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CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II)
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CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II)

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 9987

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maksymilian Mądziel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: emission; exhaust gases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Lejda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Automotive Vehicles and Transport Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Aleja Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: transport; combustion engines; exhaust emission; vehicle testing; combustion analysis; electric vehicles; alternative fuels; hybrid vehicles; hydrogen vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Artur Jaworski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: vehicle emission; engine emission
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The problem of greenhouse gas emissions is now the largest challenge facing humanity, one that must be solved as soon as possible. In particular, the emission of greenhouse gases from transport contributes a significant share of global human anthropogonic emissions. Therefore, it is crucial that the scientific community look for solutions that will allow us to reduce the emissions of these gases. One of the main gases emitted by fuel combustion in vehicles is CO2.

This Special Issue aims to encourage scientists to look for solutions from a wider set of perspectives, both locally and globally. We welcome engine solutions, after-treatment systems, and concepts that have a chance of being implemented and thus contribute to environmental protection. The submission of articles on advanced, future-oriented topics will be important to this Special Issue, especially investigations of the large-scale electrification of vehicles and the impact of these solutions on the decarbonization of transport. We also encourage authors to submit papers related to the emissions, modelling different aspects of emissions using modern artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. Submissions may either be in the form of original research articles or comprehensive reviews (e.g., legislative) on topics which are consistent with the aims and scope of this Special Issue.

Dr. Maksymilian Mądziel
Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Lejda
Dr. Artur Jaworski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • transport
  • autonomous vehicles
  • CO2 emission
  • emission modelling
  • fuel consumption
  • exhaust emission
  • global warming
  • greenhouse gases
  • combustion engines
  • electromobility
  • hybrid and electric vehicles
  • fuel cell vehicles

