Energies

Research

19 pages, 17100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of Inductively Coupled Power and Data Transmission for Buoy Systems

by Xiangbiao Cui, Jiayi Xu, Shui Pang, Xingfei Li and Hongyu Li

Energies 2023, 16(11), 4417; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114417 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 980

Moored buoys are important components of stereo platforms for ocean observation, which are crucial in underwater exploration. In complex marine environments, power supply and data transmission between moored buoys and underwater sensors are difficult. To solve these problems, an inductively coupled power and [...] Read more.

Moored buoys are important components of stereo platforms for ocean observation, which are crucial in underwater exploration. In complex marine environments, power supply and data transmission between moored buoys and underwater sensors are difficult. To solve these problems, an inductively coupled power and data transfer (ICPDT) scheme based on LCCL-S-LC hybrid compensation is proposed. The power transmission was analyzed by establishing an LCCL-S-LC compensation buoy ICPDT system model. The system efficiency and output power were analyzed when the load changed, and the optimal load resistor for maximum system efficiency was determined. A modulation and demodulation circuit used for data transmission was introduced, the compensation topology parameters of each loop of the buoy ICPDT system were deduced, and the crosstalk between power and data was analyzed and reduced. An ICPDT system prototype was built to verify the system’s feasibility and effectiveness when it was powered by 24 V. The LCCL-S-LC topology reduced the interference between data and power transmission. When the measured output power of the system was 61.5 W, the power transmission efficiency was 78.1%, and the data receiving end could achieve correct demodulation when the transmission rate was 100 kb/s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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18 pages, 5363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Misalignment Tolerate Integrated S-S-S-Compensated WPT System with Constant Current Output

by Zhaoyang Yuan, Qingxin Yang, Xian Zhang, Xianjie Ma, Ran Wang, Ming Xue and Pengcheng Zhang

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062798 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1349

Abstract

This paper proposes a cooperative (Cx) coil design for the series-series-series (S-S-S)-compensated wireless power transfer (WPT) system to improve the horizontal misalignment tolerance and the system efficiency. The Cx coil is formed by four series-connected rectangular coils and integrated into the transmitter (Tx) [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a cooperative (Cx) coil design for the series-series-series (S-S-S)-compensated wireless power transfer (WPT) system to improve the horizontal misalignment tolerance and the system efficiency. The Cx coil is formed by four series-connected rectangular coils and integrated into the transmitter (Tx) coil to provide a coupling variation opposite to that of the Tx coil, obtaining the constant equivalent mutual inductance (MI). The design overcomes the problem that the decoupling-designed intermediate coil does not participate in system energy delivery under the well-aligned condition. A misalignment tolerant design with the zero-phase-angle (ZPA) input and load-independent constant current (CC) output conditions is presented based on the Delta-Wye network transform and linear regression. A comparison between the proposed design and a two-coil system using a similar amount of copper, i.e., the Tx coil plus the Cx coil, is made. Finally, a 218.08 W/85.85 kHz scaled-down prototype with the proposed Cx coil is demonstrated to validate the performance and effectiveness of the design. The proposed design can maintain at over 82% efficiency, and offer the ZPA input and load-independent CC output within a misalignment tolerant range of 50% of the length of the receiver coil, as the load varies from 10

Ω

to 25

Ω

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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23 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Order Compensation Topology Integration for High-Tolerant Wireless Power Transfer

by Zhaoyang Yuan, Qingxin Yang, Xian Zhang, Xianjie Ma, Zhixin Chen, Ming Xue and Pengcheng Zhang

Energies 2023, 16(2), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020638 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1686

Abstract

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been a promising way to transfer power wirelessly over certain distances through the mutual inductance (MI) of the magnetically coupled transmitter and receiver coils, providing significant benefits of convenience, safety, and feasibility to special occasions. The stable output [...] Read more.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been a promising way to transfer power wirelessly over certain distances through the mutual inductance (MI) of the magnetically coupled transmitter and receiver coils, providing significant benefits of convenience, safety, and feasibility to special occasions. The stable output and efficiency cannot be maintained due to the load variation and the inevitable misalignment between the magnetic couplers. High-order compensation topologies that are highly flexible in design due to more compensation elements are essential for the WPT to suppress the load variation and misalignment effects. However, due to core loss and thermal management, high-power-level and high-frequency inductor design have always been challenging for WPT systems. Space occupation and cost are other aspects to be considered for inductor design. Thus integrating these additional bulky inductors into the main coils has been a critical trial. As a result, the compensation topologies’ original input and output profiles will change or even disappear. This paper reviews the existing high-order compensation topologies and their integration principles and implementation for the WPT to obtain high misalignment tolerance. The design objectives and challenges of the integrated compensation topology in terms of misalignment tolerance capability are discussed. The relevant control systems to cope with coil misalignment and load variations are investigated. Challenges and future development of the high-tolerant WPT are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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13 pages, 8715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 5.8 GHz π-Stub Decoupling Network for Receiving Antenna Arrays in Microwave Wireless Power Transmission

