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Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II
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Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 16 July 2024 | Viewed by 17347

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Faisel Tubbal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
2. Technological Projects Department, The Libyan Center for Remote Sensing and Space Science, Tripoli, Libya
Interests: antenna designs; CubeSat communications; wearable antennas; antenna designs using metamaterials and metasurfaces; wireless communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ladislau Matekovits

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: optimization techniques; numerical analysis; metamaterials; UWB antennas; reconfigurable antennas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Raad Raad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Interests: sensor networks; CubeSat; wireless communications; antenna design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antenna design has received renewed attention in the last few years. This is thanks to an explosion of interest in a range of applications, from Internet of Things to low-frequency long-range applications and high-frequency mmWave 5G mobile technologies. There has also been renewed interest in wearable antennas that form body area networks. These include wearable garments as well as materials that directly attach themselves to skin (e.g., e-skin). In addition, a renewed interest in space and space exploration has seen a concomitant increased interest in satellite technologies and applications, such as CubeSats, intersatellite communications and deep space exploration. All these emerging applications encourage further research investigating special materials and new designs for antenna systems. This will bring new challenges in designing such antennas.

This Special Issue is intended to shed some light on recent advances in antenna design for these emerging applications and identify further research areas in this exciting field of communications technologies. We invite researchers and practicing engineers to contribute original research articles that discuss issues related, but not limited, to: 

  • Antenna design for Internet of Things;
  • Beamforming and smart antennas for 5G;
  • Antenna design for wearable applications;
  • Antenna design for body area networks;
  • Antenna design for chipless RFID;
  • Metamaterial-based antennas;
  • Smart antennas, beamforming and MIMO;
  • Aeronautical and space applications;
  • Antenna design for CubeSats;
  • Antenna design for deep space communication;
  • Antenna design for biomedical systems and applications;
  • Implanted antennas;
  • UWB and multispectral technologies and systems;
  • mmWave and THz antennas.

