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Coatings
Special Issues
Surface Treatment for Alloys
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Surface Treatment for Alloys

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 May 2024 | Viewed by 12037

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Leszek Klimek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
Interests: materials engineering; surface engineering; biomaterials; SEM; X-ray microanalysis; electron backscattered diffraction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bartlomiej Januszewicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
Interests: heat treatmet and thermochemical treatment of steels and nonferrous aloys; XRD; EBSD

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent theoretical and experimental developments in heat and surface treatments of alloys are among the most highly-exploited research systems in the field of science and engineering. Increasing demands for durability, reliability, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance by current applications ranging from aerospace, medical, automotive to chemical industries cause the necessity of modifying already existing technologies as well as the development of new ones in the field of surface, heat, and thermochemical treatment of alloys. Driven by the current state of knowledge, the need to maintain structural material integrity and reliability assets under hard working conditions requires a ceaseless effort in experimental, theoretical, and modeling areas.

This Special Issue will serve as a forum for papers in the following concepts:

  • Theoretical and experimental research, knowledge, and new ideas in surface and heat treatment of ferrous and nonferrous alloys;
  • Recent developments in surface treatments of alloys;
  • Surface treatments by different processes, including but not limited to additive manufacturing processes, thermal spray, laser and plasma processing, CVD, plating, etc.;
  • Understanding the degradation mechanisms of surface layers created by heat and surface treatments of alloys through friction, wear, and corrosion;
  • Computer modeling and simulation to predict surface layer and coating properties and aid technological processes.
Prof. Dr. Leszek Klimek
Dr. Bartlomiej Januszewicz
Guest Editors

In particular, the topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  1. Protective coatings against wear;
  2. Thermochemical treatments of alloys (boriding, carburizing, nitriding);
  3. Mechanical surface treatments (shot peening);
  4. Proces control and computer-aided process design, parameter control, characterization of surface-treated coatings and layers;
  5. Modeling layers on all leves (macro, micro, atomic).

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nonferrous alloys
  • heat treatment
  • surface treatment
  • ferrous alloys
  • surface treatment modelling
  • protective coatings
  • layers modeling