by Xinyuan Li, Hui Xiao, Huaiqing Zhang, Zhewei Liu and Wenxiong Peng

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8703; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228703 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1038

Abstract

In this paper, a 5.8 GHz π-stub decoupling network is proposed to improve the performance of a receiving antenna array (RAA) in microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) systems. A set of general design formulas was derived for determining the electric parameters of [...] Read more.

In this paper, a 5.8 GHz π-stub decoupling network is proposed to improve the performance of a receiving antenna array (RAA) in microwave wireless power transmission (MWPT) systems. A set of general design formulas was derived for determining the electric parameters of the required π-stubs. To validate the new technique, a π-stub decoupling network was combined with RAAs. The simulated and measured results show that the performance of the RAA is greatly improved by loading the π-stub decoupling network. In addition, a miniaturized MWPT system was built. System-level measurements indicate that the novel decoupling network enhances the receiving power of the RAA by up to 36.4%. An extended application also shows the scalability and effectiveness of the network, implying its huge potential in large-scale receiving arrays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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13 pages, 5195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Star-Shaped Coils in the Transmitter Array for Receiver Rotation Tolerance in Free-Moving Wireless Power Transfer Applications

by Saeideh Pahlavan, Mostafa Shooshtari and Shahin Jafarabadi Ashtiani

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8643; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228643 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

Wireless power is one of the new promising technologies for IoT applications. The use of arrays for power transfer to free-moving objects has revolutionized wireless power transmission (WPT) applications. Herein, we present an extendable platform for transmitting power to a moving object receiving [...] Read more.

Wireless power is one of the new promising technologies for IoT applications. The use of arrays for power transfer to free-moving objects has revolutionized wireless power transmission (WPT) applications. Herein, we present an extendable platform for transmitting power to a moving object receiving power from an array. The transmitter (TX) consists of two overlapping layers of square planar coils rotated 45 degrees to each other to provide the best electromagnetic flux coverage. Each layer consists of four coils to further control the power supply to the small receiver (RX) coil. This overlapping star-shaped array is stimulated automatically by a power amplifier. This smart stimulation can deliver uniform power to the receiver regardless of rotation and misalignment inconsistencies by using the geometry of the transmitter array. Moreover, by changing the direction of the current of each small square component in each array using the flower-shaped current, a receiver coil perpendicular to the transmitter’s plate can obtain power comparable with conventional structures. We use ADS-HFSS simulation to verify the fabrication and measurement results. The proposed transmitter achieves an average of 18.2% power transfer efficiency (PTE) to RX and at 90° angular misalignment, 11.5% PTE, while the conventional structure transfers no power to the perpendicular RX coil. A future application of the transmitter can be the investigation of the neurobehavioral of free-moving animals and brain–machine interface studies in medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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17 pages, 8717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Estimation and Thermal Design for Coupling Coils of 6.6 kW Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

by Jinhai Jiang, Yu Lan, Ziming Zhang, Xingjian Zhou and Kai Song

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6797; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186797 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1231

Abstract

Wireless electric vehicle charging technology is developing in the direction of high power levels. However, more generated heat brought by higher power will accelerate the system’s aging and can even lead to damage. An excellent thermal design for the magnetic coupler can reduce [...] Read more.