Dr. Faisel Tubbal
Dr. Ladislau Matekovits
Dr. Raad Raad
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 9964 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Semitransparent 3D-Printed Mesh Patch Antenna for Urban Communication Applications
by Luis Inclán-Sánchez
Electronics 2024, 13(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010153 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 769
Abstract
This study explores the possibility of designing simple semitransparent antennas that allow for the passage of most visible light while maintaining good electromagnetic performance. We propose a substrateless metal mesh patch antenna manufactured using low-cost 3D printing and silver conductive paint. Our goal [...] Read more.
This study explores the possibility of designing simple semitransparent antennas that allow for the passage of most visible light while maintaining good electromagnetic performance. We propose a substrateless metal mesh patch antenna manufactured using low-cost 3D printing and silver conductive paint. Our goal is to integrate numerous such radiators onto office building windows, preserving natural lighting with minimal visual impact, aiming to alleviate infrastructure congestion or improve antenna placement in sub-6 GHz frequency bands. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of the primary parameters influencing patches constructed with substrateless metal mesh wires, focusing on the grid topology and the width of the metallic wires, as well as their effects on antenna transparency and back radiation. Owing to the absence of a substrate, the antenna demonstrates minimal losses. Furthermore, in this study, we thoroughly investigate the effects of conductivity and roughness on surfaces printed with metallic paint. A prototype at 2.6 GHz is presented, achieving over 60% transparency, a 2.7% impedance-matching bandwidth, and a realized peak gain of 5.4 dBi. The antenna is easy to manufacture and cost-effective and considers sustainability. Its large-scale implementation can alleviate building infrastructure, enhancing radio connectivity in urban environments and offering new cost-effective and energy-efficient wireless solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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11 pages, 4362 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Band Circularly Polarized-Shared Aperture Antenna for Space Applications at S and X Bands
by Syed Salman Kabir, Mehedi Hassan Khan and Saeed I. Latif
Electronics 2023, 12(21), 4439; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12214439 - 28 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1132
Abstract
In this article, a compact multiband antenna design and analysis is presented with a view of ensuring efficient uplink/downlink communications at the same time from a single antenna for CubeSat applications. This design shares the aperture of an S-band slot antenna to accommodate [...] Read more.
In this article, a compact multiband antenna design and analysis is presented with a view of ensuring efficient uplink/downlink communications at the same time from a single antenna for CubeSat applications. This design shares the aperture of an S-band slot antenna to accommodate a square patch antenna operating in the X-band. Shared aperture antennas, along with an air gap and dielectric loading, provided good gain in both frequency bands. The S-band patch had an S11 = −10 dB bandwidth of 30 MHz (2013–2043 MHz, 1.5%), and the X-band antenna demonstrated a bandwidth of 210 MHz (8320–8530 MHz, 2.5%). The Axial Ratio (<3 dB) bandwidth of the slot antenna in the S-band is 7 MHz (2013–2020 MHz, 0.35%), and it is 67 MHz (8433–8500 MHz, 0.8%) in the case of patch antenna in the X-band. While the maximum gain in the S-band reached 7.7 dBic, in the X-band, the peak gain was 12.8 dBic. This performance comparison study shows that the antenna is advantageous in terms of high gain, maintains circular polarization over a wideband, and can replace two antennas needed in CubeSats for uplink/downlink, which essentially saves space. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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18 pages, 5637 KiB  
Article
Design of Antenna Polarization Plane for Concurrent Uplink/Downlink Drone Networks
by Gia Khanh Tran and Takuma Okada
Electronics 2023, 12(14), 3045; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143045 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1046
Abstract
In recent years, drones have been used in a wide range of fields, such as agriculture, transportation of goods, and security. Drones equipped with communication facilities are expected to play an active role as base stations in areas where ground base stations are [...] Read more.
In recent years, drones have been used in a wide range of fields, such as agriculture, transportation of goods, and security. Drones equipped with communication facilities are expected to play an active role as base stations in areas where ground base stations are unavailable, such as disaster areas. In addition, asynchronous operation is being considered for local 5G, in order to support all kinds of use cases. In asynchronous operation, cross-link interference between base stations is an issue. This paper attempts to reduce the interference caused by the drone network by introducing circularly polarized antennas against the conventional system using linearly polarized antennas. Numerical analyses are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system, where Signal-to-Interference Ratios (SIRs) are shown to be improved significantly as the numerical evaluation results. Specifically, for the scenario of only access links, in the region where conventional antenna architecture can only achieve an SIR of less than 20 dB, our proposed system applying circularly polarized antennas can almost realize an SIR of more than 40 dB. Significant improvement can be also observed in the scenario with the existence of backhaul links, where the conventional system had difficulty achieving our system design goal SIR of 16.8 dB, while the proposed antenna architecture could easily attain this goal in most regions of our evaluation ranges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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18 pages, 6117 KiB  
Article
Gain Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Array Antennas Using Two Metallic Plates for 24 GHz Radar Applications
by Junho Yeo and Jong-Ig Lee
Electronics 2023, 12(7), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071512 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4205
Abstract
In this paper, a method of enhancing gain in a microstrip patch array antenna using two metallic plates for 24 GHz radar applications is presented. A 4 × 1 linear microstrip square patch array antenna covering the 24.0 to 24.25 GHz frequency range [...] Read more.
In this paper, a method of enhancing gain in a microstrip patch array antenna using two metallic plates for 24 GHz radar applications is presented. A 4 × 1 linear microstrip square patch array antenna covering the 24.0 to 24.25 GHz frequency range and using a shunt-connected series feed network with a tapered power distribution was first designed with a measured maximum gain of 9.8 dBi and dimensions of 30 mm × 12 mm. Two metallic plates were appended along the array axis of the antenna to double the gain in the 4 × 1 array antenna. Effects on performance from varying the tilting angle and length of the metallic plates, such as the input reflection coefficient, the radiation patterns, and gain, were investigated through simulation. Gain enhancement in the 4 × 1 patch array antenna with metallic plates was highest when the tilting angle was around 70∘, and gain kept increasing as the length of the metallic plates increased. A prototype of the 4 × 1 patch array antenna was fabricated with plates at a tilting angle of 70∘, a length of 50 mm, and a measured maximum gain of 16.8 dBi. Therefore, a gain enhancement of about 7 dB was achieved by adding the metallic plates along the array axis of the 4 × 1 patch array antenna. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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11 pages, 5213 KiB  
Article
Eight-Port Modified E-Slot MIMO Antenna Array with Enhanced Isolation for 5G Mobile Phone
by Hassan Sani Abubakar, Zhiqin Zhao, Boning Wang, Saad Hassan Kiani, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin and Bandar Hakim
Electronics 2023, 12(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020316 - 7 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1982
Abstract
