), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090390 - 1 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3855

Abstract

In this paper, the seismic response of a five-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame system building is analysed through fragility analysis. The structure is designed in accordance with structural Eurocodes EN1990, EN1991, EN1992 and EN1998, as a high-ductility (DCH) system. For the analysis of [...] Read more.

In this paper, the seismic response of a five-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame system building is analysed through fragility analysis. The structure is designed in accordance with structural Eurocodes EN1990, EN1991, EN1992 and EN1998, as a high-ductility (DCH) system. For the analysis of the response of a structural system to earthquake actions, the methods of nonlinear static (NSA) and nonlinear dynamic analyses (NDA) are applied and, based on the obtained results, fragility curves are constructed using statistical methods. A relationship between the intensity measure (IM) and engineering demand parameters (EDPs) is needed in order to estimate a fragility curve. Fragility functions represent a possibility for different states of damage to occur in a certain structural systems at the observed value of the specified IM. Ten accelerograms, used in NDA, are selected and scaled, according to EN1998 provisions, for the chosen elastic response spectrum and referent PGA. Obtained results are used for the statistical analysis and construction of fragility curves. Structural damage state threshold parameters are determined based on the Park and Ang modified damage index methodology and provisions given in FEMA, HAZUS, VISION 2000 and EN codes. Comparative analysis of the structural damage probability for the analysed RC building, calculated using different methodologies to determine damage states, is applied. The fragility analysis results showed the difference between the probabilities of the damage states to occur when different calculation methods are used. This reflects on the assessment of vulnerability curves as well. The obtained results, calculated using different methods, are analysed using comparative analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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17 pages, 3722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Analysis of the Bell Tower of the Church of St. Francis of Assisi on Kaptol in Zagreb by Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method

by Ivan Balić, Hrvoje Smoljanović, Boris Trogrlić and Ante Munjiza

Buildings 2021, 11(8), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080373 - 21 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2625

Abstract

The paper presents a failure analysis of the bell tower of the church of St. Francis of Assisi on Kaptol in Zagreb subjected to seismic activity using the finite-discrete element method—FDEM. The bell tower is a masonry building, and throughout history it has [...] Read more.

The paper presents a failure analysis of the bell tower of the church of St. Francis of Assisi on Kaptol in Zagreb subjected to seismic activity using the finite-discrete element method—FDEM. The bell tower is a masonry building, and throughout history it has undergone multiple damages and reconstructions. It was significantly damaged during the earthquake in Zagreb which occurred on 22 March 2020 with a magnitude of 5.5. The analysis was performed on a simplified FDEM 2D numerical model which corresponds to the structure in its current pre-disaster state and the structure after the proposed post-disaster reconstruction. The obtained results showed a good agreement of the crack pattern in the numerical model and the cracks that occurred due to these earthquakes. In addition, the conclusions based on the conducted analysis can provide a better insight into the behaviour and serve as guidelines to engineers for the design of such and similar structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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20 pages, 5968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Reduced-Degree-of-Freedom Model for Seismic Analysis of Predominantly Plan-Symmetric Reinforced Concrete Wall–Frame Building

by Aleš Jamšek and Matjaž Dolšek

Buildings 2021, 11(8), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080372 - 21 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2646

Abstract

A reduced-degree-of-freedom (RDOF) model for seismic analysis of predominantly plan-symmetric reinforced concrete (RC) wall–frame buildings is introduced. The RDOF model of the wall–frame building consists of elastic beam–column elements with concentrated plasticity used for simulating cantilever walls and predominantly plan-symmetric RC frame buildings [...] Read more.

A reduced-degree-of-freedom (RDOF) model for seismic analysis of predominantly plan-symmetric reinforced concrete (RC) wall–frame buildings is introduced. The RDOF model of the wall–frame building consists of elastic beam–column elements with concentrated plasticity used for simulating cantilever walls and predominantly plan-symmetric RC frame buildings that are represented by the improved fish-bone (IFB) model. In this paper, the capability of the RDOF model is demonstrated for two frame buildings and two wall–frame buildings. The RDOF models were defined directly from the building information model. This is an advantage of RDOF models with respect to single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models, while the computational robustness of the RDOF models also makes them attractive for the seismic analysis of building stock. The imposed cyclic displacement analyses conducted for the investigated buildings proved that the condensation of the degrees of freedom for RDOF models was appropriate. Consequently, only minor differences were observed for maximum storey drift IDA curves, maximum storey acceleration IDA curves, and seismic fragility functions for different limit states. However, development is needed to make RDOF models appropriate for preliminary seismic performance assessment of plan-irregular buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1CroCEE))

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