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3062 KiB  
Article
The Oxidation Performance of a Carbon Soot Catalyst Based on the Pt-Pd Synergy Effect
by Diming Lou, Guofu Song, Kaiwen Xu, Yunhua Zhang and Kan Zhu
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071737 - 04 Apr 2024
Viewed by 382
Abstract
Pt-Pd-based noble metal catalysts are widely used in engine exhaust aftertreatment because of their better carbon soot oxidation performance. At present, the synergistic effect of Pt and Pd in CDPFs, which is the most widely used and common doping method, in catalyzing the [...] Read more.
Pt-Pd-based noble metal catalysts are widely used in engine exhaust aftertreatment because of their better carbon soot oxidation performance. At present, the synergistic effect of Pt and Pd in CDPFs, which is the most widely used and common doping method, in catalyzing the combustion of carbon smoke has not been reported, and it is not possible to give an optimal doping ratio of Pt and Pd. This paper investigates the carbon soot oxidation performance of different Pt/Pd ratios (Pt/Pd = 1:0, 10:1, 5:1, 1:1) based on physicochemical characterization and particle combustion kinetics calculations, aiming to reveal the Pt-Pd synergistic effect and its carbon soot oxidation law. The results show that Pt-based catalysts doped with Pd can improve the catalyst dispersion, significantly increase the specific surface area, and reduce the activation energy and reaction temperature of carbon soot reactions, but excessive doping of Pd leads to the enhancement of the catalyst agglomeration effect, a decrease in the specific surface area, and an increase in the activation energy and reaction temperature of the carbon soot reaction. The specific surface area and pore capacity of the catalyst are the largest, and the activation energy of particle oxidation and the pre-exponential factor are the smallest (203.44 kJ∙mol−1 and 6.31 × 107, respectively), which are 19.29 kJ∙mol−1 and 4.95 × 108 lower than those of pure carbon soot; meanwhile, the starting and final combustion temperatures of carbon soot (T10 and T90) are the lowest at 585.8 °C and 679.4 °C, respectively, which are 22.1 °C and 20.9 °C lower than those of pure carbon soot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))
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20 pages, 2544 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of HEVs Phase-Out by 2035 in Favor of BEVs with Respect to the Production of CO2 Emissions: The Italian Case
by Francesca Maria Grimaldi and Pietro Capaldi
Energies 2024, 17(4), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040961 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 537
Abstract
The EU has planned the phase-out of new vehicles based on internal combustion engines in favor of high-efficiency battery electric vehicles (BEV) by 2035 (Fit for 55 package). However, many doubts remain about the effectiveness of this choice for each country of the [...] Read more.
The EU has planned the phase-out of new vehicles based on internal combustion engines in favor of high-efficiency battery electric vehicles (BEV) by 2035 (Fit for 55 package). However, many doubts remain about the effectiveness of this choice for each country of the Union in terms of CO2 emissions reduction, as each State is characterized by a different carbon intensity related to the production of electricity needed to manufacture and recharge vehicles. This study seeks to explore the Italian case. To this aim, carbon intensities related to electricity production were calculated considering both the Italian electricity mix production in 2022 and those envisaged in 2035, considering two energy scenarios based on different introductions of renewable energy sources (RES). Afterward, the values obtained were adopted for determining the CO2 emissions related to the whole production process of battery systems in Italy (emissions from mining and refining, scrap materials, and final assembly included) by comparing some of the most up-to-date Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) analyses related to the manufacturing cycle of the batteries. Finally, the results were adopted to calculate the starting carbon debit for A, B, C, and M car segments for Mild Hybrid, Full Hybrid, and Full Electric powertrains. At the same time, statistical road fuel/electricity consumption data were collected and overall CO2 emissions were calculated for the same vehicles adopting a dynamic approach and plotted for a defined distance, so as to determine break-even points with respect to the cumulative (i.e., from battery and road) carbon emissions. The results showed that advantages related to electric vehicles are significant only if a low carbon intensity related to electricity production is reached by means of a very high introduction of RES, thus keeping the door open for innovative hybrid powertrain technologies, if fed with low carbon fuels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))
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17 pages, 22879 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Type and Condition of Road Surfaces on the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption in the Transport of Timber
by Andrzej Ziółkowski, Paweł Fuć, Piotr Lijewski, Maciej Bednarek, Aleks Jagielski, Władysław Kusiak and Joanna Igielska-Kalwat
Energies 2023, 16(21), 7257; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217257 - 25 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1430
Abstract
Owing to society’s growing ecological awareness, researchers and car manufacturers have increasingly been focusing on the adverse impact of transport on the environment. Many scientific publications have been published addressing the influence of a variety of factors on the exhaust emissions generated by [...] Read more.
Owing to society’s growing ecological awareness, researchers and car manufacturers have increasingly been focusing on the adverse impact of transport on the environment. Many scientific publications have been published addressing the influence of a variety of factors on the exhaust emissions generated by vehicles and machinery. In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the exhaust emissions of components such as CO, THC, and NOx in relation to the type and condition of the road surface. The analysis was performed on a heavy-duty truck designed for carriage of timber. The investigations were carried out with the use of the PEMS equipment (portable emission measurement system) on bitumen-paved roads and unpaved forest access roads. The portable measurement system allowed for an accurate determination of the influence of the road conditions on the operating parameters of the vehicle powertrain and its exhaust emissions. Additionally, the authors present the influence of the type of road surface on the vehicle fuel consumption calculated based on the carbon balance method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))
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21 pages, 3322 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning to Classify the Technical Condition of Marine Engine Injectors Based on Experimental Vibration Displacement Parameters
by Jan Monieta and Lech Kasyk
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6898; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196898 - 29 Sep 2023
Viewed by 811
Abstract
The article presents the possibility of using machine learning (ML) in artificial intelligence to classify the technical state of marine engine injectors. The technical condition of the internal combustion engine and injection apparatus significantly determines the composition of the outlet gases. For this [...] Read more.
The article presents the possibility of using machine learning (ML) in artificial intelligence to classify the technical state of marine engine injectors. The technical condition of the internal combustion engine and injection apparatus significantly determines the composition of the outlet gases. For this purpose, an analytical package using modern technology assigns experimental test scores to appropriate classes. The graded changes in the value of diagnostic parameters were measured on the injection subsystem bench outside the engine. The influence of the operating conditions of the fuel injection subsystem and injector condition features on the injector needle vibration displacement waveforms was subjected to a neural network (NN) ML process and then tested. Diagnostic parameters analyzed in the amplitude, frequency, and time–frequency domains were subjected after a learning process to recognize simulated various regulatory and technical states of suitability and unfitness with single and complex damage of new and worn injector nozzles. Classification results were satisfactory in testing single damage and multiple changes in technical state characteristics for unfitness states with random wear injectors. Testing quality reached above 90% using selected NNs of Statistica 13.3 and MATLAB R2022a environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))
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Review