An eight-element antenna system operating at sub 6 GHz is presented in this work for a future multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system based on a modified E-slot on the ground. The modified E-slot significantly lowers the coupling among the antenna components by suppressing the [...] Read more.
An eight-element antenna system operating at sub 6 GHz is presented in this work for a future multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system based on a modified E-slot on the ground. The modified E-slot significantly lowers the coupling among the antenna components by suppressing the ground current effect. The design concept is validated by accurately measuring and carefully fabricating an eight-element MIMO antenna. The experimentation yields higher element isolation greater than −21 dB in the 3.5 GHz band and the desired band is achieved at −6 dB impedance bandwidth. The E-shape slot occupies an area of 17.8 mm × 5.6 mm designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 150 mm × 75 mm × 0.8 mm. We fed the I-antenna element with an L-shape micro-strip feedline, the size of the I-antenna is 20.4 × 5.2 mm2, which operates in the (3.4–3.65 GHz) band. Moreover, our method obtained an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.01 and an ergodic channel capacity of 43.50 bps/Hz. The ECC and ergodic channel capacity are important metrics for evaluating MIMO system performance. Results indicate that the proposed antenna system is a good option to be used in 5G mobile phone applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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20 pages, 9558 KiB  
Article
Programmable Beam-Steering Capabilities Based on Graphene Plasmonic THz MIMO Antenna via Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) for IoT Applications
by Sherif A. Khaleel, Ehab K. I. Hamad, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin and Mohamed B. Saleh
Electronics 2023, 12(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010164 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2764
Abstract
The approaching sixth-generation (6G) communication network will modernize applications and satisfy user demands through implementing a smart and reconfigurable system with a higher data rate and wider bandwidth. The controllable THz waves are highly recommended for the instantaneous development the new technology in [...] Read more.
The approaching sixth-generation (6G) communication network will modernize applications and satisfy user demands through implementing a smart and reconfigurable system with a higher data rate and wider bandwidth. The controllable THz waves are highly recommended for the instantaneous development the new technology in wireless communication systems. Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), also called codded/tunable programmable metasurfaces, have enabled a conspicuous functionality for THz devices and components for influencing electromagnetic waves (EM) such as beam steering, multi-beam-scanning applications, polarization variation, and beam focusing applications. In this article, we proposed a graphene plasmonic two-port MIMO microstrip patch antenna structure that operates at a 1.9 THz resonance frequency. An E-shape MTM unit cell is introduced to enhance the isolation of the antenna from −35 dB to −54 dB. An implementation of controllable and reconfigurable surfaces based on graphene meta-atoms (G-RIS) placed above the radiating patches with a suitable separated distance to control the radiated beam to steer in different directions (±60°). The reconfigurable process is carried out via changing the (ON/OFF) meta-atoms states to get a specific code with a certain beam direction. The gain enhancement of the antenna can be implemented through an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) based on graphene material. The G-AMC layer is located underneath the (MIMO antenna, G-RIS layer) to improve the gain from 4.5 dBi to 10 dBi. The suggested antenna structure results are validated with different techniques CST microwave studio and ADS equivalent circuit model. The results have asymptotic values. So, the proposed design of the MIMO antenna that is sandwiched between G-RIS and G-AMC is suitable for IoT applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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20 pages, 11276 KiB  
Article
Eight-Element Antenna Array with Improved Radiation Performances for 5G Hand-Portable Devices
by Atta Ullah, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Ahmed S. I. Amar and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Electronics 2022, 11(18), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182962 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1781
Abstract
This study aims to introduce a new phased array design with improved radiation properties for future cellular networks. The procedure of the array design is simple and has been accomplished on a low-cost substrate material while offering several interesting features with high performance. [...] Read more.
This study aims to introduce a new phased array design with improved radiation properties for future cellular networks. The procedure of the array design is simple and has been accomplished on a low-cost substrate material while offering several interesting features with high performance. Its schematic involves eight air-filled slot-loop metal-ring elements with a 1 × 8 linear arrangement at the top edge of the 5G smartphone mainboard. Considering the entire board area, the proposed antenna elements occupy an extremely small area. The antenna elements cover the range of 21–23.5 GHz sub-mm-wave 5G bands. Due to the air-filled function in the configurations of the elements, low-loss and high-performance radiation properties are observed. In addition, the fundamental characteristics of the introduced array are insensitive to various types of substrates. Moreover, its radiation properties have been compared with conventional arrays and better results have been observed. The proposed array appears with a simple design, a low complexity profile, and its attractive broad impedance bandwidth, end-fire radiation mode, wide beam steering, high radiation coverage, and stable characteristics meet the needs of 5G applications in future cellular communications. Additionally, the smartphone array design offers sufficient efficiency when it comes to the appearance and integration of the user’s components. Thus, it could be used in 5G hand-portable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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10 pages, 5921 KiB  
Article
Design of a Flat-Panel Metasurface Reflectarray C-Band Antenna
by Gyoungdeuk Kim, Myeongha Hwang, Hyunmin Jeong, Chul-Min Lim, Kyoung Youl Park and Sangkil Kim
Electronics 2022, 11(17), 2729; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172729 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1951
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a flat-panel metasurface reflectarray antenna fed by a circular horn antenna for satellite applications. A metasurface-based reflectarray antenna is similar to a flat-panel reflector and is characterized by a reflection angle adjustment that is free from the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design of a flat-panel metasurface reflectarray antenna fed by a circular horn antenna for satellite applications. A metasurface-based reflectarray antenna is similar to a flat-panel reflector and is characterized by a reflection angle adjustment that is free from the well-known Snell’s law. This was done by compensating the angle of the incident wave using the structure of each unit cell. A unit cell of the designed metasurface is composed of a dual-ring resonator. Many satellites use a reflectarray antenna due to its flat-panel structure and the capability of steering the reflection angle of the incident wave. This paper presents the detailed design procedure using a commercial 3D EM simulator and the operation principle of the flat-panel metasurface reflectarray antenna, including the simulation setup, design environment and automation. The proposed design method is scalable to any EM solvers for numerical analysis. A reflectarray composed of a 16 × 16-unit cell array at 5.8 GHz (C-band) was designed and validated by measurement as a proof of concept. It is excited by a low-cost linearly polarized circular horn cantenna. The measured antenna gain and radiation patterns show good agreement with the simulation. The measured antenna gain of the reflectarray was 22.4 dBi (cross-pol suppression level: 36 dB), and the reflection angle was 15° at normal incidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, Volume II)
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