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Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018
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Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2019) | Viewed by 25413

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Markus Preißinger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Energy Efficiency, Energy Research Center, University of Applied Sciences Vorarlberg, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
Interests: thermodynamics; thermoeconomics; Organic Rankine Cycle; industrial waste heat recovery; optimization of thermal processes; energy efficiency in mobile applications; thermal (waste) water treatment; desalination; humidification dehumidification technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Dieter Brüggemann

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Chair of Engineering Thermodynamics and Transport Processes, Center of Energy Technology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
Interests: thermodynamics; thermo-economy; thermal energy systems; waste heat recovery; organic Rankine cycle; thermal energy storage; IC engines, laser diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

The Heat Powered Cycles Conference 2018 will be held at the University of Bayreuth and selected papers will be published in this special issue of Energies. The conference is concerned with scientific and technological innovations relating to the efficient and economic use of heat, derived from all its sources, for the production of cooling, heating and mechanical power either independently or co-generatively. Therefore, this special issue will cover subject areas as

  • thermodynamic process optimization and modeling
  • heat and mass transfer phenomena and
  • thermoeconomic analysis.

Technologies of particular interest include

  • Organic Rankine Cycles
  • sorption cycle refrigerators and heat pumps (thermal and chemical)
  • thermal waste water treatment and
  • desalination.

We believe that the Special Issue can provide a broad overview on the research of heat powered cycles and we are looking forward to the contributions from Heat Powered Cycles Conference 2018.

Prof. (FH) Dr.-Ing. Markus Preißinger
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Brüggemann
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • heat powered cycles
  • Organic Rankine Cycle
  • sorption
  • thermoeconomics
  • process simulation
  • waste water treatment
  • desalination