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31 pages, 3374 KiB  
Review
Vehicle Emission Models and Traffic Simulators: A Review
by Maksymilian Mądziel
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3941; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093941 - 07 May 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4547
Abstract
Accurate estimations and assessments of vehicle emissions can support decision-making processes. Current emission estimation tools involve several calculation methods that provide estimates of the exhaust components that result from driving on urban arterial roads. This is an important consideration, as the emissions generated [...] Read more.
Accurate estimations and assessments of vehicle emissions can support decision-making processes. Current emission estimation tools involve several calculation methods that provide estimates of the exhaust components that result from driving on urban arterial roads. This is an important consideration, as the emissions generated have a direct impact on the health of pedestrians near the roads. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of emission models, especially in combination with traffic simulator models. This is because it is very difficult to obtain an actual measurement of road emissions for all vehicles travelling along the analysed road section. This paper concerns a review of selected traffic simulations and the estimation of exhaust gas components models. The models presented have been aggregated into a group with respect to their scale of accuracy as micro, meso, and macro. This paper also presents an overview of selected works that combine both traffic and emission models. The presented literature review also emphasises the proper calibration process of simulation models as the most important factor in obtaining accurate estimates. This work also contains information and recommendations on modelling that may be helpful in selecting appropriate emission estimation tools to support decision-making processes for, e.g., road managers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))
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Other

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14 pages, 1270 KiB  
Brief Report
On-Board Fuel Consumption Meter Field Testing Results
by Peter Tapak, Michal Kocur and Juraj Matej
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6861; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196861 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1421
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate and compare the fuel consumption data obtained from on-board fuel consumption meters (OBFCMs) from approximately 1000 vehicles through field testing. Furthermore, this research aims not only to compare the OBFCM readings but also to juxtapose them against the [...] Read more.
This paper aims to investigate and compare the fuel consumption data obtained from on-board fuel consumption meters (OBFCMs) from approximately 1000 vehicles through field testing. Furthermore, this research aims not only to compare the OBFCM readings but also to juxtapose them against the fuel consumption specifications provided by the respective vehicle manufacturers. To collect data, a cost-effective on-board diagnostics (OBD) reader and a user-friendly mobile app were employed, providing an accessible and efficient method for fuel consumption analysis. Field testing involved a diverse range of vehicles, covering various makes, models, and years of production. The OBCFM readings were recorded over a 9-month period, probably capturing a wide range of driving conditions and patterns. In order to ensure the reliability of the OBCFM readings, the fuel consumption measurements obtained from the manufacturers specifications were utilized as a reference benchmark. Preliminary data analysis indicates that there are noticeable variations in the fuel consumption data obtained from the OBCFM and the manufacturer specifications. These differences can be attributed to various factors. The novelty of the presented data lies in using a new feature implemented in EU cars since 2019. The study capitalizes on this feature, allowing for the collection of data from a broad spectrum of vehicles throughout the country under genuine driving conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles (Volume II))
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Decarbonization of urban transport in the context of infrastructure and operation of urban bus projects in Rzeszów (Poland)
Authors: Artur Jaworski; Maksymilian Mądziel; Hubert Kuszewski
Affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Abstract: The emissions problem mainly affects conurbations. One solution to reduce emissions in these areas is to promote sustainable transport solutions. Within cities, the organization of public transport plays a key role. This paper is concerned with calculating the reduction in vehicle emissions, including CO2 emissions, in relation to the implementation of infrastructure and operation projects for urban buses. As a result of the analyses, the article presents illustrative results of CO2 emission reductions in the area of Rzeszów (Poland). In particular, the analyses cover emission calculations for several project relay scenarios taking into account the old bus fleet, the post-replacement fleet increasing the share of modern buses meeting the EURO6 standard powered by diesel fuel, and a future scenario taking into account the increased share of hybrid and electric vehicles.

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