Wireless electric vehicle charging technology is developing in the direction of high power levels. However, more generated heat brought by higher power will accelerate the system’s aging and can even lead to damage. An excellent thermal design for the magnetic coupler can reduce each part’s maximum temperature, ensuring long-term operation reliability. Therefore, in this article, the magnetic coupler’s thermal estimation and design are studied based on a 6.6 kW wireless electric vehicle charging system. First, the calculation method of internal resistance of a litz coil, core loss, and eddy current loss of a shielding aluminum plate are studied. Considering the influence of thermal fields on material properties, each part’s power loss calculation formula is further modified to improve the accuracy. After that, heat dissipation research is carried out. The heat dissipation measures, such as filling the surface of the shielding aluminum plate with thermal conductive silicone grease, are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the heat dissipation measures is verified by simulation and experiments. The experiment shows that the error between the power loss value of each part calculated by simulation and measured by the experiment is less than 15%, and the maximum temperature of the magnetic coupler is controlled below 80 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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12 pages, 4218 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design and Optimization of One-Way Single-Wire Power Transfer Structure

by Yang Li, Xueliang Wang, Taocheng Hu, Yujie Zhai, Wenxin Huang and Rui Xu

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6701; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186701 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1435

Abstract

In this paper, a novel one-way single-wire power transfer structure is proposed. Different from the traditional single-wire power transfer system, power is one-way transmitted from the power source to the load, and no loop is constituted. The structure of one-way single-wire power transfer [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel one-way single-wire power transfer structure is proposed. Different from the traditional single-wire power transfer system, power is one-way transmitted from the power source to the load, and no loop is constituted. The structure of one-way single-wire power transfer is studied in detail, and the influences of its length and shapes on the transmission efficiency are determined. Research shows that the length of the receiving structure plays a key role in improving the system’s efficiency, while the transmitting structure has a little effect. Based on ensuring transmission efficiency, the space volume optimization method is further applied. The expression of electromagnetic field distribution is derived theoretically, and the proposed structure is verified by simulation and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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23 pages, 5245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Attended-Free, All-in-One-Go, Automatic Analysis Assistant Software for E-liked Shape Contactless Inductive Power Transfer Device

by Yumeng Lan and Masafumi Miyatake

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6244; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176244 - 26 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1285

Abstract

This paper presents automatic software for E-liked shaped contactless inductive power transfer (CIPT) device study and design that provides attended-free, multiple-case auto-generating and auto-deploying analysis in one go. It provides visualized and listed results in a design space or for optimizing solutions. To [...] Read more.

This paper presents automatic software for E-liked shaped contactless inductive power transfer (CIPT) device study and design that provides attended-free, multiple-case auto-generating and auto-deploying analysis in one go. It provides visualized and listed results in a design space or for optimizing solutions. To satisfy the demand for static and dynamic charging devices, the software provides specific cores, such as EE-, EI-, IE-, and II-shaped, with or without legs as optional core structures. The software contains three main parts: a user-friendly interface, analytic approaches providing grid analysis that represent the general performance in a designated parameter range, and optimal analysis for multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm (GA). The post-analysis processor converts the analysis results to easy-to-read outputs. Users can customize various parameters, such as core type, structural size, circuit configuration, materials, and analysis setting. Automatic functions, such as resistance and compensation calculation, are available for the convenience of the user. By applying one approach, or by combining them in a specific order, the software achieves designs that satisfy the user’s demands within the user-provided range. The software is built in Python and collaborates with a finite element method (FEM) solver, which is JMAG in this paper. Some examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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18 pages, 11611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Visualization of the Instantaneous Spatial Energy Density and Poynting Vector of the Wireless Power Transfer System

by Jianwei Kang, Jie Lu, Deyu Zeng and Xiangyang Shi

Energies 2022, 15(16), 5764; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165764 - 9 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1473

Abstract

This study analyzes the instantaneous spatial energy density and Poynting vector in the WPT system and presents time-varying distributions and animations of this energy density and Poynting vector. First, the energy density is decoupled by two self-energy densities of each coil and the [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the instantaneous spatial energy density and Poynting vector in the WPT system and presents time-varying distributions and animations of this energy density and Poynting vector. First, the energy density is decoupled by two self-energy densities of each coil and the mutual energy density of the two coils. Result reveals how the energy is stored in the WPT system. Second, the Poynting vector is analyzed, and it is found that the power is transferred only in the last half period of the Poynting vector, not at every moment of the whole period. This instantaneous Poynting vector also possesses a characteristic that shows no power flow on the condition that the current phase difference equals zero. This finding is different from the energy density and indicates that the instantaneous Poynting vector can perfectly interpret how power is transferred in the WPT system. Finally, a simulation and an experiment were conducted to verify the correctness of the analysis. This study contributes to a deeper and better understanding of the intrinsic characteristics of energy storage and power flow in the WPT system, and can be referred to for WPT system design and optimization when one considers the EMC or human electromagnetic field exposure problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Power Transfer System)

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