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4882 KiB  
Article
Water Mixtures as Working Fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles
by Costante Invernizzi, Marco Binotti, Paola Bombarda, Gioele Di Marcoberardino, Paolo Iora and Giampaolo Manzolini
Energies 2019, 12(13), 2629; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132629 - 08 Jul 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4456
Abstract
This work explores the possibility to adopt in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants mixtures of water (acting as solvent) plus an organic compound (acting as solute) as the working fluid. Initially an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of the mixtures is performed, in [...] Read more.
This work explores the possibility to adopt in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants mixtures of water (acting as solvent) plus an organic compound (acting as solute) as the working fluid. Initially an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of the mixtures is performed, in order to assess their properties, and to point out the molar fractions which entail a near-azeotropic behaviour. Four species from three different classes of chemical compounds are investigated: 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and n-butanol for alcohols, where the first is fluorinated, acetonitrile for nitrile class and 2-methylpyrazine as a heterocyclic aromatic compound. Simultaneously, the thermal stability of the pure substances considered as the possible solute for the mixtures is experimentally investigated in order to estimate the temperature applicability range. The ORC plant performance, from a low-enthalpy geothermal heat source (hot water stream from 100 to 200 °C), adopting the selected mixtures as the working fluid is finally evaluated, and the analysis includes a preliminary discussion on the turbine design; results are compared with respect to the reference case of a hypothetical plant adopting water as the working fluid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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12 pages, 799 KiB  
Article
Fluid Retrofit for Existing Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems and Heat Pumps: Evaluation of Different Models
by Dennis Roskosch, Valerius Venzik and Burak Atakan
Energies 2019, 12(12), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122417 - 24 Jun 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2572
Abstract
The global warming potential of many working fluids used nowadays for vapor compression refrigeration systems and heat pumps is very high. Many of such fluids, which are used in currently operating refrigerators and heat pumps, will have to be replaced. In order to [...] Read more.
The global warming potential of many working fluids used nowadays for vapor compression refrigeration systems and heat pumps is very high. Many of such fluids, which are used in currently operating refrigerators and heat pumps, will have to be replaced. In order to avoid a redesign of the system, it would be very helpful if efficient and ecological alternative working fluids for a given plant could be found. With modern process simulation tools such a selection procedure seems possible. However, it remains unclear how detailed such a model of a concrete plant design has to be to obtain a reliable working fluid ranking. A vapor compression heat pump test-rig is used as an example and simulated by thermodynamic models with different levels of complexity to investigate this question. Experimental results for numerous working fluids are compared with models of different complexity. Simple cycle calculations, as often used in the literature, lead to incorrect results regarding the efficiency and are not recommended to find replacement fluids for existing plants. Adding a compressor model improves the simulations significantly and leads to reliable fluid rankings but this is not sufficient to judge the adequacy of the heat exchanger sizes and whether a given cooling or heating task can be fulfilled with a certain fluid. With a model of highest complexity, including an extensive model for the heat exchangers, this question can also be answered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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13 pages, 5317 KiB  
Article
Adapting the MgO-CO2 Working Pair for Thermochemical Energy Storage by Doping with Salts: Effect of the (LiK)NO3 Content
by Seon Tae Kim, Haruka Miura, Hiroki Takasu, Yukitaka Kato, Alexandr Shkatulov and Yuri Aristov
Energies 2019, 12(12), 2262; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122262 - 13 Jun 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3082
Abstract
The MgO-CO2 working pair has been regarded as prospective for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) due to its relatively high heat storage capacity, low cost, and wide availability. This study is aimed at the optimization of the molar salt content, α, for [...] Read more.
The MgO-CO2 working pair has been regarded as prospective for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) due to its relatively high heat storage capacity, low cost, and wide availability. This study is aimed at the optimization of the molar salt content, α, for the MgO modified with the eutectic mixture of LiNO3 and KNO3 (Li0.42K0.58NO3) which was earlier shown to provide high conversion, Δx, in heat-storage/release processes at 300–400 °C. The composites that have different salt content were prepared and carbonation kinetics was investigated under various conditions (carbonation temperature, Tcarb., is 290–360 °C and CO2 pressure, P(CO2), is 50–101 kPa). Significant accelerating effect was revealed at α ≥ 0.05, and the Δx value was maximized at α = 0.10–0.20. The largest conversion of 0.70 was detected at α = 0.10 and Tcarb. = 350 °C that corresponds to the specific useful heat (Qcomp.) is 1.63 MJ/kg-composite. However, the salt content of 0.20 ensures the high conversion, Δx = 0.63–0.67 and Qcomp. = 1.18–1.25 MJ/kg-composite in the whole temperature range between 290 and 350 °C. The (LiK)NO3/MgO composite with an optimal salt content of 0.20 exhibits reasonable durability through cyclic experiment at 330 °C, namely, the stabilized reacted conversion Δx = 0.34 (Qcomp. = 0.64 MJ/kg-composite). The studied (Li0.42K0.58)NO3 promoted MgO-CO2 working pair has good potential as thermochemical storage material of middle temperature heat (300–400 °C). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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10 pages, 1615 KiB  
Article
Analysis of a Lab-Scale Heat Transformation Demonstrator Based on a Gas–Solid Reaction
by Jana Stengler, Julius Weiss and Marc Linder
Energies 2019, 12(12), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122234 - 12 Jun 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3036
Abstract
Heat transformation based on reversible chemical reactions has gained significant interest due to the high achievable output temperatures. This specific type of chemical heat pump uses a reversible gas–solid reaction, with the back and forward reactions taking place at different temperatures: by running [...] Read more.