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 3903 KiB  
Article
The Stability of the Layer Nitrided in Low-Pressure Nitriding Process
by Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka, Jerzy Michalski and Bartłomiej Januszewicz
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020257 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1320
Abstract
The kinetics of the nitrided layer thickness growth and its structure depend on the nitrogen flux from the atmosphere to the nitrided surface. A nitrogen flux to the surface is more significant than a diffusion flux into the substrate, during forming surface iron [...] Read more.
The kinetics of the nitrided layer thickness growth and its structure depend on the nitrogen flux from the atmosphere to the nitrided surface. A nitrogen flux to the surface is more significant than a diffusion flux into the substrate, during forming surface iron nitrides and the internal nitriding zone. For pure iron, nitrided under low pressure, cutting off the nitriding atmosphere creates a flux from the subsurface layer of nitrides to the surface. The purpose of this paper is to determine the direction of the nitrogen flux in a similar situation for steels containing nitride-forming elements, thus answering the question of the stability of the layer nitrided under such conditions. The surface of X37CrMoV5-1 steel was nitrided under low pressure (of 24 hPa) and annealed in a vacuum or nitrogen. The microstructure, thickness of the nitride layers nitrided layers, the thickness of the internal nitriding zone, surface hardness and stresses were examined. The highest values of the nitrided layer properties were observed for the samples saturated only with nitrogen obtained from ammonia dissociation or additionally heated in nitrogen. It has been shown that using a pure vacuum during the annealing stage leads to unfavourable changes in the structure of the nitrided layer formed and, in particular, to the decomposition of the iron nitride layer formed at the saturation stage and occurrence of the tensile stresses—what excludes practical application of such layer. Ultimately, it has been shown that in the low-pressure nitriding process, the stability of the nitride layer of the nitrided surface strongly depends on the annealing atmosphere during the annealing stage, while the stability of the internal nitriding zone remains mainly at the same level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment for Alloys)
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7 pages, 709 KiB  
Article
Influence of Flow and Pressure of Carburising Mixture on Low-Pressure Carburising Process Efficiency
by Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka, Maciej Korecki and Leszek Klimek
Coatings 2022, 12(3), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030337 - 04 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1323
Abstract
Low-pressure carburising (LPC) of steel is an industrially accepted method for improving the properties of a steel surface. LPC is environmentally friendly, does not cause intergranular oxidation and consumes less energy. Its effectiveness depends on the correct choice of process inputs. This paper [...] Read more.
Low-pressure carburising (LPC) of steel is an industrially accepted method for improving the properties of a steel surface. LPC is environmentally friendly, does not cause intergranular oxidation and consumes less energy. Its effectiveness depends on the correct choice of process inputs. This paper aims to determine the effect of this type of carboniferous gas, pressure and flow rate on the efficiency of carbon transfer to the surface layer under low-pressure carburisation. A total of 40 disks of 16MnCr5 steel were carburised using pure acetylene or a mixture of acetylene, ethylene and hydrogen as a carboniferous gas, pressures of 2 or 6 hPa and two gas flow rates. The specimens were gravimetrically tested for the increase in the mass of carbon in the carburised layer. The results were analysed with U Mann–Whitney analysis and t-Student test. It was evidenced that carburising with pure acetylene resulted in a higher increase in carbon mass than carburising with the mixture (p < 0.05). Pressure and gas flow rates are important for carburising efficiency (p < 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment for Alloys)
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10 pages, 3380 KiB  
Article
The Hybrid Process of Low-Pressure Carburizing and Metallization (Cr + LPC, Al + LPC) of 17CrNiMo7-6 and 10NiCrMo13-5 Steels
by Paulina Kowalczyk, Konrad Dybowski, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Radomir Atraszkiewicz and Marcin Makówka
Coatings 2021, 11(5), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050567 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2746
Abstract
This paper presents the concept of modification of physicochemical properties of steels by simultaneous diffusion saturation with carbon and chromium or aluminum. The application of a hybrid surface treatment process consisting of a combination of aluminizing and low-pressure carburizing (Al + LPC) resulted [...] Read more.
This paper presents the concept of modification of physicochemical properties of steels by simultaneous diffusion saturation with carbon and chromium or aluminum. The application of a hybrid surface treatment process consisting of a combination of aluminizing and low-pressure carburizing (Al + LPC) resulted in a reduction in the amount of retained austenite in the surface layer of the steel. While the use of chromium plating and low-pressure carburizing (Cr + LPC) induced an improvement in the corrosion resistance of the carburized steels. It is of particular importance in case of vacuum processes after the application of which the active surface corrodes easily, as well as in case of carburizing of low-alloy steel with nickel, where an increased content of retained austenite in the surface layer is found after carburizing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment for Alloys)
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11 pages, 3448 KiB  
Article
Nanoindentation Study of Intermetallic Particles in 2024 Aluminium Alloy
by Anna Staszczyk, Jacek Sawicki, Łukasz Kołodziejczyk and Sebastian Lipa
Coatings 2020, 10(9), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090846 - 31 Aug 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3027
Abstract
Nanoindentation tests are useful for determining the local mechanical properties of materials. However, the method has its limitations, and its accuracy is strongly influenced by the nano-scale geometry of the indented area. The authors chose to perform measurements of the hardness and elastic [...] Read more.
Nanoindentation tests are useful for determining the local mechanical properties of materials. However, the method has its limitations, and its accuracy is strongly influenced by the nano-scale geometry of the indented area. The authors chose to perform measurements of the hardness and elastic modulus of intermetallic particles in 2024 aluminium alloys. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the particles’ depth and shape on the accuracy of the nanoindentation result. Several simulations were performed with the use of the finite element method on different geometries mirroring possible real-life configurations of the particle and matrix. The authors compared the force vs. deformation curves for all of the variants. The results showed that the nanoindentation process is different for a particle with the same mechanical properties depending on its depth under the investigated surface. Therefore, the measured values of hardness and elastic modulus for intermetallic particles are partly the result of interaction with a matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment for Alloys)
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12 pages, 5317 KiB  
Article
Algorithm Scheme to Simulate the Distortions during Gas Quenching in a Single-Piece Flow Technology
by Jacek Sawicki, Krzysztof Krupanek, Wojciech Stachurski and Victoria Buzalski
Coatings 2020, 10(7), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070694 - 19 Jul 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
Low-pressure carburizing followed by high-pressure quenching in single-piece flow technology has shown good results in avoiding distortions. For better control of specimen quality in these processes, developing numerical simulations can be beneficial. However, there is no commercial software able to simulate distortion formation [...] Read more.
Low-pressure carburizing followed by high-pressure quenching in single-piece flow technology has shown good results in avoiding distortions. For better control of specimen quality in these processes, developing numerical simulations can be beneficial. However, there is no commercial software able to simulate distortion formation during gas quenching that considers the complex fluid flow field and heat transfer coefficient as a function of space and time. For this reason, this paper proposes an algorithm scheme that aims for more refined results. Based on the physical phenomena involved, a numerical scheme was divided into five modules: diffusion module, fluid module, thermal module, phase transformation module, and mechanical module. In order to validate the simulation, the results were compared with the experimental data. The outcomes showed that the average difference between the numerical and experimental data for distortions was 1.7% for the outer diameter and 12% for the inner diameter of the steel element. Numerical simulation also showed the differences between deformations in the inner and outer diameters as they appear in the experimental data. Therefore, a numerical model capable of simulating distortions in the steel elements during high-pressure gas quenching after low-pressure carburizing using a single-piece flow technology was obtained, whereupon the complex fluid flow and variation of the heat transfer coefficient was considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment for Alloys)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

1. Title: Nitriding of HS6-5-2 steel in inductively coupled plasma

Authors: M. Binienda ; R. Pietrasik; S. Pawęta ; K. Matczak ; W. Krotewicz

2. Title: Nanoindentation study of intermetallic particles in 2024 aluminium alloy

Authors: Anna Staszczyk; Jacek Sawicki; Łukasz Kołodziejczyk; Sebastian Lipa

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