Heat transformation based on reversible chemical reactions has gained significant interest due to the high achievable output temperatures. This specific type of chemical heat pump uses a reversible gas–solid reaction, with the back and forward reactions taking place at different temperatures: by running the exothermic discharge reaction at a higher temperature than the endothermic charge reaction, the released heat is thermally upgraded. In this work, we report on the experimental investigation of the hydration reaction of strontium bromide (SrBr2) with regard to its use for heat transformation in the temperature range from 180 °C to 250 °C on a 1 kg scale. The reaction temperature is set by adjusting the pressure of the gaseous reactant. In previous experimental studies, we found the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the solid bulk phase to be subject to considerable changes due to the chemical reaction-. In order to better understand how this affects the thermal discharge performance of a thermochemical reactor, we combine our experimental work with a modelling approach. From the results of the presented studies, we derive design rules and operating parameters for a thermochemical storage module based on SrBr2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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18 pages, 2143 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Binary Cycles with Geothermal Energy and Biogas Waste Heat Recovery
by Davide Toselli, Florian Heberle and Dieter Brüggemann
Energies 2019, 12(10), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101969 - 23 May 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3412
Abstract
In Germany, enhancing renewable power generation represents a leading step to comply with the requirements of the Energiewende agenda. The geothermal reservoir in Oberhaching is assumed as a case study, with a gross electric power equal to 4.3 MWel. The intent [...] Read more.
In Germany, enhancing renewable power generation represents a leading step to comply with the requirements of the Energiewende agenda. The geothermal reservoir in Oberhaching is assumed as a case study, with a gross electric power equal to 4.3 MWel. The intent of this work is to design a hybrid binary geothermal power plant and to integrate it into the German energy market. Biogas waste thermal power equal to 1350 kWth is assumed as a secondary source. Two different layouts are defined for the hybrid solution: increasing the geothermal fluid temperature before entering the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit and superheating the working fluid after the evaporator. Stationary and quasi-stationary simulations have been performed with Aspen Plus V8.8. Results demonstrate how hybridization allows a maximum electric power increase of about 240 kWel. Off-design conditions are investigated regarding both the switch-off of exhaust gases and the annual ambient temperature fluctuations. In spite of the additional secondary source, the selected case studies cannot comply with the Minute reserve requirements (MRL). Moreover, economic results for both power-only and combined heat and power (CHP) configuration are provided. In the power-only configuration, the new-build hybrid system provides 15.42 €ct/kWh as levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), slightly lower than 16.4 €ct/kWh, as calculated in the geothermal-only solution. A CHP hybrid configuration shows a +19.22% increase in net cash flow at the end of the investment on the CHP geothermal solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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16 pages, 6400 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of a Small-Scale ORC Power Plant Using a Positive Displacement Expander with and without a Regenerator
by Peter Collings, Andrew Mckeown, Enhua Wang and Zhibin Yu
Energies 2019, 12(8), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081452 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2792
Abstract
While large-scale ORC power plants are a relatively mature technology, their application to small-scale power plants (i.e., below 10 kW) still encounters some technical challenges. Positive displacement expanders are mostly used for such small-scale applications. However, their built-in expansion ratios are often smaller [...] Read more.
While large-scale ORC power plants are a relatively mature technology, their application to small-scale power plants (i.e., below 10 kW) still encounters some technical challenges. Positive displacement expanders are mostly used for such small-scale applications. However, their built-in expansion ratios are often smaller than the expansion ratio required for the maximum utilisation of heat sources, leading to under expansion and consequently higher enthalpy at the outlet of the expander, and ultimately resulting in a lower thermal efficiency. In order to overcome this issue, one possible solution is to introduce an internal heat exchanger (i.e., the so-called regenerator) to recover the enthalpy exiting the expander and use it to pre-heat the liquid working fluid before it enters the evaporator. In this paper, a small-scale experimental rig (with 1-kW rated power) was designed and built that is capable of switching between regenerative and non-regenerative modes, using R245fa as the working fluid. It has been tested under various operating conditions, and the results reveal that the regenerative heat exchanger can recover a considerable amount of heat when under expansion occurs, increasing the cycle efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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15 pages, 3538 KiB  
Article
Kinetics and Reactor Design Aspects of Selective Methanation of CO over a Ru/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst in CO2/H2 Rich Gases
by Panagiota Garbis, Christoph Kern and Andreas Jess
Energies 2019, 12(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030469 - 01 Feb 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5458
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for household applications utilize H2 produced from natural gas via steam reforming followed by a water gas shift (WGS) unit. The H2-rich gas contains CO2 and small amounts of CO, which is a [...] Read more.
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for household applications utilize H2 produced from natural gas via steam reforming followed by a water gas shift (WGS) unit. The H2-rich gas contains CO2 and small amounts of CO, which is a poison for PEMFCs. Today, CO is mostly converted by addition of O2 and preferential oxidation, but H2 is then also partly oxidized. An alternative is selective CO methanation, studied in this work. CO2 methanation is then a highly unwanted reaction, consuming additional H2. The kinetics of CO methanation in CO2/H2 rich gases were studied with a home-made Ru catalyst in a fixed bed reactor at 1 bar and 160–240 °C. Both CO and CO2 methanation can be well described by a Langmuir Hinshelwood approach. The rate of CO2 methanation is slow compared to CO. CO2 is directly converted to methane, i.e., the indirect route via reverse water gas shift (WGS) and subsequent CO methanation could be excluded by the experimental data and in combination with kinetic considerations. Pore diffusion may affect the CO conversion (>200 °C). The kinetic equations were applied to model an adiabatic fixed bed methanation reactor of a fuel cell appliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Heat Power Cycles Conference 2018)
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